On the Poetry of The Dog Beneath the Skin - حول الشعر في مسرحية: ’الكلب المتنكر تحت الجلد‘

1/10/2021 Editorial Board & Peer Review Process
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Peer Review Process & Editorial Baord
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The goal of peer review is to assess the quality of articles submitted for publication in a scholarly journal. Before an article is deemed appropriate to be published
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Because a peer-reviewed journal will not publish articles that fail to meet the standards established for a given discipline, peer-reviewed articles that are accepted
for publication exemplify the best research practices in a field.
Peer Review Criteria and Considerations
Overall Impact. Reviewers will provide an overall impact/priority score to reflect their assessment of the likelihood for the project to exert a sustained, powerful
influence on the research field(s) involved.
Scored Review Criteria. Reviewers will consider each of the review criteria in the determination of scientific and technical merit, and give a separate score for
each. An application does not need to be strong in all categories to be judged likely to have major scientific impact. For example, a project that by its
nature is not innovative may be essential to advance a field.
Significance. Does the project address an important problem or a critical barrier to progress in the field? If the aims of the project are achieved, how will scientific
knowledge, technical capability, and/or clinical practice be improved? How will successful completion of the aims change the concepts, methods, technologies,
treatments, services, or preventative interventions that drive this field?
Investigator(s). Are the PD/PIs, collaborators, and other researchers well suited to the project? If Early Stage Investigators or New Investigators, or in the early
stages of independent careers, do they have appropriate experience and training? If established, have they demonstrated an ongoing record of accomplishments
that have advanced their field(s)? If the project is collaborative or multi-PD/PI, do the investigators have complementary and integrated expertise; are their
leadership approach, governance and organizational structure appropriate for the project?
Innovation. Does the application challenge and seek to shift current research or clinical practice paradigms by utilizing novel theoretical concepts, approaches or
methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions? Are the concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or interventions novel to one field of research
or novel in a broad sense? Is a refinement, improvement, or new application of theoretical concepts, approaches or methodologies, instrumentation, or
interventions proposed?

Approach. Are the overall strategy, methodology, and analyses well-reasoned and appropriate to accomplish the specific aims of the project? Are potential
problems, alternative strategies, and benchmarks for success presented? If the project is in the early stages of development, will the strategy establish feasibility
and will particularly risky aspects be managed? If the project involves clinical research, are the plans for 1) protection of human subjects from research risks, and
2) inclusion of minorities and members of both sexes/genders, as well as the inclusion of children, justified in terms of the scientific goals and research strategy
proposed?
Environment. Will the scientific environment in which the work will be done contribute to the probability of success? Are the institutional support, equipment and
other physical resources available to the investigators adequate for the project proposed? Will the project benefit from unique features of the scientific
environment, subject populations, or collaborative arrangements?
Additional Review Criteria. As applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will evaluate the following additional items while determining scientific and
technical merit and in providing an overall impact/priority score, but will not give separate scores for these items.
Protections for Human Subjects
Inclusion of Women, Minorities, and Children
Vertebrate Animals
Biohazards
Resubmission
Renewal
Revision
Additional Review Considerations. As applicable for the project proposed, reviewers will consider each of the following items, but will not give scores for these
items and should not consider them in providing an overall impact/priority score.
Applications from Foreign Organizations
Select Agent
Resource Sharing Plans
Budget and Period Support
Editorial & Research Evaluation Board
GSJ review board has highly dispersed & geographically separated team of review board members who make sure academic quality assurance of journal.
Editorial board is divided under the leadership of following members, each review panel has 50 reviewers.
Dr.Milorad Wang (USA)
Dr. P Smith, (USA)
Dr.Mokhtar Beidjehem, (France)
Dr.Ehssan Nassef ,(Egypt)
Dr. M. Khata Jabor, (Malaysia)
Dr. Fateh Mebarek-Oudina, (Algeria)
Prof .P. Krishna Moorthy,(Ethiopia)
Prof .Dr.P.V.Kanaka Rao,(Ethiopia)
Dr M M Bagali,(Banglore,India)
Dr Hadadisb,(India)
Dr. SreeParimala.R,(Chennai,India)
Dr. Muralidhar T.S,(Bangalore,India)
Dr/Sayed Karam Ramadan,(Cairo,Egypt)
Dr.Nihad Khalawe Tektook,Iraq
Dr. Ishrat Rafique Eshita,Bangladesh
Lect. Nwaogwugwu, Joel Caleb,Uturu
Dr. Maroof Bin Rauf,University of Karachi,Pakistan
Dr. Rafat Saeed,Federal Urdu University of Arts,Karachi,Pakistan
Dr. Amanullah Faqiri,Kabul Polytechnic University,Kabul,Afghanistan
Dr. HSUDHEENDRA,India
Dr. Rajib Kumar Sanyal,Associate Professor of Economics,India
Dr Clement Chimezie Igbokwe,Abia State University Uturu,Nigeria
Dr. Semiu Olawale MAKINDE,Al-Hikmah University, Ilorin,Nigeria
Dr. Rajinder Singh Sodhi,Guru Kashi University, Ilorin,Nigeria
Dr. Semiu Olawale MAKINDE,Guru Kashi University, Bathinda,Punjab
Udhayakumar.K,Jigjiga University,Jigjiga,Ethiopia
Dr.G.G.S.Pradeep,Malla Reddy Institute of Technology and Science
Lect. Fitsum Etefa,Ethiopian Institute of Textile and Fashion Technology [EiTEX],Ethiopia
