1. GRAFIKNota
BAB Respirasi
Respiration1
Organ-organ Respirasi/Respiratory Organ
Tarikan Nafas dan Hembusan Nafas
Inhalation and Exhalation
Penafasan dan Pertukaran Gas
Breathing and the Exchange of Gases
Trakea/Trachea
Bronkus/Bronchus
Peparu/Lung
Rongga hidung
Nasal cavity
Diafragma
Diaphragm
Tulang rusuk
Rib
Lubang hidung/Nostril
Bronkiol
Bronchiole
Kapilari darah
Blood capillary
Alveolus
Alveolus
kapilari darah
blood capillary
alveolus
alveolus
Otot interkosta/Intercostal muscle
Tarikan nafas/Inhalation
• Udara disedut ke dalam peparu
Air is sucked into the lungs
Hembusan nafas/Exhalation
• Udara dikeluarkan dari peparu
Air is expelled from the lungs
Mengecut
Contract
Mengendur
Relax
Naik ke atas dan ke luar
Upwards and outwards
Mendatar
Becomes flat
Bertambah
Increases
Lebih rendah
Lower
Udara disedut
Air is inhaled
Tarikan nafas
Inhalation
Hembusan nafas
Exhalation
Bahagian yang terlibat
Part involved
Otot interkosta luar
External intercostal muscles
Otot interkosta dalam
Internal intercostal muscles
Pergerakan tulang rusuk
Movement of ribs
Bentuk diafragma
Shape of diaphragm
Isi padu rongga toraks
Volume of thoracic cavity
Tekanan udara di dalam rongga toraks
Air pressure in the thoracic cavity
Pergerakan udara
Air movement
Mengendur
Relax
Mengecut
Contract
Turun ke bawah dan ke dalam
Downwards and inwards
Melengkung ke atas
Curves upwards
Berkurang
Decreases
Lebih tinggi
Higher
Udara terdesak keluar
Air is forced out
Oksigen meresap masuk
ke dalam kapilari darah
dari alveolus
Oxygen diffuses into the blood
capillary from the alveolus
Karbon dioksida meresap
keluar dari kapilari darah ke
dalam alveolus
Carbon dioxide diffuses out
from the blood capillary into
the alveolus
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2. GRAFIKNota
BAB Peredaran Darah dan Pengangkutan
Blood Circulation and Transport2
Struktur Jantung/Structure of Heart
Jenis Peredaran Darah dan Jenis Salur Darah
Types of Blood Circulation and Types of Blood Vessels
Aorta/Aorta
Peredaran
pulmonari
Pulmonary
circulation
Peredaran
sistematik
Systemic
circulation
darah
terdeoksigen
deoxygenated
blood
darah
beroksigen
oxygenated
blood
Atrium kiri/Left atrium
Injap sabit/Semilunar valve
Injap bikuspid/Bicuspid valve
Arteri pulmonari/Pulmonary artery
Vena kava/Vena cava
Atrium kanan/Right atrium
Injap trikuspid/Tricuspid valve
Ventrikal kiri/Left ventricle
Ventrikal kanan/Right ventricle
Vena pulmonari
Pulmonary vein
• Vena mempunyai dinding nipis,
kurang kenyal dan kurang
berotot.
Veins have thin,less elastic and
less muscular walls.
• Kapilari darah mempunyai
dinding yang sangat nipis, iaitu
setebal satu sel.
Blood capillaries have very thin
walls that are one-cell thick.
• Arteri mempunyai dinding tebal,
kenyal dan berotot.
