2.  Composed of living cells
 Cells with thin walls
 Polyhedral shape of cells
 Fundamental or ground tissue in which other
tissues are embedded
 Foundation of the plant (reproductive cells
and apical meristems are parenchymatic in
nature)

3.  Involved in wound healing
 Precursor of other tissues (structure of
primitive plants)
 Developmentally undifferentiated
 Unspecialized physiologically

4.  Storage parenchyma
 with leucoplastids
 conspicuously vacuolated – with water, pigment,
tannins, crystals, amides, proteins and sugar

6.  Aerenchyma
 with large intercellular
spaces
 for buoyancy and aeration
 the structure provides
strength with the least
possible amount of tissue

7. CHLORENCHYMA
 with high content in
chlorophyll

15.  living tissue, made up of elongated cells
 with thick primary nonlignified walls
 thickenings deposited unevenly
 for support
 may have chloroplastids
 may resume meristematic activity

17.  Supporting tissue
 of growing organs
 mature herbaceous organs
 absent in many stems and leaves of
monocots that early develop sclerenchyma
 may occur in aerial roots

18.  occurs in
peripheral
position in stems
and leaves
 ‐in one or both
sides of the leaf
vein

19.  angular – main deposits of wall material in
the corners
 lamellar – thickenings chiefly on tangential
walls
 lacunar – with intercellular spaces;
development of thickenings on the walls
facing the intercellular spaces

21. A C
B

22.  Mechanical tissue adapted for support of
growing organs
 ‐ with thick walls and close packing make it a
strong tissue
 ‐ can simultaneously increase in surface area and
thickness
 ‐ combines tensile strength with flexibility and
plasticity
 Collenchyma may develop lignified secondary
walls‐ becomes sclerenchyma

24.  Thick‐walled cells
 Often lignified
 Principal function is mechanical
 With hard, elastic secondary walls
 Typically without living protoplast
 May retain their protoplast, thus, are not sharply
delimited from parenchyma

25.  Fibers‐ long cells
 Sclereids ‐are short cells
 sclereids may be short to long
 Distinguished by type of pitting

30. C
A
D
D
B

38.  xylem and phloem –derived from procambium
or vascular cambium
 extraxylary fibers other than phloem – ground
meristem
 Cyperaceae fibers of epidermal origin
 Primary fibers are longer than secondary fibers
I

40. Occurrence and arrangement in plant
 Seed coat – hardness and strength
 Scale – epidermis
 Flesh of fruits (Pyrus)
 In the breaks of the perivascular region
 Shells of nuts
 Endocarp of stone fruits

41.  Brachysclereids – stone cells, short, roughly
isodiametric, resembling parenchyma in shape
 Macrosclereids – elongated, rod‐like cells
(forming palisade‐like epidermal layer of
leguminous seeds)
 Osteosclereids – bone‐shaped sclereids e.g.
seed coat
 Astrosclereid – star‐shaped e.g. leaves of dicot

42.  Filiform sclereid – long, slender cells,
resembling fibers e.g. olive leaf of spongy and
palisade
 Trichosclereid – branched, thin‐walled
sclereids resembling plant hairs e.g. air roots
of Monstera

45.  Vary in thickness and are typically lignified
 With prominent simple pits
 May retain protoplast or become dead

46. Origin
 Through belated sclerosis of ordinary parenchyma
cells
 Directly from cells that are early individualized as
sclereid primordial
 Within the vascular tissues – sclereids originate from
procambium or cambium
 Stone cells in cork comes from the phellogen
 Macrosclereids of the seed coat are protodermal in
origin

47.  May grow by combination of symplastic and
apical intrusive growth