Dr. Thomas Yeboah,Universidad Empresarial De Costa Rica
Dr. Benjamin Chukwumah Anwadike,Obafemi Awolowo University, Nigeria

Lect. Umar Lawal Aliyu,LIGS University Hawaii, USA
Dr. Devendra Kumar Awasthi,S.J.N.P.G College,Lucknow,India
Prof. Dr. Suha SHIHAB,University of Technology,Baghdad, Iraq
Dr. Hamada Mohammed Abdul Hamid Abdel-Warith,Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center
DJIBO Hassoumi,Maitre-Assistant du CAMES,Enseignant-chercheur a l'Universite Boubacar Ba de Tillaberi
Dr. Emmanuel Ahaotu,Imo State Polytechnic,Umuagwo, Nigeria
Dr. Wasike.W.Walubengo(PhD),Nairobi,Kenya
Lemma Gulilat,MSc, Animal Nutrition
Lect. T. CHOCKALINGAM,University of Gondar,Ethiopia
Dr.P.Thamimul Ansari,Department of Hotel Management,Gondar,Ethiopia
Dr. Ilayaraja Kathirkaman,Department of Geology,Gondar,Ethiopia
Dr. Francis William,Dodoma University of Dodoma,Tanzania
Dr. (Mrs.) T V Sanjeewanie,General Sri John Kotelawala Defence University, Sri Lanka
Dr. Ola Sayed Mohamed Ali,Girls-AL-Azhar University, Cairo
Prof. Dr. Alireza Heidari,California South University (CSU), Irvine, California, USA
Dr. Saif Ur Rehman,PMAS Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi
Dr. Mahmoud Magdy Abbas,Plant Nutrution Dept.,Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Dr. Abdulaziz B.M.Hamed,Department of Mathematics,Yobe State University,Damaturu, Nigeria
Dr. Burak Yahya Kadem,Dean of College of Science,Al-Karkh University of Science, Baghdad, Iraq
Asst. Prof. Tesfay Gebremariam Tesfahannes,Quantum Optics and Information,ArbaMinch University, Ethiopia
Dr. Richard Otieno Omollo, Phd,Department Of Computer Science And Software Engineering,Bondo, Kenya
Dr. R.Sakthivel,DMI- St. Eugene University,Great North Road, Chibombo District,Lusaka, Zambia
Dr.J.Gajendra Naidu,Faculty of Commerce & Business Administration,Gaborone university college: Gaborone,Botswana
Dr. Abimiku Rejoice Helma,M.Sc,Ph.D.,(Medical Microbiology),Jos,Plateau State, Nigeria
Dr. Zivanai Mazhambe,CPA(Z),Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Commerce,GSBM
Lecture, Prabin Shrestha,Tribhuvan University, Trichandra Multiple Campus, Department of Psychology, Kathmandu, Nepal
Dr. Wasan Salih Hussain,Assistant Lecturer in University of Mosul,College of Science,Biology Dep.
Dr. Rufus Olanrewaju Adebisi,School of Special Education, Federal College of Education (Special) Oyo,Oyo State
Dr. Yende Raphael Grevisse,Bakhita African Schools ,Butembo
Assoc. Prof. Ali abdul- hussain ghazzay ,Department of Biology,University of AL-Qadisyah,Iraq
Asst. Prof. Sabyasachi Pramanik ,Department of Computer Science and Engineering,Haldia Institute of Technology,
Dr. Osama Mohamed Anwar Nofal,Emeritus Professor in Plant Nutrition Dept.
Lecture Pawan Thapa,Department of Geomatics Engineering,School of Engineering,Kathmandu University,Nepal
Assoc. Prof. Surendra Kumar Gautam,Department of Chemistry,Tri-Chandra Campus,Tribhuvan University,Kathmandu,Nepal
Dr. Ghulam Mujtaba Shah,Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Sciences,Hazara University, Mansehra
Bipul Kumar Sarker, Lecturer(Statistics), Department of BBA Professional,Habibullah Bahar University College,Dhaka
Dr. Wahid Hussain,Assistant: Professor, Department of Botany GPGC Parachinar, District Kurram
Dr. Tanvir Abir,Associate Professor,College of Business Administration,International University of Business Agriculture and Technology,Dhaka,Bangladesh
AKINDUYO, Tosin Emmanuel(Ph. D), Lecture, Adekunle Ajasin University Akungba Akoko, Ondo State
Dr. Temple Probyne Abali,Rivers State University, Nigeria
Dr. Mfobujong Francis Ngwa,Post- Doctoral Researcher, American International University West Africa, The Gambia
Zakari Adeiza David,Assistant Lecturer,Microbiology Department, Kogi State University, Anyigba
Urgessa Tilahun Bekabil,Lecturer at Oromia State University,Jimma University
Dr. Aya Khalil Ibrahim Hassan Moussa,Biological Anthropology Department,Medical Research Division,Cairo, Egypt
Dr. Muhammad Rizwan,Assistant Professor ,Centre for Biotechnology and Microbiology,University of Swat
Dr. Priyanka Weerasekara ,Faculty of Social Sciences & Languages,Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka
Dr. Rania Ibrahim Mohammad Almoselhy,Ph.D, Food Science and Technology, Fac. of Agriculture, Ain Shams Univ.,Cairo,Egypt
Dr. Shahzad Mushtaq ,Assistant Professor (Economics) at Okara University, Pakistan
Dr. Sujita Darmo ,ST.,MT Mechanical Engineering ,Mataram University, Indonesia
Dr. Mochammad Munir Rachman, M.Si., PGRI Adi Buana University Surabaya, Indonesia
Dr. Renato Dan A. Pablo II, CSPE, Mabalacat City College
Assoc. Prof. SENHADJI.L,Oran University Hospital,Department of Anesthesia- Intensive Care
Dr. Anam Javed, PhD in Zoology, Minhaj University, Lahore , Pakistan
Dr. Nana Charles Nguindip, University Of Dschang, Faculty of Laws and Political Sciences, Cameroon
Dr.Priyanga Anuradha Senadheera, Bolton University,(UK)(Sri Lankan branch)
Author submission send for blind peer review and not specific to author location.

1/10/2021 Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication
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Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019 Edition - GSJ Journal Publication
[1] (journal_volume7_issue6_June_2019_edition.html) [2] (journal_volume7_issue6_June_2019_edition_p2.html)
Cyberbullying of High School Students in Bangladesh: An Exploratory Study [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/Cyberbullying_of_High_School_Students_in_Bangladesh_An_Exploratory_Study.pdf)]
Supriya Sarker, Abdur R. Shahid
This study explores the cyberbullying experience of the high school students in Bangladesh. The motivation of the work is to identify the internet usage and online
activities that may cause cyberbullying victimization of the students of the age between 13 and 18. The study also investigates cyberbullying prevalence and
impacts both as victimization and perpetration perspectives, discusses their reporting practices to parents, school officials, other adults and suggest policies to
teach cyber safety strategy and generate awareness among students.