Arteries have thick,elastic and
muscular walls.
vena/vein arteri/artery
kapilari darah
blood capillary
Jantung
Heart
Jantung
Heart
Peparu
Lungs
Jantung
Heart
Jantung
Heart
Tisu
badan
Body
tissues
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3. GRAFIKNota
Jenis-jenis Sel Darah/Types of Blood Cells
Transpirasi/Transpiration
Stoma Daun/Leaf Stoma
Bentuk/Shape:
Ceper dwicekung/Biconcave disc
Fungsi/Function:
Mengangkut oksigen/To transport oxygen
Bentuk/Shape:
Tidak tetap/Irregular
Fungsi/Function:
Membunuh bakteria/To kill bacteria
Bentuk/Shape:
Tidak tetap/Irregular
Fungsi/Function:
Membekukan darah/To clot blood
Sel darah merah
Red blood cells
Platlet
Platelets
Sel darah putih
White blood cells
Transpirasi/Transpiration
• Menyejukkan tumbuhan pada hari panas
Cools the plant on hot days
• Membantu mengangkut air dan garam
mineral dari akar ke daun
Helps in the transportation of water and
mineral salts from the roots to the leaves
Sel pengawal/Guard cell
• Mengawal saiz stoma
Controls the size of the stoma
Stoma/Stoma
• Membenarkan udara meresap
ke dalam dan ke luar daun
Allows air to diffuse in and out
of the leaf
Floem/Phloem
• Mengangkut makanan dari daun ke bahagian tumbuhan
yang lain
To transport food from the leaves to other parts of the plant
Xilem/Xylem
• Mengangkut air dan garam mineral dari akar ke daun
Transports water and mineral salts from the roots to the leaves
Pengangkutan dalam Tumbuhan
Transportation in Plants
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4. GRAFIKNota
BAB Perkumuhan
Excretion3
Perkumuhan Manusia/Human Excretion
Sistem Urinari Manusia
The Human Urinary System
Organ perkumuhan
Excretory organs
Kulit/Skin Peparu/Lungs Ginjal/Kidneys
Vena kava/Vena cava
Arteri ginjal/Renal artery
Vena ginjal/Renal vein
Aorta/Aorta
Ginjal/Kidney
• Menapis dan menyingkirkan
urea, garam mineral dan air
berlebihan daripada darah
Filters and removes urea and
excess mineral salts and
water from the bloodUreter/Ureter
• Menyalurkan air kencing dari
ginjal ke pundi kencing
Channels urine from the
kidney to the urinary bladder
Uretra/Urethra
• Menyalurkan air kencing keluar dari badan
Channels urine out of the body
Pundi kencing/Urinary bladder
• Menyimpan air kencing
Stores urine
Keratan Membujur Ginjal
A Longitudinal Section of the Kidney
Perkumuhan Tumbuhan
Excretion in Plants
Korteks/Cortex
Medula/Medulla
Pelvis/Pelvis
Ureter
Ureter
Hasil perkumuhan
yang kompleks
mengenap pada
daun, bunga atau
kulit tumbuhan
untuk digugurkan.
Complex excretory
products gather in
the leaves,flowers
or bark to be shed.
Berpeluh
Sweating
Air, garam mineral dan urea
Water,mineral salts and urea
Cara perkumuhan
Methods of excretion
Hasil perkumuhan
Excretory products
Menghembus nafas
Exhalation
Karbon dioksida dan air
Carbon dioxide and water
Kencing
Urinating
Air, garam mineral dan urea
Water,mineral salts and urea
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5. GRAFIKNota
BAB Pembiakan
Reproduction4
Sistem Pembiakan Lelaki/The Male Reproductive System
Sistem Pembiakan Perempuan/The Female Reproductive System
Pembiakan Aseks
Asexual Reproduction
Duktus sperma/Sperm duct
• Menyalurkan sperma dari testis
Channels sperms from the testis
Uterus/Uterus
• Menempatkan dan melindungi embrio
Implants and protects the embryo
Serviks/Cervix
• Menghasilkan lendir untuk
pergerakan sperma
Produces mucus for sperms to move
Tiub Falopio/Fallopian tube
• Tempat berlakunya persenyawaan
A place where fertilisation occurs
Ovari/Ovary
• Menghasilkan ovum
