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Oil/Water Emulsions
Formation Prediction and Measurement
Dr.
Dr Brendan Graham
University of Western Australia
Centre for Petroleum, Fuels & Energy
Fluid Science Division
Outline

• Introduction to Oil/Water Emulsions
   – Formation, Issues, Remediation
• Measurement Techniques
   – Techniques, Issues
• UWA Apparatus
   – Address shortcomings
• Multi Phase Flow Meters
   – Types, Issues
Production Issues

• Lost Production
   – Down hole
• Transportation issues
   – Viscosity
• Treatment costs
   – Chemical, Electrical
• Need to know risk of formation
Relative Viscosity of Emulsions




                                  4
Emulsion Viscosity

• Viscosity of emulsions depends on
   –   Viscosities of the oil & water
   –   The volume fraction of the dispersed water
   –   The droplet size distribution
   –   The temperature
                p
   –   The shear rate – facilities design implications
   –   The amount of solids present




                                                         5
Crude Oil/Water Emulsions

• Three criteria to form an emulsion
   – Two immiscible phases
                      p
   – Agitation to disperse one liquid into droplets
   – Emulsifier to stabilise droplets
• Emulsions are problem only if stable on production
  time scale
Sources of shear

• Gas lift wells
   – Gas injection p
           j       points
• Pumping wells
   – Pump and tubing
• Gas evolution
   – Perforations, screens, chokes, flow lines
Emulsion Stability

• Two common types of emulsifiers
  – Surfactant or surface active agent
     • Reduces surface tension
     • Forms viscous barrier
     • Repulsion of electrically charged droplets
  – Fine solid particles
     • Sand, silt, FeS, asphaltenes



                                                    8
Emulsifiers

• Naturally occurring
  – Higher boiling point fractions – asphaltenes resins
                                     asphaltenes, resins,
    organic acids & bases
• Introduced surfactants
  – Drilling fluids, stimulation chemicals, EOR
    surfactants
  – Injected chemicals for wax scale control
                              wax,




                                                            9
Minimisation Techniques

• Use downhole chokes
   – Higher temperatures
       g       p
   – Lower pressure differential
• Minimise points of flow disruption
   – Smooth flow lines
   – Pumps in working order
• Injected chemicals
   – Minimise use
   – Check for compatibility
Will an oil form an emulsion?
Will my demulsifier work?
Laboratory Techniques

• Bottle Shaker/Rocker




• Blender (D ASTM 1401)
   – Originally made for non crude oil application
   – Routinely modified for different applications
Case Study Results

• Looking at real report data
• Issues
   – Measurement accuracy
   – Reproducibility
30:70 Oil:Brine
Low Agitation
30:70 Oil:Brine
High Agitation
• Accuracy of Measurement
  – Phase levels not correct
  – Subjective determination of levels
Reproducibility
Current Test Conditions

• Shear conditions not representative of real world
  shear experienced by oil/water
• Overestimate emulsion formation tendency
• Results quite subjective, user dependent
• Determines demulsifier choice and dosing amount
• N d more representative method
  Need             t ti     th d
UWA solution

• Objective measurement technique
• User independent
• Based on amount of energy required for emulsion
  formation
Emulsion Dynamometer
                   • V i bl speed rotor
                     Variable   d t
                   • Measure force transmitted
                     through solution
                   • Determine energy inputted
                     into system
Effect of Shear Rate
 orce (N)
Fo




                       Time (s)
Reproducibility
           0.1
                     Sample 1
          0.09       Sample 2
                     Sample 3
          0.08

          0.07

          0.06
  Force




          0.05

          0.04

          0.03

          0.02
          0 02

          0.01

            0
                 0              10   20       30     40   50   60
                                          Time (s)
Addition of Surfactant

                       Increased Energy Input
                       Slippage
 Ons Time [(log (s)]
                (




                                 Decreased Energy Input
                                 Increased Viscosity
   set




                       Surfactant Concentration (mg/10mL water)
Applications of Emulsion Dynometer


• Determine energy required for emulsion formation
• Test demulsifier efficacy based on energy applied to
  system
• Compare to CFD models to determine amount of
  shear experienced in p
          p            production
Multiphase Meters

• Used to determine flow rates of oil/water in
  pipelines
• Need to determine phase fractions
   – Gamma rays
   – Microwave
   – Electrical impedance
Electrical Impedance

• Based on Bruggeman Equation


     Measured                   13
                ε w − ε mix ⎛ ε o ⎞
                            ⎜ ε ⎟ = 1 − φw
                           ×⎜
                 ε w − ε o ⎝ mix ⎟⎠          Calculated
Assigned Values
Measure & calculate εr (= n2) for oil & emulsion
                    Characterization of oil
                     (SCN components)


                 ℘SCN = 0.3341M SCN + 0.4208

                               ε −1
              calculate εoil :      = ρ ∑ z SCN℘SCN
                               ε +2


        Measured εoil (Capacitor)      Calculated εoil
               2.44 ± 0.06                  2.1
Relation of Measured to Calculated Data


Then measure εwater & εmix
for known water cuts (φw)
f k           t   t
to test Bruggeman eqn

Errors of 10-15% compared
to Bruggeman eqn used by
industry in MPFMs
Summary

• Current laboratory results not reproducible and
  subjective
• MPFM have errors of 10-15%
• Need for careful evaluation of results
Questions ?