A REVIEW ON BUILDING INFORMATION MODELING FOR Off-SITE CONSTRUCTION [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/A_REVIEW_ON_BUILDING_INFORMATION_MODELING_FOR_O_SITE_CONSTRUCTION.pdf)]
Farhan Ahamd Zeb,Adeed Khan and Farhan Khattak
Building Information Modeling (BIM) and off-site construction (OSC) are increasingly applied in the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry due
to their many benefits to project stakeholders, such as enhanced design visualization, improved data exchanges, reduced construction waste, improved
productivity, and higher product quality. Substantial research efforts have thus been devoted to these topics in recent decades, resulting in a large amount of
literature regarding BIM and OSC. This research explores the state-of-the-art in BIM for OSC by means of a bibliometric-qualitative review method. The objective
of this research is to uncover the synthesis between BIM and OSC and to identify research trends as well as gaps in knowledge that can be addressed in future
research on BIM for OSC. Science maps are constructed by means of bibliometric analysis in order to objectively identify the main research topics of these two
fields both separately and jointly based on identified academic publications from Scopus (i.e., 4395 publications on BIM, 2841 publications on OSC, and 113
publications on BIM for OSC). A qualitative review is further conducted on 77 screened research publications (including articles, reviews, and conference papers)
with a particular focus on BIM for OSC. Through quantitative analysis and in-depth discussion of BIM for OSC, research gaps are identified, and future directions
are further proposed as follows: BIM-based generative design for prefabrication, cloud BIM-based data exchange for OSC, robotics and 3D printing for OSC,
BIM-enabled big data analytics toward best OSC practice, benefits and its assessment model of BIM for OSC. This research contributes to the body of
knowledge by synthesizing the state of the art of BIM for OSC and exposing the research needs in this area in order to improve AEC practice.
ENHANCED YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENT TRAITS OF THE MUTANTS DERIVED FROM RICE CV. SAMBA MAHSURI-SUB1 AND POKKALI THROUGH
INDUCED MUTATION [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/ENHANCED_YIELD_AND_YIELD_COMPONENT_TRAITS_OF_THE_MUTANTS_DERIVED_FROM_RICE_CV
Christopher C. Cabusora1*, Nenita V. Desamero2, Rj D. Buluran3
Climate change resilient varieties are considered to be a long term solution to the yield loss brought about by certain phenomena caused by the changing
climate. Abiotic stresses, such as drought, submergence and saline intrusions to rice field, are the most common climate-change related phenomena that cause
yield losses in rice. Modern biotechnology tools, such as tissue culture and induced mutation by gamma radiation, are used in rice breeding to address this threat
by enhancing genetic variability to improve plant architecture and pheno-typic acceptability of rice cultivars with known tolerance to abiotic stresses but of poor
phenotype. Tissue culture and gamma irradiation of submergence tolerant rice cultivar, Samba Mahsuri-Sub1 and saline tolerant, Pokkali, generated elite lines
with improved phenotype and with retained abiotic stress tolerance. The study evaluated the field performance of the mutant lines in comparison with their
respective wildtypes. The lines were evaluated for agronomic traits viz., panicle length, productive tiller, grain yield and yield components. Compar-ing Samba
Mahsuri-Sub1 and its mutant, the mutant line had longer panicle length (23.1 cm) than the wildtype (21.9 cm). The grain yield of the mutant (9.290 tha-1), though
numerically greater than the wildtype (8.360 tha-1), was statistically not significantly different. In terms of yield components, though the wildtype had greater no. of
spikelets per panicle compared to the mutant, the grains were signifi-cantly longer by 5.5 % than the wildtype which contributed to a higher grain yield. Pokkali-
derived mutant was improved in productive tiller by 4.22%. Grain yield of the Pokkali-mutant (9.750 tha-1) was also significantly higher than the wildtype (2.740
tha-1) by 7.0%. Yield component parameters of the mutants were also significantly higher, but grain size and shape was not significantly different to the original
Pokkali. The improved breeding lines generated from induced mutation of Samba Mahsuri-Sub1 and Pokkali can be used as novel sources of genes for abiotic
tolerance with acceptable phenotype and acceptable grain yield
ALIGNING HEALTH CARE SYSTEM WITH ACUTE AND LONG TERM CARE NEEDS OF AGED PERSONS IN NIGERIA [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/ALIGNING_HEALTH_CARE_SYSTEM_WITH_ACUTE_AND_LONG_TERM_CARE_NEEDS_OF_AGED_PER
1Ayuba Dandoka Mgbegah (PhD) Department of Sociology University of Abuja, Abuja Nigeria ayubadandoka1966@gmail.com 2Diyoke Michael Chika
Department of Sociology University of Abuja, Abuja Nigeria chikarism1st@yahoo.com 3 Oguche Christopher Joseph Depa
Abstract Contemporarily for the first time in history a great number of people can hope to live into their 60s and beyond both in developed and developing nations
as a result of advance in medicine. Again historically, public health systems have focused mainly on short-term health care for acute problems. This is basically
on the grounds that transferable diseases were the main driver of morbidity and mortality also the long term care was an option that is generally too expensive.
This paper therefore explores the Nigeria healthcare system the existing organizational and delivering structures and how the acute healthcare can be aligned
with the long term care particularly to the elderly. The paper observed that the Nigeria healthcare system is shrouded with problems and fundamental shift in

alignment of care for older people is needed. And that Instead of trying to manage several diseases and symptoms associated with the aged in a disjointed
fashion, the emphasis should be on interventions that optimize older people’s physical and mental capacities over their life course. Therefore there should be
more integration within the health system and between health and social services. However absence of political will, lack of evidence demonstrating that
integrated care for older people can produce cost saving are some of the challenges militating healthcare integration. Finally the paper concludes that the
development of coherent health systems policy and normative guidance on the implementation, evaluation and great political will is required for integrated health
care for older people.