Produces ova
Faraj/Vagina
• Menerima sperma dari zakar
Receives sperms from the penis
Kelenjar prostat/Prostate gland
• Menghasilkan bendalir yang
mengaktifkan sperma
Produces a fluid that activates
sperms
Uretra/Urethra
• Menyalurkan sperma dan
air kencing
Channels sperms and urine
Skrotum/Scrotum
• Melindungi testis
Protects the testis
Testis/Testis
• Menghasilkan sperma
Produces sperms
Bakteria/Bacteria
Setawar/Bryophyllum
Tapak sulaiman/Starfish Halia/Ginger
Yis/Yeast
Pembentukan spora
Spore formation
Pembiakan vegetatif
Vegetative reproduction
Paku pakis/Fern
Belahan dedua
Binary fission
Penjanaan semula
Regeneration
Pertunasan
Budding
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6. GRAFIKNota
Kitar Haid/The Menstrual Cycle
Struktur Bunga/The Structure of a Flower
Persenyawaan, Pengovulan dan Penempelan
Fertilisation, Ovulation and Implantation
stigma
stigma
stil
style
anter
anther
filamen
filament
stamen
stamen
pistil
pistil
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 2 3 4 5
tempoh haid
menstrual phase
tempoh haid
menstrual phase
fasa subur
fertile phase
Persenyawaan/Fertilisation
• Proses percantuman sperma
dan ovum dalam tiub Falopio
The process of fusion of a
sperm with an ovum in the
Fallopian tube
Penempelan/Implantation
• Proses pelekatan embrio
pada dinding uterus
The process of the embryo
sticking to the wall of the
uterus
Ovulasi/Ovulation
• Proses pembebasan ovum dari ovari
A process of releasing an ovum from the ovary
ranggi
petal
sepal
sepal
ovul
ovule
ovari/ovary
tangkai bunga
flower stalk
• Stamen ialah organ jantan manakala
pistil ialah organ betina bunga.
The stamens are the male organs
while the pistil is the female organ
of a flower.
• Ovari menghasilkan ovul dan anter
menghasilkan butir debunga.
The ovary produces ovules and
anthers produce pollen grains.
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7. GRAFIKNota
Struktur Biji Benih/The Structure of Seeds
Jenis Pendebungaan/Types of Pollination
Burung/Birds Rama-rama/Butterflies Lebah/Bees
Plumul/Plumule
• Tumbuh menjadi pucuk
Grows into a shoot
Radikel/Radicle
• Tumbuh menjadi akar
Grows into a root
Testa/Testa
• Melindungi biji benih
Protects the seed
Kotiledon/Cotyledon
• Menyimpan makanan untuk percambahan
Stores food for seed germination
• Bunga bersaiz kecil, biasanya
putih, tidak berbau, anter
besar, banyak debunga dan
berfilamen panjang.
Flowers are small in size,
normally white,not fragrant,
have big anthers,a lot of
pollens and long filaments.
• Bunga bersaiz besar, berwarna cerah, berbau wangi, stigma melekit dan
berfilamen pendek.
Flowers are big in size,bright in colour,fragrant,have sticky stigma and short
filaments.
• Berlaku pada bunga atau pokok yang sama
Occurs at the same flower or the same plant
Pendebungaan kacuk/Cross-pollination
• Berlaku pada pokok yang berlainan
Occurs at different plants
Agen Pendebungaan/Pollinating Agents
Pendebungaan sendiri/Self-pollination
Angin/Wind
N7
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8. GRAFIKNota
BAB Pertumbuhan
Growth5
Kadar Pertumbuhan Manusia/The Human Growth Rate
Peringkat-peringkat Pertumbuhan Manusia
The Growth Stages of Humans
3 13 20 650
Ketinggian (cm)
Height (cm)
Umur (tahun)
Age (years)
Bayi
Infancy
Kanak-kanak
Childhood
Remaja
Adolescence
Dewasa
Adulthood
Tua
Old age
3 13 20 650
Ketinggian (cm)
Height (cm)
Umur (tahun)
Age (years)
pertumbuhan
pesat
rapid growth
pertumbuhan
perlahan
slow growth
pertumbuhan
pesat
rapid growth
pertumbuhan
minima
