Aνθρωποι εναντίον βακτηρίων
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Ο Πανεπιστημιακός δάσκαλος και Πνευμονολόγος Εντατικολόγος Γιώργος Μπαλτόπουλος έχει ιδιαίτερα ξεχωριστή μεταδοτικότητα είτε μιλάει σε ειδικούς γιατρούς σε συνέδρια είτε όπως θα διαπιστώσετε εσείς που δεν κατέχετε λεπτομέρειες της επιστήμης.
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Aνθρωποι εναντίον βακτηρίων
- 1. Μικρόβια εναντίον ανθρώπου: Αγώνας για την επιβίωση Το Acinetobacter και ο Άγιος Λουκάς Καθηγητής Γεώργιος Ι. Μπαλτόπουλος Τμήμα Νοσηλευτικής Πανεπιστημίου Αθηνών Διευθυντής Πανεπιστημιακής ΜΕΘ ΓΠΝ ΚΑΤ Λεμεσός,Κύπρος 200 8
- 2. Μικρόβια και άλλα έμβια: βίοι παράλληλοι ; 3.5 billion Gram(-)bacteria 3.4 billion Fungi 1.7 billion 65 million 250,000 70 Gram(+)bacteria Mammals Humans Antibiotic Era Πολυκύτταροι οργανισμοί ‘‘ evolutionary big bang ’’ 6 00 million
- 3. M ικρόβια και άνθρωπος Πολύ λίγα μικρόβια είναι πάντοτε παθογόνα Πολλά μικρόβια είναι δυνητικά παθογόνα Τα περισσότερα μικρόβια δεν είναι παθογόνα
- 6. Έτσι μολυνόμαστε από τα μικρόβια
- 10. Τους αποφεύγουμε
- 11. ΑΝΟΣΙΑ ΦΥΣΙΚΗ ΜΗ ΕΙΔΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΚΤΗΤΗ ΕΙΔΙΚΗ Γνωσιακή ανοσία;;;
- 14. Οι τρεις γραμμές άμυνας έναντι των μικροβίων ΦΥΣΙΚΗ ΜΗ ΕΙΔΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΚΤΗΤΗ ΕΙΔΙΚΗ Γνωσιακή ανοσία;;;
- 16. Οι τρεις γραμμές άμυνας έναντι των μικροβίων ΦΥΣΙΚΗ ΜΗ ΕΙΔΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΚΤΗΤΗ ΕΙΔΙΚΗ Γνωσιακή ανοσία;;;
- 21. Περιτονίτιδα από K pneumoniae 100 CFU K pneumoniae Στέλεχος Caroli Ενδοπεριτοναϊκά Θερμοκρασία Περιβάλλοντος: 23 ο C Πυρήνα: 36.5–37 ο C Θερμοκρασία Περιβάλλοντος: 35.5 ο C Πυρήνα: 39–39.5 ο C Θερμοκρασία Περιβάλλοντος: 35.5 ο C Πυρήνα: 39–39.5 ο C Θερμοκρασία Περιβάλλοντος: 23 ο C Πυρήνα: 36.5–37 ο C Hasday JD, Singh IS. Cell Stress & Chaperones(2000) 5 (5), 471–480
- 22. Οι τρεις γραμμές άμυνας έναντι των μικροβίων ΦΥΣΙΚΗ ΜΗ ΕΙΔΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΚΤΗΤΗ ΕΙΔΙΚΗ Γνωσιακή ανοσία;;;
- 23. Τα λεμφοκύτταρα αναγνωρίζουν ξένα υλικά από τα αντιγόνα της επιφανείας τους
- 27. Οι 12 αντι-ανοσιακοί μικροβιακοί μηχανισμοί I S ex comes before disease ( acquire virulence genes ), S ense environment and S witch virulence genes on and off , S wim to site of infection , S tick to site of infection , S cavenge nutrients ( especially iron ), S urvive stress , S tealth ( avoid immune system ), S trike-back ( damage host tissues ), S ubvert host cell cytoskeletal and signalling pathways , S pread through cells and organs , S catter Cell 2006; 124: 767–782
- 28. Οι 12 αντι-ανοσιακοί μικροβιακοί μηχανισμοί II S ex comes before disease ( acquire virulence genes ), S ense environment and S witch virulence genes on and off , S wim to site of infection , S tick to site of infection , S cavenge nutrients ( especially iron ), S urvive stress , S tealth ( avoid immune system ), S trike-back ( damage host tissues ), S ubvert host cell cytoskeletal and signalling pathways , S pread through cells and organs , S catter Cell 2006; 124: 767–782
- 29. Η εξέλιξη του ανοσιακού συστήματος
- 32. THE MICROFLORA ORGAN Gustafsson B 1985. The future of germ-free research. Alan R. Liss. New York
- 33. Οι τρεις γραμμές άμυνας έναντι των μικροβίων ΦΥΣΙΚΗ ΜΗ ΕΙΔΙΚΗ ΕΠΙΚΤΗΤΗ ΕΙΔΙΚΗ Γνωσιακή ανοσία;;;