IMPLEMENTATION OF FISHERIES MANAGEMENT POLICY IN SUMEDANG DISTRICT JATIGEDE RESERVOIR, WEST JAVA [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/IMPLEMENTATION_OF_FISHERIES_MANAGEMENT_POLICY_IN_SUMEDANG_DISTRICT_JATIGEDE_RE
Dea Nazihah , Atikah Nurhayati, Titin Herawati, Iwang Gumilar
This research aims to evaluate the application of fisheries sector management policies in Jatigede Reservoir, Sumedang District, West Java. This research was
conducted in Jatigede Reservoir which inundated five subdistricts namely Darmaraja, Wado, Jatinunggal, Jatigede, and Cisitu Subdistricts in Sumedang District,
West Java. The research was began in October 2018 until March 2019. The method used was the Likert scale and analyzed descriptive. The sampling technique
used a purposive sampling method of 30 respondents. The selection of respondents is based on their ability background, interests, and have influence in their
existence KJA in the Jatigede Reservoir, Sumedang District, West Java. Based on this results of the research, there are still infraction of Perda No 2 of 2012
article 49 paragraph 8 issued by the district government of Sumedang regarding the prohibition of aquaculture activities using floating net cages with an average
index of 49.33%, and Perda No 2 of 2012 article 48 paragraph 5 concerning prohibitions to construct a building in protected areas (sempadan) Jatigede
Reservoir with an average index of 60.5%. The solution needed is to make a spatial map of the Jatigede Reservoir area, impose sanctions if there are infraction,
and execute socialization to the community regarding the prohibition on the construct a floating net cages and to construct a building in sempadan area of the
Jatigede Reservoir.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCIES OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG THE YOUTHS IN NIGERIA [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/SOCIO_ECONOMIC_CONSEQUENCIES_OF_UNEMPLOYMENT_AMONG_THE_YOUTHS_IN_NIGERIA.pdf
Alabi, T
ABSTRACT This paper examines the socio-economic effects of youth unemployment in Nigeria as well as its causes and implications. Youths are very important
stakeholder in any society. They are not only the future of Nigeria, but also a major stakeholder and useful resource in nation building. However, available data
show that youth unemployment is very prevalent in Nigeria with far reaching implications for stability of the society. Unemployment has a negative multiplier effect
not only on the individual involved but on the society as a whole. This paper therefore identifies the main causes of youth unemployment in Nigeria which include:
adoption of untimely economic policy measures, corruption, wrong impression about technical and vocational studies, the neglect of the agricultural sector, poor
educational Planning and poor enabling environment, anchoring the explanation of the causes of these youth unemployment on neo-liberalism that created
economic and social dislocations. The paper argues that many anti-social activities such as political thuggry, militancy, restiveness and other social vices evident
among the unemployed and jobless youths are real dangers to the stability of the country. Youth unemployment has been identified as one of the core causes of
the rising level of social disorder and insecurity permeating the entire country of Nigeria. The paper concludes that addressing the problem of youth
unemployment must involve all the stakeholders. Suggestion from the analysis therefore are that effective policy measures such as Re–prioritization of the
Agricultural Sector, reformation of educational system and Provision of Enabling Environment that will drastically reduce unemployment and poverty should be
adopted to eradicate the menace of youth unemployment.
ROLE OF GOVERNANCE IN MANAGEMENT OF CONSERVATION AREAS [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/ROLE_OF_GOVERNANCE_IN_MANAGEMENT_OF_CONSERVATION_AREAS.pdf)]
Hassan Abdulaziz, Abdul-Wahab Shuaibu, Majrashi Abdurahman Abdulaziz
Conservation areas are patches of unique natural landscapes and vital component of the environment inhabiting valuable ecosystem. They play significant role in
sustainability of the natural system and humans in general. Due to their significance, their management becomes necessary. They were seen as a communal
resource, and used for several functions ranging from social, economic, cultural to religious purposes. They were also managed by the local and traditional
people. However, in the 19th century, the areas were hi-jacked by governments and international organizations, where formal governance of the areas replaced
the traditional one. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) framework stands as a model for effective management of conservation areas and
in determining their performance at either individual or system level. The body has also developed different methodologies for assessing effective management of
conservation areas. Yet, management of several conservation areas across the globe have been reported ineffective, and most of those in the developing and
under developed worlds are threatened by managerial factors. These have triggered the need for proper governance of conservation areas. This can be
attributed to form of governance of the areas. These have subjected conservation areas to several forms of degradation, de-reservation, de-listing from IUCN
database because they have become empty forest or paper parks. Recently, shared governance has been adopted in environmental management, where nature
and conservation areas are managed effectively through involvement of public/local communities/indigenous people and stakeholders in the management of
process. This has been proven to contribute significantly in effective management and better performance of the areas. This is evident in many conservation
areas around the globe. This is because the public/local people can have sense of belonging and ensure their sustainability. Effective management of the areas
depends heavenly on capacity of the government, which is a combination of several factors/requirements/indicators. Similarly, percentage of conservation areas
adequately protected and manged indicates the level of commitment of a nation towards achieving sustainability, which is measured by its ability to deliver
benefits at all levels.
Design of an Extraction column (A case study of separation of water -Aecetone-Acetic acid using chloroform as solvent) [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/Design_of_an_Extraction_column_A_case_study_of_separation_of_water_Aecetone_Acetic_acid_using
Jaja Zina
An Extraction column design for the separation of water-Acetic acid-Acetone using chloroform as solvent was carried out. the data for the design was obtained

from handbooks. The simulation of the column was done using Apen Hysys version 8.6. the mass flow rate and composition of the extract and raffinate phases
were determined along with the theoritical and actual number of stages, column diameter,column height, stage efficiency and tray spacing. stainless steel was
used as the material of construction. Finally the results of the simulation was compared with hand calculation which showed a maximum deviation of 1.3.
CHILDREN AGED 0-15 YEARS BRAIN TUMOR: EPIDEMIOLOGY, CLINIC, THERAPY AND PROGNOSTIC IN YAOUNDE-CAMEROON [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/CHILDREN_AGED_0_15_YEARS_BRAIN_TUMOR_EPIDEMIOLOGY_CLINIC_THERAPY_AND_PROGNOST
Ngaroua*1&2, Mbo Amvene Jérémie² Dah’Ngwa Dieudonné², Eloundou N. Joseph3
Brain tumor is the second most frequent childhood solid tumor after leukemia. Neurosurgery remains the first outcome for biopsy as well as for anatomic
pathology evaluation purposes for therapeutic resections. This study was a longitudinal descriptive design with a retrospective (10 years) and prospective (6
months) study periods. The study general objective was to appreciate and describe the epidemiological, clinical, therapeutic aspects of childhood brain tumor so
as to define a prognostic profile of these tumors. 68 cases of brain tumor constituted our sample size. Patients’ clinical presentation at diagnosis was dominated
by the intracranial hypertension syndrome (80.4%). Presumptive diagnosis after brain scanner was dominated by astrocytoma (47.8%), followed by
medulloblastoma (8.7%) and glioma (6.5%). Only 5% of the children underwent chemotherapy and just 1 patient radiotherapy. These were the only therapeutic
modalities after neurosurgery whereby all the other children went through. The rate of mortality after surgery in this study was 21.7%. Key Words: brain tumor,
chemotherapy, childhood, radiotherapy, neurosurgery
DETERMINATION OF PAHs CLOSE TO- AND AWAY-FROM A MAJOR SLAUGHTER IN YENAGOA METROPOLIS IN BAYELSA STATE [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/DETERMINATION_OF_PAHs_CLOSE_TO_AND_AWAY_FROM_A_MAJOR_SLAUGHTER_IN_YENAGOA_M
Erepamowei Young, Timi Tarawou
PAHs can be produced by burning such materials as coal, oil or trash asphalt among others. These PAHs can be carried by dust to un-imaginable long distances.