minimal growth
pertumbuhan
negatif
negative
growth
Bayi
Infancy
Kanak-kanak
Childhood
Remaja
Adolescence
Dewasa
Adulthood
Tua
Old age
N8
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9. GRAFIKNota
BAB Tanah dan Sumbernya
Land and Its Resources6
Tindak Balas antara
Logam dengan Oksigen
Reaction between
a Metal and Oxygen
Tindak Balas antara
Logam dengan Sulfur
Reaction between
a Metal and Sulphur
Pemanasan Sulfida Logam/The Heating of Metal Sulphides
Mineral (Unsur)/Minerals (Elements)
Merkuri
Mercury
Tindak balas antara logam dengan oksigen
membentuk oksida logam
Reaction between a metal and oxygen
forms a metal oxide
Tindak balas antara logam dengan sulfur
membentuk sulfida logam
Reaction between a metal and sulphur
forms a metal sulphide
+Magnesium
Magnesium
oksigen
oxygen
+ +plumbum oksida
lead oxide
sulfur dioksida
sulphur dioxide
Plumbum sulfida
Lead sulphide
oksigen
oxygen
+ zink sulfida
zinc sulphide
Zink
Zinc
sulfur
sulphur
Karbon
Carbon
Platinum
Platinum
Sulfur
Sulphur
panaskan
heated
panaskan
heated
larutan kalium
manganat(VII)
berasid
acidified potassium
manganate(VII)
solution
tabung uji
test tube
plumbum sulfida
lead sulphide
magnesium
oksida
magnesium
oxide
N9
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10. GRAFIKNota
Sebatian Silikon/Silicon Compounds
Penyulingan
Berperingkat
Petroleum
Fractional
Distillation
of Petroleum
Sebatian Kalsium Karbonat/Calcium Carbonate Compounds
• Sebatian silikon tidak
larut dalam air, tidak
bertindak balas
dengan asid dan tidak
terurai apabila
dipanaskan.
Silicon compounds do
not dissolve in water,
do not react with
acids and do not
decompose when
heated.
Silika
(Silikon
dioksida)
Silica
(Silicon dioxide)
Silikat/Silicate
Pecahan petroleum/Petroleum fractions
Pasir/Sand Kuarza/Quartz Batu api/Flint
Tanah liat/Clay Asbestos/Asbestos Mika/Mica
(a) Tindak balas antara kalsium karbonat dengan asid
Reaction between calcium carbonate and acid
+ kalsium klorida
calcium chloride
Kalsium
karbonat
Calcium
carbonate
asid hidroklorik
hydrochloric acid
(b) Pemanasan kalsium karbonat
The heating of calcium carbonate
+ karbon dioksida
carbon dioxide
Kalsium karbonat
Calcium carbonate
panaskan
heat
kalsium oksida
calcium oxide
+ karbon dioksida
carbon dioxide
+ air
water
Gas petroleum/Petroleum gas
Petrol/Petrol
Nafta/Naphta
Kerosin/Kerosene
Diesel/Diesel
Minyak pelincir/Lubricating oil
Minyak bahan api/Fuel oil
Bitumen/BitumenMenara penyulingan
Distillation tower
N10
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11. GRAFIKNota
BABBAB Keelektrikan
Electricity7
Fenomena yang Berkaitan dengan Cas-cas Elektrostatik
Phenomena Related to Static Electrical Charges
Sumber-sumber Tenaga Elektrik/The Sources of Electrical Energy
Elektroskop/Electroscope
Akumulator asid-plumbum
Lead-acid accumulator
Sel kering
Dry cells
Dinamo
Dynamo
Kilat
Lightning
Konduktor kilat
Lightning conductors
Palam pencucuh
Spark plug
• Elektroskop digunakan untuk mengesan cas-cas
elektrik yang kecil.
The electroscope is used to detect small electrical
charges.
• Kerajang emas mencapah apabila objek-objek yang
bercas dibawa mendekati ceper logamnya.
The gold leaf diverges when charged objects are
brought near to its metal disc.
• Cas elektrik statik dapat dihasilkan pada objek yang
neutral dengan menggosokkannya dengan satu bahan
yang lain seperti kain bulu atau kain sutera.
Static electrical charges can be produced on a neutral
object by rubbing it with a different material such as a
woollen cloth or silk cloth.