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Spe Emulsions By Brendan Graham

  • 1. Oil/Water Emulsions Formation Prediction and Measurement Dr. Dr Brendan Graham University of Western Australia Centre for Petroleum, Fuels & Energy Fluid Science Division
  • 2. Outline • Introduction to Oil/Water Emulsions – Formation, Issues, Remediation • Measurement Techniques – Techniques, Issues • UWA Apparatus – Address shortcomings • Multi Phase Flow Meters – Types, Issues
  • 3. Production Issues • Lost Production – Down hole • Transportation issues – Viscosity • Treatment costs – Chemical, Electrical • Need to know risk of formation
  • 4. Relative Viscosity of Emulsions 4
  • 5. Emulsion Viscosity • Viscosity of emulsions depends on – Viscosities of the oil & water – The volume fraction of the dispersed water – The droplet size distribution – The temperature p – The shear rate – facilities design implications – The amount of solids present 5
  • 6. Crude Oil/Water Emulsions • Three criteria to form an emulsion – Two immiscible phases p – Agitation to disperse one liquid into droplets – Emulsifier to stabilise droplets • Emulsions are problem only if stable on production time scale
  • 7. Sources of shear • Gas lift wells – Gas injection p j points • Pumping wells – Pump and tubing • Gas evolution – Perforations, screens, chokes, flow lines
  • 8. Emulsion Stability • Two common types of emulsifiers – Surfactant or surface active agent • Reduces surface tension • Forms viscous barrier • Repulsion of electrically charged droplets – Fine solid particles • Sand, silt, FeS, asphaltenes 8
  • 9. Emulsifiers • Naturally occurring – Higher boiling point fractions – asphaltenes resins asphaltenes, resins, organic acids & bases • Introduced surfactants – Drilling fluids, stimulation chemicals, EOR surfactants – Injected chemicals for wax scale control wax, 9
  • 10. Minimisation Techniques • Use downhole chokes – Higher temperatures g p – Lower pressure differential • Minimise points of flow disruption – Smooth flow lines – Pumps in working order • Injected chemicals – Minimise use – Check for compatibility
  • 11. Will an oil form an emulsion? Will my demulsifier work?
  • 12. Laboratory Techniques • Bottle Shaker/Rocker • Blender (D ASTM 1401) – Originally made for non crude oil application – Routinely modified for different applications
  • 13. Case Study Results • Looking at real report data • Issues – Measurement accuracy – Reproducibility
  • 15.
  • 17.
  • 18. • Accuracy of Measurement – Phase levels not correct – Subjective determination of levels
  • 20.
  • 21. Current Test Conditions • Shear conditions not representative of real world shear experienced by oil/water • Overestimate emulsion formation tendency • Results quite subjective, user dependent • Determines demulsifier choice and dosing amount • N d more representative method Need t ti th d
  • 22. UWA solution • Objective measurement technique • User independent • Based on amount of energy required for emulsion formation
  • 23. Emulsion Dynamometer • V i bl speed rotor Variable d t • Measure force transmitted through solution • Determine energy inputted into system
  • 24.
  • 25. Effect of Shear Rate orce (N) Fo Time (s)
  • 26. Reproducibility 0.1 Sample 1 0.09 Sample 2 Sample 3 0.08 0.07 0.06 Force 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.02 0 02 0.01 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Time (s)
  • 27. Addition of Surfactant Increased Energy Input Slippage Ons Time [(log (s)] ( Decreased Energy Input Increased Viscosity set Surfactant Concentration (mg/10mL water)
  • 28. Applications of Emulsion Dynometer • Determine energy required for emulsion formation • Test demulsifier efficacy based on energy applied to system • Compare to CFD models to determine amount of shear experienced in p p production
  • 29. Multiphase Meters • Used to determine flow rates of oil/water in pipelines • Need to determine phase fractions – Gamma rays – Microwave – Electrical impedance
  • 30. Electrical Impedance • Based on Bruggeman Equation Measured 13 ε w − ε mix ⎛ ε o ⎞ ⎜ ε ⎟ = 1 − φw ×⎜ ε w − ε o ⎝ mix ⎟⎠ Calculated Assigned Values
  • 31. Measure & calculate εr (= n2) for oil & emulsion Characterization of oil (SCN components) ℘SCN = 0.3341M SCN + 0.4208 ε −1 calculate εoil : = ρ ∑ z SCN℘SCN ε +2 Measured εoil (Capacitor) Calculated εoil 2.44 ± 0.06 2.1
  • 32. Relation of Measured to Calculated Data Then measure εwater & εmix for known water cuts (φw) f k t t to test Bruggeman eqn Errors of 10-15% compared to Bruggeman eqn used by industry in MPFMs
  • 33. Summary • Current laboratory results not reproducible and subjective • MPFM have errors of 10-15% • Need for careful evaluation of results