1. Mercury Use Reduction and Land Reclamation in the Tapajos Region, Brazil by Rodolfo N. Sousa/ Marcello Veiga CASM Conference - Brasilia Oct/2008

3. Tanzania Sudan Zimbabwe Brazil Indonesia Laos In collaboration with UBC Dept of Mining Engineering Ecuador Venezuela Guinea Ghana Mozambique Cambodia Suriname Senegal Colombia Global Mercury Project

5. Deforestation in the Amazon 4 million km 2 Garimpo Canaan Brasilia 18% deforestation

6. 1980’s: Serra Pelada, the largest concentration of miners in the world

7. 2008: Typical Mining communities (“garimpos”)

12. Hydraulic monitors – huge open pits in the forest

13. Sediment / tailings released directly into the rivers

14. Sediments / tailings released directly into the rivers

15. Sediment released by sluice boxes – Crepori River

16. Mobility of Hg-contaminated Tailings Tailings take >4 t/a of Hg to other areas Hg is methylated and bioaccumalted downstream Crepori River 200 km Tapajós River Hg-rich Tailings from gold miners Source: Telmer et al. (2006)

21. Project promotion: “Take care of your treasure”

23. Training of trainers (multipliers)

24. Indoor Training

25. Outdoor Training - Practical field lectures

26. Multiplication of training / awareness campaign

27. Multiplication of training / awareness campaign

28. Evaluation before and after the training

29. Introduction of biosand water filters

30. Use of biosand filters for drinking water

31. Accidents: landslides, fallings, motor pulley belts

32. Miner Burning Amalgam (exposed to Hg vapor)

33. Demonstration of homemade retorts

34. Distribution of retorts to disseminate the culture of protection against mercury vapour during the amalgam burning

35. Kitchen bowl retort (homemade solution) Hg condenses on the glass bowl Wet sand to seal Hg vapour

36. Brasil, 2006

37. 60 retorts like this purchased locally

38. Use of retorts to burn amalgam and recover Hg

39. Demonstration of mercury reactivation and recycling

40. Fume hoods: developed local supplier, Filters installed in local gold shops

41. Fume hood in Gold Shops: GMP & USEPA

42. TDU - Transportable Demonstration Unit

43. Cyanidation tests – A lab in the jungle

44. Homemade prototypes ( amalgamator)

45. Pool for amalgamation of concentrate

46. Construction of latrines

47. Garbage disposal

48. General structure of the Action Plan Vision Mission General Objectives Performance Indicators Monitoring processes and results Goals

49. Most relevant indicators General Objectives Performance Indicator % mines attaining requisites Evaluation before training Goals for after training Results after training Protection of water and forest Refilling old pits with tailings 40.6 80.0 91.7 Reforestation of degraded areas 1.5 5.0 5.0 Quality of water / sediment containment 35.1 60.0 91.7 Use of Mercury Mercury reactivation and recycling 4.3 50.0 91.7 Mercury confinement ( amalgamation) 10.9 50.0 75.0 Use of retorts during burning process 20.3 40.0 41.2 Health, Sanitation and Safety Use of latrines 26.8 50.0 91.7 Use of filtered drinking water 17.0 60.0 81.3 Use of methods for prevention of malaria 62.0 80.0 81.3 Garbage disposal 16.3 50.0 100.0 Practices of internal awareness of miners 0.7 10.0 10.2 Mean 21.4 48.6 69.2

55. Sluice box removed from river / barrier to retain sediments Open Pit: 20,000 m 3 earth to rivers Sluice box removed from river. Triple barrier to retain sediments Old pit refilled. Clean water to river

56. Refilling old pits: most critical step in rehabilitation

57. Reforested areas in Canaan Area denomination 1A 1B 1C 1D Common name African Mahogany Neem Teak Amazon Mahogany Scientific name Khaya ivorensis Azadirachta indica Tectona grandis S. macrophylla King Area (m 2 ) 16310 54215 17885 7578 # seedlings 466 1549 511 421 Date plantation Feb/03 Feb/03 Mar/04 Apr/02 Age (years) 5.8 5.8 4.7 6.6 Spacing (m) 7 x 5 7 x 5 7 x 5 6 x 3 # trees/ha 285 285 285 556

58. Reforested areas in Canaan Block Species Diameter Height Basal area Volume Survival Rate Common name (cm) (m) B/ha m 3 /ha (%) 1A African Mahogany 15.16 9.59 4.61 23.19 81.05 1B Neem 14.43 7.40 6.73 25.61 90.00 1C Teak 10.94 7.68 2.79 11.29 97.91 1D Amazon. Mahogany 13.72 8.05 7.57 31.66 84.91