Awan dicaskan apabila wap air di
dalamnya bergeser dengan
zarah-zarah udara. Pemindahan
cas-cas menghasilkan kilat.
Clouds are charged when the water
vapour in it rubs with air particles.The
transfer of charges produces lightning.
Hujung konduktor kilat yang
bercabang mengalirkan cas-cas
elektrik daripada kilat ke Bumi.
The end of a lightning conductor that
is branched directs the electrical
charges of the lightning to the Earth.
Cas-cas elektrik ‘melompat’ melintasi
ruang bunga api pada palam
pencucuh untuk menghasilkan bunga
api yang menyalakan bahan api.
Electric charges‘jump’ across the
spark space on the plug to produce
sparks that ignite the fuel.
ceper logam
metal disc
elektroskop
electroscope
kerajang emas
gold leaf
N11
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12. GRAFIKNota
Jana Kuasa Van de Graaff, Ammeter dan Voltmeter
Van de Graaff Generator, Ammeter and Voltmeter
Simbol Komponen Litar Elektrik/Symbols of Electrical Circuit Components
Medan Magnet/Magnetic Field
Jana kuasa Van de Graaff
Van de Graaff generator
Alatan yang menghasilkan cas-cas
elektrik yang bervoltan tinggi.
A device that produces electrical
charges at high voltages.
Ammeter
Ammeter
Mentol
Bulb
Perintang tetap
Fixed resistor
Reostat
Rheostat
Suis
Switch
Ammeter
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Fius
Fuse
Galvanometer
Galvanometer
Pembumian
Earthing
Alatan yang digunakan untuk menyukat
arus elektrik dalam unit amphere (A).
A device that is used to measure
electric current in the unit of ampere (A).
Voltmeter
Voltmeter
Medan magnet dapat ditunjukkan dengan
menggunakan serbuk besi.
A magnetic field can be shown by using iron fillings.
Medan magnet berbentuk bulat terbentuk di
sekeliling konduktor lurus apabila arus
elektrik mengalir melaluinya.
A circular magnetic field is formed around
a straight conductor when electricity flows
through it.
Alatan yang digunakan untuk menyukat
voltan elektrik dalam unit volt (V).
A device that is used to measure
electric voltage in the unit of volt (V).
V GA
Sel kering
Dry cell
N12
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13. GRAFIKNota
BAB Penjanaan Elektrik
Generation of Electricity8
Jenis Generator
Types of Generators
Transformer/Transformers
generator
generator
turbin
turbine
air/water
empangan/dam
Generator hidroelektrik
Hydroelectric generator
Generator nuklear
Nuclear generator
Generator turbin gas
Gas turbine generator
Generator terma
Thermal generator
Transformer injak naik/Step-up transformer
air panas
hot water
reaktor nuklear
nuclear reactor
dandang
boiler
bahan
api
fuel
turbin
turbine
mentol menyala
dengan terang
bulb lights up brightly
mentol menyala dengan malap
bulb lights up dimly
air panas
hot water
udara
air
pemampat
compressor
turbin/turbine
asap/smoke
bahan api/fuel
kebuk pembakaran
combustion chamberGenerator diesel
Diesel generator
enjin diesel
diesel engine
arus
elektrik
electric
current
dinamo
dynamo
• Gegelung sekunder mempunyai bilangan lilitan
dawai yang banyak.
The secondary coil has many turns of wire.
• Voltan output tinggi.
High output voltage.
• Gegelung primer mempunyai bilangan lilitan
dawai yang kurang.
The primary coil has few turns of wire.
• Voltan input rendah.
Low input voltage.
mentol menyala
dengan malap
bulb lights up dimly
mentol menyala dengan terang
bulb lights up brightly
• Gegelung sekunder mempunyai bilangan lilitan
dawai yang kurang.
The secondary coil has few turns of wire.
• Voltan output rendah.
Low output voltage.
• Gegelung primer mempunyai bilangan lilitan
dawai yang banyak.
The primary coil has many turns of wire.
• Voltan input tinggi.
High input voltage.