- 34. Γνωσιακή ανοσία Ότι αποκτιέται με την γνώση- κληρονομείται
- 35. Γνωσιακή ανοσία Ότι αποκτιέται με την γνώση- κληρονομείται
- 36. Γνωσιακή ανοσία Ότι αποκτιέται με την γνώση- κληρονομείται
- 37. Γνωσιακή ανοσία Ότι αποκτιέται με την γνώση- κληρονομείται
- 39. Γνωσιακή ανοσία Ότι αποκτήθηκε με την γνώση-τι κερδίσαμε; Subacute sclerosing panencephilitis (SSPE)
- 40. Γνωσιακή ανοσία Ότι αποκτήθηκε με την γνώση-τι κερδίσαμε; Θνητότητα από λοιμώξεις στις ΗΠΑ Current Opinion in Critical Care 2004, 10:250–264
- 47. 1521: 3.500.000 εκατομμύρια Αζτέκοι πέθαναν από ευλογιά How the Aztec Empire was defeated by the Spanish In 1519, Hernando Cortes sailed to Mexico to conquer the rich Aztec Empire. When Cortes and his soldiers reached the capital of the Aztecs, Moctezuma, their king welcomed Cortes as an honored guest. Tensions mounted between the Aztecs and the Spaniards. In the battle that broke out, Moctezuma was killed. Soon after, the Spanish were forced to retreat. Cortes returned and began a siege of the city. Then, a smallpox epidemic killed most of the Aztecs . The survivor surrendered in 1521.
- 48. 10 χρόνια μετά και οι Ίνκας από ευλογιά έχασαν!! How the Inca Empire was defeated by the Spanish Francisco Pizarro and a small group of conquistadors came to the Inca Empire in 1531. There, a smallpox epidemic had killed many Incas . Pizarro took advantage of the chaos in the empire. He invited Atahualpa, the emperor, to a friendly meeting and then had him imprisoned. Atahualpa arranged for a ransom that added up to almost 20 tons of gold and silver. This was said to be the largest ransom in history. However, Pizarro did not honor his end of the bargain. He rejected the Inca ransom and ordered Atahualpa killed, with that the Inca Empire was defeated.
- 49. Μικρόβια εναντίον ανθρώπων Οι μεγάλες μάχες: The Black Death The medieval pandemic that later came to be called the "Black Death" killed an estimated 17-28 million Europeans (from 30 to 40% of the total population) between the years 1347 and 1351 ( 1 ). Black Death was first reported in Central Asia between 1339 and 1340, then in the Genoese city of Caffa, where Black Death Mongol cadavers were hurled as bacteriological weapons over the city walls in 1346 ( 2 ). Epidemics reached Europe when Genoese vessels docked in Messina, Genoa, and Marseilles in November 1347. Yersinia pestis is considered to be the most likely agent of Black Death, based mainly on historical clinical records of bubonic and pulmonary forms of the disease ( 3 ). However, as the high levels of mortality and transmissibility associated with the Black Death were not observed during the third plague pandemic ( 4 , 5 ), alternative etiologies have been proposed. Moreover, the spread of transmission of the disease as well as the supposed densities of rats and fleas made unlikely for several authors the role of Y. pestis ( 5 ). The alternatives have included the anthrax agent Bacillus anthracis , the typhus agent Rickettsia prowazekii , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , and hemorrhagic fever ( 6-8 ). Confirmation of Y. pestis as the agent of the Black Death would end this controversy and improve our understanding of Y. pestis epidemics in light of the current reemergence of this infectious disease ( 9 , 10 ).