In Yenagoa, several burning activities take place and these are possible sources of PAHs. The present work was designed to determine the concentration of
PAHs in settled dust around and away from a slaughter; the largest and busiest slaughter at Swali Market, Yenagoa Metropolis, Bayelsa State, was chosen for
the study. Settled dust samples were collected in plastic basins, prepared and analyzed by GC-MS; samples were collected at the centre of the slaughter, 100
meters away from slaughter, 200 meters away from slaughter and they were respectively designated A, B, and C. The results for the different PAHs are as
follows: Naphthalene, (Sample A, 276.007 sample B, 272.113; sample C, 276.007), Acenaphthylene (Sample A, 259.561 sample B, 254.022 ; sample C,
259.561), Acenaphthene (Sample A, 95.897 sample B, 89.1218 ; sample C, 95.897), Fluorene (Sample A, 495.085 sample B, 504.549 ; sample C, 495.085),
Phenanthrene (Sample A, 268.417 sample B, 261.037 ; sample C, 268.417), Anthracene (Sample A, 135.546 sample B, 119.140 ; sample C, 135.546),
Fluoranthene (Sample A, 71.417 sample B, 69.863 ; sample C, 71.417), Pyrene (Sample A, 362.956 sample B, 334.177 ; sample C, 362.956),
Benzo(a)anthracene (Sample A, 140.801 sample B, 144.409 ; sample C, 140.801), Chrysene (Sample A, 76.919 sample B, 71 .000 ; sample C, 76.919),
Benzo(b)fluoranthene (Sample A, 73.686 sample B, 62.668 ; sample C, 73.686). The results show no significant differences between sample around and away
from the slaughter; suggesting that the slaughter under investigation contributes little or no PAHs to the environment.
Diagnosis and management of bowel obstruction in elderly patients at the general hospital of Yaounde [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/Diagnosis_and_management_of_bowel_obstruction_in_elderly_patients_at_the_general_hospital_of_Ya
Ngaroua*1, LEKEBOU Alvine², Dah’Ngwa Dieudonné², Eloundou N. Joseph3
Bowel obstruction is a serious affection characterized by a partial or complete and persistent interruption of the normal flow of luminal content. Bowel obstruction
is one of the most frequent emergencies in general surgery, commonly affecting elderly patients, yet resulting with bad prognostics. Consequently, morbidity and
mortality from bowel obstruction in elderly patients is high. Though, significant progress has been made in the diagnosis and management of bowel obstruction in
recent years, little is known whether this progress has benefitted outcomes in elderly patients in Cameroon regarding morbidity and mortality related to this
intestinal obstruction. As such, this design study aims at evaluating the morbidity and mortality of intestinal obstruction in elderly patients.
EC-CHINA TRADE MECHANISM – A NEW ROLE FOR A NEW GOAL [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/EC_CHINA_TRADE_MECHANISM_A_NEW_ROLE_FOR_A_NEW_GOAL.pdf)]
Dr. Rajib Kumar Sanyal, MS. Raghwi Singh
ABSTRACT: In the course of recent years, Washington has come to grasp an approach of key challenge with China. The Trump organization's National Defense
Strategy and National Security Strategy clarify that the United States considers China to be an incredible power rival militarily as well as in a challenge for
financial and mechanical amazingness. Accordingly, a successful alliance to deal with China's ascent can never again focus on Asian security organizations
alone yet should now incorporate the world's foremost groupings of monetary power, mechanical advancement, and liberal popularity based qualities. Among
these are a large number of the United States' accomplices in the Indo-Pacific, for example, Australia, India, and Japan. In any case, the European Union and its
real part states are additionally winding up progressively basic U.S. partners in managing China. As EU-China summit approaches, Europe has started to on a
very basic level reevaluate its China strategies. The move is so generous than even prepared Asia hands have depicted it as a "transformation." Despite
contrasts among the EU part expresses, the general push of the change is in combination with the new U.S. approach.