Transformer injak turun/Step-down transformer
N13
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14. GRAFIKNota
Pendawaian Palam 3-Pin/The Wiring in a 3-Pin Plug
Sistem Penghantaran dan Pengagihan Elektrik
The Electricity Transmission and Distribution System
stesen jana kuasa
power station 132 kV
11 kV
industri
ringan
light
industry
industri
berat
heavy
industry
rumah
house
bandar
city
lapangan suis
switch zone
pencawang masuk utama
main substation
pencawang
bahagian
branch
substation
pencawang bahagian
branch substation
Rangkaian Grid
Nasional
National Grid
Network
11 kV 33 kV
Transformer
injak turun
Step-down
transformer Transformer injak turun
Step-down transformer
Transformer injak naik
Step-up transformer
415 V240 V
Fius/Fuse
• Menghalang arus berlebihan
daripada mengalir melaluinya
Prevents excessive current
from flowing through it
Dawai hidup/Live wire
• Membawa arus ke alat elektrik
Carries current to the electrical
appliances
Arus yang mengalir/Current that flows
Kuasa/Power (W)
Voltan/Voltage (V)=
Dawai bumi/Earth wire
• Membawa arus bocor ke bumi
Carries leaked electric current
to the earth
Dawai neutral/Neutral wire
• Membawa arus kembali ke
sumbernya
Carries current back to the
source
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15. GRAFIKNota
BAB Bintang dan Galaksi
Stars and Galaxies9
Struktur Matahari
The Structure of the Sun
Galaksi/Galaxy
Korona/Corona
Teras/Core
Kromosfera/Chromosphere
Fotosfera/Photosphere
Fenomena dalam Matahari
Phenomena in the Sun
Objek Hasil Kematian Bintang
The Objects as a Result of the Death of Stars
Kelahiran Bintang
The Birth of Stars
Tarikan graviti
bertambah.
The gravitational
pull increases.
Objek yang terbentuk bergantung pada saiz bintang.
The objects formed depend on the size of the stars.
Tindak balas
nuklear berlaku.
Bintang terbentuk.
Nuclear reactions
occur.A star is
born.
Prominen/Prominence
Nebula/Nebula
Nyala suria/Solar flare Tompok matahari/Sunspots
Berbentuk pilin
Spiral shape
Bintang kerdil putih
White dwarf star
Supernova
Supernova
Bintang neutron
Neutron star
Lohong hitam
Black hole
Raksasa merah
Red giant
N15
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16. GRAFIKNota
BABBAB Penerokaan Angkasa Lepas
Space Exploration10
Sumbangan
Ahli Astronomi
The Contributions
of Astronomers
Teknologi Berkaitan Penerokaan Angkasa Lepas
Technology Related to Space Exploration
Menyediakan tempat di angkasa
lepas untuk menjalankan kajian.
Provides a place in outer space for
carrying out studies.
Stesen angkasa lepas
Space station
Claudius Ptolemy
Kapal angkasa yang tidak membawa
manusia yang dilancarkan ke
angkasa lepas.
A spaceship that does not carry
humans and is launched to outer
space.
Prob
Probe
Menjalankan penderiaan jauh untuk
mengkaji keadaan di Bumi dari
angkasa lepas.
Carries out remote sensing to study
the conditions on the Earth from
outer space.
Satelit
Satellite
Mencadangkan Bumi
adalah pusat Sistem Suria.
Suggested that the Earth
is the centre of the Solar
System.
Galileo Galilei
Mencipta teleskop
astronomi yang pertama.
Invented the first
astronomical telescope.
Nicholas Copernicus
Mencadangkan Matahari
adalah pusat Sistem Suria.
Suggested that the Sun is
the centre of the Solar
System.
Johannes Kepler
Menyatakan orbit Bumi
berbentuk elips.
Stated that the Earth’s
orbit is elliptical.
Aristotle
Mencadangkan Bumi
berbentuk sfera.
Suggested that the Earth
is spherical in shape.
Isaac Newton
Memperkenalkan hukum
graviti.
Introduced the law of
gravity.
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00 SC PROCESS SKILL F3-NOTAGRAFIK-ZAH F.indd 16 8/28/14 9:50 AM
