2. Background and Key Issues
• Modal share of Indian cities is different than what is
reflected from current parking situation.
• Wasteful use of land, inequity in urban land uses.
• Induced car use leading to pollution, adverse health
impacts
• Equity issue as public money is used to fund parking
for rich car owners
4. Personal vehicles dominate parking demand
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Nehru
Place
Cars
Lajpat
Nagar
Two-wheelers
Chandni
Chowk
Sadar
Bazar
Autorick-shaws
Kamla
Nagar
Buses
Ajmeri
gate
Daryaganj
Goods vehicles
Krishna
Nagar
Karol
Bagh
Other vehicles
Figure 1: Personal vehicles dominate parking demand in market areas
Source: Estimated from Anon 2006, Congestion and parking problems of selected locations in
Delhi,
Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi.
7. Parking of personal vehicles leads to increased
inequity in urban land use
About 15% road users (cars) take up 80% of road space
Transportation Infrastructure still being designed only for cars
8. Redefining mobility
Image Source: Internet
As per Indian National Transport Policy:
“The Central Government would, encourage measures that allocate road space
on a more equitable basis, with people as its focus.”
10. Induced car use leading to pollution, adverse health
impacts
11. NOx = 1,40,000 kg/day
NOx = 1,00,000 kg/day
2011
69 LAKH Vehicles
2016
93 LAKH Vehicles
We are already at risky/ fatally
high levels of Pollution, even
without looking at future
projections,
Therefore time has come for
drastic paradigm change.
12. Parking induced demand for motor parking
generates traffic leading to air pollution
• Environmental impacts – pollution, fuel consumption, etc.
• Health impacts
14. Subsidized Land Cost for Private Parking
Against the principle of equity.
Cars
Public agencies are responsible
to fund car parking for the rich
car users.
Other modes of Transit
16. Private vehicle Park on a ‘ fully-paid, rented or
owned’ space, based on ‘user pays’ principle
Parking is a consumer commodity, not a legal right - NMSH
17. Increase Parking Charges to discourage Private
Vehicle use.
► Price Parking higher
within next 2 years?
Results form “Willingness to Pay” Survey by RITES
with private vehicle users at various parking
locations shows:
• 84% are willing to shift to “good” public
transport System
• 72% to shift if quality feeder system is available.
• 45% of car users to shift to
public transport if Parking fee is
increased by 500%.
18. Parking management: a tool to dis-incentivize
private vehicles and encourage public transport,
IPT, NMT
Street without
Dedicated Bus lanes
One Mixed Traffic Lane carries approx.
2640 Passengers/ Lane/ hour
Street with
Dedicated Bus lanes
A dedicated BRT lane carries minimum of
= 6000 - 20,000 Passengers/ Lane/ hour
19. Parking management: a tool to dis-incentivize
private vehicles and encourage public transport,
IPT, NMT
short trips (below 4 km) could easily be made on intermediate public
transport (IPT) & non-motorized transport (NMT) and walking.
Limit, regulate and strictly enforce the Supply of private parking.
Increasing supply without demand management measures would only
induce more endless demand for parking space.
MRTS influence zones shall have further restricted parking provision
and requirements, in order to prioritize use of public transport, IPT, NMT
modes and walking,
Land is limited and there is a limit to the additional parking space that
can be created in the city. Therefore, the existing parking spaces will
have to be managed efficiently with effective and comprehensive parking
strategies, to control the demand for parking space.
Facilitate round-the-clock and shared use of all available parking
spaces in an area, between activities with different peak hours of use, in
order to maximize efficient use of land.
20. Cycles, Cycle-rickshaws & Walking
are the ideal modes for short 1-4 km Trips.
• 60% of Trips in Delhi are below 4 KMs.
Trip Lengths: Delhi
Average Trip Lengths by
Mode: Delhi
120
% of Trips
100
Mode
Average Trip
Length (KM)
•Car
10.5
•2W
8.7
60
•Auto Rickshaw
4.7
40
•Bus
8.8
•Metro
13.8
•Train (IR)
20.2
80
20
0
•Bicycle
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8 8-10 10-1515-2020-2525-3030-35 >35
Trip lengths in KM
4
•Cycle Rickshaw
1.7
•Walk
1.1
20
Source: RITES Transport Demand Forecast Study for DoT, GNCTD, 2010
21. For a 3 km trip,
Buses & Cycle are
most efficient PT
3
modes.
car
bicycle
BRT
metro
walk
2.5
Distance, km
2
1.5
1
Metro
Bicycling
0.5
Walking
BRT
2-Wheeler/car
0
0
5
10
15
20
Time, minutes
Source: Created by IIT Delhi + iTrans
25
30
35
23. Pricing and enforcement to eliminate
Pricing and enforcement to eliminate or or
reduce long
reduce long term on-street parking
on-street parking
• There will be a substantial and progressive increase in
parking rates for off-street multi-level parking rates, offstreet surface parking and on-street parking rates, in that
order, to incentivise use of off-street facilities.
• Rate of public parking will be variable and differential
based on peak and non-peak demand and different
categories of lands and colonies, exponentially increasing
with the number of hours of use.
• No policy for parking will work, unless there is adequate,
stringent and effective enforcement against illegal/wrong
parking.
• No-tolerance policy to be enforced for parking on
footpaths, walkways and cycle tracks, through enactment
of the Municipal Act.
24. Parking Priority given to IPT, NMT pick and ride
and feeder systems to encourage Modal shift.