PROBLEMATIC OF THE CONSUMPTION OF ENERGY DRINKS BY STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF LUBUMBASHI [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/PROBLEMATIC_OF_THE_CONSUMPTION_OF_ENERGY_DRINKS_BY_STUDENTS_OF_THE_UNIVERSITY
Mulungulungu Nyamuganira HO ALI Déogratias1,2, Kalaka Mayur Clovis2, Kisimba Loris1, 2Kanyeba Mwakabubi S., Ntiba Assumpta1, Badibanga
Kasumpa D.2
Consumption of energy drinks has significantly increased in recent times. Students are among the best-known consumers for less sleep in school, sports or daily

activities. However caffeine and many substances these drinks contain can have harmful consequences. The objective of this research is to contribute to
improving the health of students at the University of Lubumbashi by reducing the uncontrolled consumption of energy drinks. We performed a cross-sectional
descriptive study through self-administered questionnaires to 800 internal and external students from different faculties and schools of the University of
Lubumbashi from which 62, 4% were male and 37, 6% female. The results indicate that the proportion of students consuming energy drinks was 97%, of which
59,5% were regular consumers and 40,5% were casual consumers. Calculating BMI, 3,4% of students were overweight and 0,5% were obese. Among the most
consumed energy drinks, Kungfu has a proportion of 37,6% followed by Volcano (22,3%) and XXL (16%). The majority of students surveyed (52,2%) reported
that they drank energy drinks several times a day, followed by 42% who drank once a day
Economic and mathematical modeling of bank loan portfolio [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/Economic_and_mathematical_modeling_of_bank_loan_portfolio.pdf)]
Olega Tsikhan* Ahmed wasfi
The major part of banks’ assets and loan interest income makes a significant share of banks’ income. Inappropriate loan portfolio evaluation might have negative
impact on a commercial bank's performance, the overall banking system, and the economic growth of the country. It is not enough for a bank to have a precise
strategy, high lending culture, and observance of general principles to ensure the further growth of profitable loans. It is necessary to apply various evaluation
methods of historical and present data, of ratios and factors enabling to implement coherent and comprehensive loan portfolio evaluation, and to encompass
different factors as far as possible
BIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF SHARK IN THE WATERS OF INDRAMAYU (CASE STUDY AT KARANGSONG FISH LANDING BASE) [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/BIOECONOMIC_ANALYSIS_OF_SHARK_IN_THE_WATERS_OF_INDRAMAYU_CASE_STUDY_AT_KARAN
Niko Josua Sibarani, Zuzy Anna, Asep Agus Handaka Suryana, Atikah Nurhayati
This research was conducted at the Karangsong Fish Landing Base Indramayu, West Java from April 2018 to July 2019. This research aims to analyze the
utilization of shark resources in various regimes through Gordon-Schaefer model, actual utilization condition of shark and directives for proper management of
shark resources in Indramayu waters. The results of this research showed the MSY regime in catch production (HMSY) was 397,461 tons/year with fishing effort
(EMSY) of 39.253 trips/year, MEY regime obtained catch production (HMEY) of 385,661 tons/year with fishing effort (EMEY) of 32.714 trips/year, and the OA
regime obtained catch production (HOA) of 220,274 tons/year with fishing effort (EOA) of 65.428 trips/year. The optimum profit was obtained in MEY regime of
Rp 4.132.858.000. Actual utilization conditions for management shark resources have experienced overfishing. Management directions of shark resources are by
reducing gill nets from 864 units to 216 units, and by adding fishing rods 0-5 GT from 56 units to 85 units, limited entry of shark fishing effort from 989 trips to
7.528 trips. Total Allowable catch for shark utilization is 317,969 tons, with a quota of gill nets of 276,633 tons and fishing rods of 41,336 tons. This management
directive applies only to use of shark resources that can still be used (not prohibited), while the use of banned sharks (protected) is given strict sanctions through
law enforcement against protected shark fishermen.
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECT OF FERTILIZER INPUTS ON CLIMBING BEAN PRODUCTION IN MBEERE NORTH SUBCOUNTY [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/AN_EXPERIMENTAL_ANALYSIS_ON_THE_EFFECT_OF_FERTILIZER_INPUTS_ON_CLIMBING_BEAN_PR
Munyiri LM, Gachoki, PK and Mueni PW
The farming of climbing bean is yet to be embraced by many, yet it is a variety capable of producing more than 75 percent than traditional beans, alternatively
known as bush beans. Whereas the latter can produce up to 25 pods, with proper farming practices, climbing beans from certified seeds can produce up to 100
pods. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of inorganic fertilizer, organic fertilizer and Rhizobium inoculation on production of climbing beans and
subsequently the beans nodulation in Nandi North region. In this study a Randomised Block Design (RBD) model was used with three blocks/replications and the
application of the four treatments (0=Control, 1= Inorganic, 2= Rhizobium inoculant and 3=Organic fertilizers). In addition, there were 12 data points for every
treatment considered in the experiment which resulted to 36 observations for each block. The quantities that were applied at single level for each treatment will
be 20t/ha for Cattle manure, 50 kg/ha for DAP and 100 g for rhizobium inoculum which was mixed with 15 kg of climbing beans. The results revealed that organic
fertiliser has a significant effect on the yield of climbing beans; inorganic fertiliser has a significant effect on the yield of climbing beans and rhizobium inoculum
has a significant effect on the yield of climbing beans. It was clear that all the fertiliser inputs had a significant effect on the yield of climbing beans. From the
findings and conclusions, the study recommends that small scale farmers and large scale climbing beans farmers should adopt the use of fertilizer inputs so as to
boost their yield.
Mathematical Modeling of the Dynamics With respect to Dog Rabies Disease [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/Mathematical_Modeling_of_the_Dynamics_With_respect_to_Dog_Rabies_Disease.pdf)]
Getahun Tadesse Haile,Bedilu Tsige Mekuria
A SEIR model for rabies between dogs with vaccination effect is formulated. The basic reproduction ratio for this model is derived using the Next Generation
Matrix Method. Graphical solutions of the differential equations are produced using Matlab. Stability analysis is performed and the impact of vaccination is
analyzed.
On the Poetry of The Dog Beneath the Skin [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/On_the_Poetry_of_The_Dog_Beneath_the_Skin.pdf)]
Yahya Saleh Hasan Dahami
The Dog Beneath the Skin is the first play to be coauthored between Wystan Hugh Auden and Christopher Isherwood. It is a play written in verse, which creates
a challenge of success for the dramatists for two reasons, the first is that it deals with verse, the second it is collaborative. The study through the collaborators,

trying to show, to what extent, both achieved attainment in dealing with verse drama. This study also endeavors to trace the poetic features in The Dog Beneath
the Skin and to attempt proving the capability and controllability in writing successful drama in verse through collaboration. This paper is done by using an
analytic-critical method. It is an approach to a drama shared by both Auden and Isherwood. The study tersely traces the growth and elaboration of poetic drama
until the twentieth century. It goes through the sort of collaboration between Auden and Isherwood. It is concluded by examining and analyzing, its central part,
the poetic features and essentials in the play The Dog Beneath the Skin.
ADAPTIVE WALKING GAIT FOR HEXAPOD PHANTOM_ || ROBOT TO FOLLOW A SMOOTHED PREDEFINED PATH [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/ADAPTIVE_WALKING_GAIT_FOR_HEXAPOD_PHANTOM_ROBOT_TO_FOLLOW_A_SMOOTHED_PREDE
Maged M. Abou Elyazed, Ahmed Y. AbdelHamid
Animals’ natural locomotion shows a high level of robustness and adaptability which enable them to transfer through rugged terrains. Although hexapod robots
have such great superiority to adapt with rugged terrains, it still has some difficulties to follow an exact smooth path. Regular periodic gates could not be able to
adapt with such challenges. In this work, an adaptive walking gait is developed to deal with the challenge of following an exact pre-defined path in the Cartesian
space. The case study hexapod Phantom_ll robot model is simulated at Sim-mechanics toolbox under MATLAB® to gauge the introduced adaptive gate.