- 50. Μικρόβια εναντίον ανθρώπων Οι μεγάλες μάχες: The Black Death - το πεδίο της μάχης
- 51. The triumph of death, Pieter Bruegel the elder (1562)
- 53. Μικρόβια εναντίον ανθρώπων Οι μεγάλες μάχες: Πανδημίες γρίπης τον 20ο αιώνα 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 H1N1 1918: “Spanish Flu” 20-40 million deaths WHO H2N2 1957: “Asian Flu” 1 million deaths H3N2 1968: “Hong Kong Flu” 1 million deaths
- 54. Μικρόβια εναντίον ανθρώπων Οι μεγάλες μάχες: το τζίνι μπήκε στο μπουκάλι ! Η ευλογιά παγκοσμίως
- 59. Τελικά ποιος θα νικήσει;
- 60. Τελικά ποιος θα νικήσει; Ευχαριστώ για την προσοχή σας 1 x ΔΓ, ΔΑ 2
Editor's Notes
- Figure 1 Transmission electron micrograph of a human neutrophil. Inset is an image taken from a neutrophil 20 s after the phagocytosis of latex particles opsonized with IgG (V, vacuole). The section was stained for myeloperoxidase (MPO) to reveal the electron-dense product in the azurophil granules, some of which can be seen degranulating into the phagocytic vacuole (arrows). Bar = 1 µ m. (Figure from 17.)
- Starks (Starks et al 2000) recently reported that honeybees increase hive-wide temperature following infection of the hive with the heat-sensitive pathogenic fungus Ascosphaera apis. This temperature increase, achieved through a communal increase in wing muscle activity by the adult bees, kills the fungal pathogen and preserves viability of the bee larvae. In this case, the febrile response has been adapted to a hive animal in which survival of the species depends on survival of the hive rather than viability of individuals. The assumption that fever is protective during infections is well supported by studies in diverse animal species. In 2 studies of ectothermic vertebrates, increases in core temperature from 38 to 408C in the lizard Diposaurus dorsalis (Kluger et al 1975) and from 28 to 32.78C in goldfish (Covert and Reynolds 1977) improves survival from 25% to 67% and from 64% to 100%, respectively, during infection with the same gram-negative pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila. Similar results were found in infected sockeye salmon, rainbow trout, crickets, and grasshoppers (reviewed) (Kluger 1991).
- Mortality from infectious diseases in the United States of America fell from close to 800 deaths in 100,000 population per year to approximately 70 deaths in 100,000 population. Note that the greatest decrease coincides with the widespread introduction of effective public health measures, and precedes the introduction of antibiotics, and the development of intensive care units in the second half of the twentieth century. Adapted from [8].
- How the Aztec and Inca empires were defeated by the Spanish
- The triumph of death, Pieter Bruegel the elder (1562) Features Sponsored by Fine Art Supplies and Craft Materials Feature Archive November, 2000 Notorious Portraits By John Malyon Overflattering Portraits I : Napoleon Overflattering Portraits II : Van Dyck and Holbein Grotesques and Horrors Illness and Deformity Madmen Read the first part of this article from last month Illness and Deformity Illness In 1346, an armed conflict broke out between Tartars and Genoese traders in the city of Caffa, in Crimea on the Black Sea. Plague had broken out in the area, and as the Tartars lay siege to the city they placed the corpses of plague victims on catapults and launched them over the city walls. The Genoese began to die off from the plague and retreated back to Genoa, taking the disease with them. This, according to legend, is how the Black Death came to Europe. Between 1347 and 1352, it was as if the end of the world had arrived. Twenty-five million - one person in three - are thought to have died in this first outbreak or the plague. Siena is known to have lost 60% of its population. There were recurring outbreaks on a smaller scale for centuries. In fact, many historians consider the creative outpouring of the Renaissance to be a more or less direct result of the massive economic, social and psychological upheavals caused by the Black Death. The argument is too complex to go into here, but I can explain it by analogy: When Gary Busey totalled his Harley-Davidson and nearly died, afterward he was able to replace it with a much faster bike. Same principle at work. Strangely, there doesn't seem to be much direct chronicling of the Black Death in art of that time (Gros documented Napoleon's famous visit to the pesthouse at Jaffa, but that was almost 500 years later). Despite the seeming newsworthiness of the coming of the plague, painting and sculpture were dedicated almost exclusively to distant religious subjects until well into the next century. Manuscript illustrations (such as the example at right), while in most cases not as polished as paintings of the era, are a better source of pictures of daily life. One indirect effect of the plague was the rise in popularity of Saint Sebastian. He had been tied to a tree by Diocletian's soldiers and shot with arrows - he miraculously survived, but is traditionally represented as pierced with many arrows . He became a patron saint of plague victims, presumably because one of the main symptoms of the disease is the presence of stabbing pains in the body. One important image tying Sebastian to the Black Death, dating from 150 years after the first outbreak, is Josse Lieferinxe's panel, Saint Sebastian Interceding for the Plague Stricken . A second effect of the plague was the frequent use of extremely morbid imagery. Death was ever-present and could strike down anyone with little forewarning. Death incarnate makes many appearances in paintings of the period, and apocalyptic images like Pieter Bruegel's 1562 nightmare The Triumph of Death and Albrecht Dürer's Four Horsemen of the Apocalpyse were common.