Public Transport Modes
City Buses/Metro Buses
Pedestrian
Auto Rickshaws
Cycling
ShuttleAuto Rickshaws/Tempo
Cycle Rickshaw
25. Parking Priority given to IPT, NMT pick and ride
and feeder systems to encourage Modal shift.
1. Provide More IPT Choices
2. Provide organized IPT, NMT Parking at
all Metro Stations & along all Roads.
26. Provide High quality infrastructure to Public
Transport, IPT, NMT and walking to encourage a
modal shift.
27. Road Safety especially for Pedestrians is Low.
• There are more than 2100 accidents occurred during 2010.
• Ring Road has recorded the highest fatal accidents
followed by Outer Ring Road, Rohtak Road, G.T.Karnal
Road.
• The maximum casualty in the fatal accidents are
pedestrians & 2 wheelers.
• The maximum accidents have occurred during the lean
hours both in the morning & night.
• The reasons for all accidents are:
1. Signal free high speed corridors.
2. Insufficient/ No pedestrian
Crossing facilities.
3. Central verge without grills.
4. No speed breakers/ rumble strips
on long stretches.
5. Absence of dedicated lanes for
slow moving vehicles.
6. Heavy volume of traffic.
7. Glaring during night etc.
Pedestrians
Two Wheelers
Self
Wazirabad Road
G. T. Road
Najafgarh Road
Mahrauli Badarpur Road
N. H.-8
Mathura Road
G T K Road
Rohtak Road
Outer Ring Road
Ring Road
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Fatal Accidents in 2010
Source: Delhi Traffic Police
140
160
180
200
29. No environmentally sensitive lands shall
be used for parking of any kind
a) Ridge
b) Forests
a) River Flood Plains
a) Steep slopes >25º
b) Water Bodies/ Lakes
c) Riparian zones (refer
Glossary)
d) Wetlands
e) Storm Water Drains
a) Wild life sanctuary
30. No green areas shall be converted and
used for parking.
G.K.
32. Parking Benefit Districts (PBD)
ON-STREET PARKING
Demarcation of all available
on-street and off-street
public parking facilities
available for both public and
private modes within the
district, along with
numbering, marking and
signage plan. Adequate space
for cycle parking/ cycle
sharing/ rickshaw stands / IPT
stands, etc. in the entire
district
OFF-STREET PARKING
33. Parking Benefit
Districts (PBD)
Detailed design for
surface, multi-level
and on-street parking
facilities.
Public Recreation Zone
Para transit
Parking
Cycle Stand
Vendor Kiosks
Stack Parking
34. Parking Benefit Districts (PBD)
Demarcation of short term and
long term parking facilities and
their pricing strategy.
As notified in GNCTD on Feb.21, 2013 by the Transport Deptt.
Type of Parking
Location
Existing Rates
Proposed
Rates
Penalty for extra time
5 Min Drop off
On Street
Rs. 10
Free
Pay for 1 Hr
Upto 1 Hr
On Street
Rs. 10
Rs. X
Pay for 1.5 Hr
Upto 1 ½ Hrs
On Street
Rs. 10
Rs. 2X
Pay for 2 Hrs
Upto 2 Hrs
On Street
Rs. 10
Rs. 4X
Either move to stack
parking OR the Car would
be Impounded with Rs.1000
as fine.
NO ON STREET PARKING ALLOWED BEYOND 2Hrs.
8Hr
Stack Parking
Rs. 10
Rs. 2X
Night Only
Stack Parking
Rs. 20
Rs. 1 ½ X
Monthly
Stack Parking
Rs. 600-700
Rs. 60X
35. Policies and Actions for Enforcement/ Parking
Management Agency
•
Parking space markings, numbering and signage-plan to be approved and
implemented as part of a comprehensive PBD Plan.
• Parking spaces must be marked physically on ground in public areas as well as
through display of signage, for the benefit of both parkers and enforcers. The
approved PBD Plan of the area should also be displayed near major entry/exit
locations and at various visible locations within entire PBD for transparency and
public information.
•
Penalty for illegal/wrong parking to be increased enough to be a deterrent: The
Municipal Act of Delhi that ...... should be used to enforce illegal parking on roads,
footpaths and cycle tracks in Delhi, as they are an impediment to the movement
and safety of all road users and also emergency vehicles.
•
Use handheld Electronic ticketing/fining system for better enforcement and
transparency. Provision of parking meters is desirable.
36. Policies and Actions for Enforcement/ Parking
Management Agency
•
Monitoring and Public Information: Parking lots, garages and on-street lots may
display total and real-time available parking spaces. Parking help-booths to have
monitoring personnel 24-hours.
•
PBDs have to be developed and monitored by a single agency.
•
Improve the vehicle information and ownership database. It has been seen that
only 20 per cent notices for penalties issued reach the correct vehicle owners.
Therefore vehicle ownership database must be continually updated by
technological and administrative means.
• In residential areas and consolidated parking facilities, regular parkers may apply
for monthly annual passes and stickers, for use of public parking space and these
may be monitored through RWAs or surprise checks.
37. Benefits to End Users
• Access to a variety of modes of transport, including IPT, NMT
and private modes within walking distance of homes, shops,
offices and destinations.
• Safe, secure, organized high-quality parking facilities for private
vehicles.
• Greater transparency and accountability and parking and
public space management.
• Advanced public information systems regarding mode choices
and parking supply availability.
• Benefit to local districts in the form of overall improvement in
quality of place and reduction of vehicular chaos.