Besides, the case study hexapod Phantom_ll robot kinematic model is evaluated which consists of two main tasks, robot forward kinematics and robot inverse
kinematics. Forward kinematic is calculated using Denavit-Hartenberg method and inverse kinematic algorithms are obtained geometrically. Moreover, the robot
stability margin and kinematic constrains are considered. The simulation results proved the adeptness of the presented adaptive gait.
TRENDY RESIDENCE MECHANIZATION USING BLUTOOTH AND SMART PHONE [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/TRENDY_RESIDENCE_MECHANIZATION_USING_BLUTOOTH_AND_SMART_PHONE.pdf)]
CHOCKALINGAM.T
The main objective of this project is to develop a home automation system with mechanical man application controlled remote. Modern homes ar bit by bit shifting
from typical switches to centralized system, involving wireless controlled switches. Presently, conventional wall switches are more difficult for the elderly or
physically handicapped people to do. In Bluetooth based home automation system the home appliances are connected to the microcontroller PCB board at input
output ports using TRIAC. The program of microcontroller PCB board is based on high level interactive C language of microcontrollers; the connection is made
via Bluetooth. The password protection is provided so only authorized user is allowed to access the appliances. The Bluetooth connection is established between
microcontroller PCB board and phone for wireless communication. One circuit is designed and implemented for receiving the feedback from the android smart
phone, which indicate the status of the device Remote operation is achieved by any smart-phone/Tablet etc., with Android OS, upon a GUI (Graphical User
Interface) based touch screen operation. In order to achieve this, Android application act as transmitter, which sends ON/OFF commands to the receiver where
loads are connected. By operational the required remote activate the transmitter, the hundreds is turned ON/OFF remotely through wireless technology. The
microcontroller used here is of 8051 family. The loads are interfaced to the microcontroller using Opto-isolators and TRIAC’s.
Diversité des communautés des nématodes parasites associées aux cultures maraîchères dans la zone périurbaine de Bamako (Mali) [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/Diversit_des_communaut_s_des_n_matodes_parasites_associ_es_aux_cultures_mara_ch_res_dans_la
Touré Boubacar Kola, Sako Sékou, Haougui Adamou, Maïga Mohamed
Abstract : The development of market gardening is faced with numerous abiotic and biotic constraints. Among the latter are plant parasitic nematodes. For a
sustainable management of these nematodes, a faunistic inventory was carried out in 5 market garden sites around Bamako to estimate their importance. The
nematological analysis revealed the existence of 9 kinds of phytonematodes in the rhizosphere of the main sampled crops among which the very harmful
Meloidogyne gall nematodes. They have been both common and abundant in all sites. Key words: vegetable crops, densities, ectoparasites, endoparasites,
nematodes, sites
CALCULATION AND ANALYSIS OF THE VARIATION EFFECTS IN HORIZONTAL PROTECTION LEVEL (HPL) USING RECEIVER AUTONOMOUS
INTEGRITY MONITORING (RAIM) [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/CALCULATION_AND_ANALYSIS_OF_THE_VARIATION_EFFECTS_IN_HORIZONTAL_PROTECTION_LEVE
Raza Ur Rehman, Shakeel Ahmad, Rizwan Ashfaq
Abstract—the key point of this paper is to modify coding that may possibly determine the Horizontal Protection Level (HPL) from a GPS receiver. HPL is used to
describe the user location errors with an assurance of 99.9999% and generally useful in aviation industry. The use of navigation systems in aviation demands a
high value of belief in the result to be used. Integrity referred as the measure of the belief that can be placed in the accuracy of the information provided by a
navigation system. Reliability characterizes a navigation capability to give well-timed caution to users when the Global Positioning System (GPS) ought not to be
used for navigation. There is much architecture that permits calculating the degree of reliability on a solution allocated by the system. One of them are the
reliability monitoring strategy known as Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) which consist of algorithms applied at the receiver and permit to
calculate the reliability level and in case of a defective satellite that error is not only identified but the defective satellite may be excluded. Technology of RAIM has
been developed around its two tasks (or functions). One of which is to identify whether there is a satellite failure. The other one is to establish whether the
satellite’s spatial geometry fulfill the precision of navigation, or relevant to Horizontal Protection Level (HPL). This paper is concerned with the calculation of HPL
and examines the outcome of variety in Protection Level using RAIM algorithm. RAIM algorithm identifies GPS abnormalities and satellite failures and provides
the HPL value. HPL means the smallest detectable horizontal location error with available probabilities of a (FA) and (MD). The results acquired by this technique
led to conclude that it could be a helpful opportunity to a future airport environment execution.
Design and Construction of a Solar Powered Evaporative Air Cooler [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/Design_and_Construction_of_a_Solar_Powered_Evaporative_Air_Cooler.pdf)]

Ishaka Mohammad Shuaibu, Mu'azu Musa, Hassan Yahaya Nawawi, Ahmad Uba, Ahmad Mohammad, Samira Shehu Adamu and Ibrahim Tinke Peni
Solar powered evaporative cooler using locally available materials such as galvanized iron, thin wooden strips, car radiator fan and submersible water pump of
low power types was designed and constructed. The design and construction of this system are simplified in such a way that it can easily be reproduced by a lay
man especially those living in hot and dry areas. In this work humidity and temperature control unit was integrated to control water supply there by regulating the
humidity level of the room space while cooling. Energy consumption of this air cooler for 6hrs was 0.054kWh. This technology is cheaper and can efficiently
improve indoor air quality and it is suitable for residential application especially for villages, schools and offices where there is a power outage problem or no grid
extension.
STUDY OF FISHERIES INDUSTRY POTENTIAL IN INDRAMAYU DISTRICT [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/STUDY_OF_FISHERIES_INDUSTRY_POTENTIAL_IN_INDRAMAYU_DISTRICT.pdf)]
Muhammad Wildan Maulana
This study aims to describe the activity of the fisheries industry sector in Indramayu. Analyzing the role of the fisheries industry sector in regional development
Indramayu district based on comparison of the amount of production of regional and provincial fishery. This study began in February 2019 to March 2019.
Research Methods literature survey was performed using data collected through surveys decisions then quantitatively analyzed and presented descriptively. Data
of this study consisted of two types: primary data and secondary data. The data analysis was conducted on the Shift Share Analysis and Analysis of Location
Quotient (LQ). Based on the research conducted on the Fisheries Industry Potential Studies in Indramayu, it can be concluded fisheries potential in Indramayu
namely fisheries industry (LQ 1.75) and the aquaculture industry Pond (LQ 1.57) is an industry that excel in Indramayu. Shows the value of industrial production
growth in net shift of Indramayu district fishery with the average of the years 2013-2017 amounted to 47.472,45 fisheries industry demonstrates the value PB> 0,
which means that the fisheries industry in Indramayu had progressive growth rate. Keywords: Keywords: potential fisheries industry, Indramayu regency, Shift
Share Analysis and Location Quotient (LQ) analysis.
Minasari Village Unit Cooperative Role To Improve Fishermen Welfare In Pangandaran Regency, West Java Province [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/Minasari_Village_Unit_Cooperative_Role_To_Improve_Fishermen_Welfare_In_Pangandaran_Regency_W
Annisa Heydi Oktafiani, Atikah Nurhayati, Achmad Rizal, Isni Nurruhwati
This research aims to analyze the role of Minasari Village Unit Cooperative in Pangandaran Regency and evaluate the performance of Minasari Village Unit
Cooperative in Pangandaran Regency to increase the welfare of fishermen. Research was conducted at the Minasari Village Unit Cooperative in Pangandaran
Regency starting from January to Februari 2019 . The method used in this research is descriptive method by using primary data in the form of questionnaires and
secondary data. The collected data used purposive sampling for 60 respondent members of the Village Unit Cooperative (KUD) Minasari who worked as
fishermen. The analyzed research by Likert Scale in data processing. The research results of fishermen who are members of the Village Unit Cooperative (KUD)
Minasari have the role of Minasari Villange Unit Cooperative Pangandaran has an averange index value at 67,07. This average index means the role of Minasari
Village Unit Cooperative to increase the welfare of fisherman in Pangandaran Regency is considered good by it’s respondent which catches layur fish the most
using gillnet as fishing gear and boat with 3-5 GT of the fishing fleets.
REGIME CHANGE, POLICY INCONSISTENCY AND THE QUESTION OF NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: A STUDY OF AGRICULTURE
POLICIES. [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/REGIME_CHANGE_POLICY_INCONSISTENCY_AND_THE_QUESTION_OF_NATIONAL_DEVELOPMENT_
ODUNTAN JOSEPH, AYANDIJI AINA, NWOGWUGWU NGOZI
In Nigeria various regimes, regardless of type, always play vital roles in decision making that could enhance national development. There are series of policies
and programme, such as Operation Feed the Nation (OFN), Green Revolution (GR), Universal Primary Education(UPE), National Commission for Nomadic
Education(NCNE) and many others. These programmes are expected to continue by succeeding regimes but unfortunately, they did not live to the expectation.
EFFECT OF PAPER PULP ADDITIVE ON SOME MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MAIZE STALK BIOMASS BRIQUETTES [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/EFFECT_OF_PAPER_PULP_ADDITIVE_ON_SOME_MECHANICAL_PROPERTIES_OF_MAIZE_STALK_BIO
Omojogberun, Y. V. and Olorunnishola, A. A. G.
The increase in the world’s population has led to the increase in the demand for energy which is the base rock for economic growth of any country. In developing
countries, the use of firewood, charcoal etc has been the major source of heat energy particularly in rural areas. The over dependant on fossil fuel as a source of
energy both for heating and electricity generation is a major challenge facing developing countries. There is the need for finding alternative source of fuel that will
address both health and environmental consequence of firewood for cooking. The use of biomass briquette can be a better alternative since it is relatively
cheaper than fossil fuel. This research centres on the effect of paper pulp additive on some mechanical properties of maize stalk biomass briquette. The paper
pulp additive was added to the various sizes of maize stalk biomass briquette in different proportions using starch as binder. Some mechanical properties such as
length expansion, swelling thickness compressed and relaxed density of the various sizes and different proportions of maize stalk biomass to the paper pulp
briquettes were examined. The maize stalk biomass briquette with particle size 1.5 mm and mixing proportion of 70:30 (maize stalk biomass to paper pulp) has
Relaxed Density of 27.07 x 10-5 g/mm3 and Compressed Density of 34.02x10-5g/mm3 which is the best result from this research. With these densities it shows
this particular size with this proportion will have a longer burning time, better calorific value than others and easy transportation. Also, because of its low swelling
thickness and length expansion after briquetting, it is recommended that in the case of maize stalk biomass mixture with paper pulp briquette, the ratio of 70:30
for particle size of 1.5 mm diameter should be used..

PLANTAIN STALK POWDER AS A NOVEL ECO-FRIENDLY ADSORBENT FOR REMOVAL OF COPPER (II) IONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/PLANTAIN_STALK_POWDER_AS_A_NOVEL_ECO_FRIENDLY_ADSORBENT_FOR_REMOVAL_OF_COPP
Victor E. Ebiekpe and Precious C. Chinonyere
The removal of Cu(ii) ions from aqueous solutions using plantain stalk powder (an agricultural waste) as a novel adsorbent was investigated using batch method.
Factors influencing copper adsorption such as initial copper ion concentration (1.0 – 6.0 mg/l), pH (3 - 10) and contact time (1 – 5 hrs) at constant temperature
30o C (303 K) were investigated. The adsorption process was relatively fast and equilibrium was established within 2 hrs. Maximum adsorption of 89.9% for
Cu2+ ions was found to occur at around pH 5. The equilibrium data obtained were analyzed using different adsorption isotherm models. The result was best
described by the Langmuir model with R2 value of 0.98. The maximum adsorption capacity for the adsorption process calculated from the Langmuir isotherm was
found to be 250 mg/g. The high value of the adsorption capacity indicated that plantain stalk powder can be used as an excellent alternative for the removal of
Cu2+ ions from waste-water.
Assessment of Nurses’ Knowledge about Physiotherapy Techniques in Basra Center Hospitals [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/Assessment_of_Nurses_Knowledge_about_Physiotherapy_Techniques_in_Basra_Center_Hospitals.pdf
Prof.Mahfoodh Hassan,Malak Aubaid, Ali Jaleel
Assess the level of nurses knowledge in physiotherapy techniques and the relationship between the level of assessment with the practice of physical therapy and
education level. includes History of physiotherapy, Benefits of physiotherapy and Physiotherapy techniques. So Methodology was a descriptive study, data were
collected from staffs of physiotherapy units in Basra center hospitals number (30) samples. Instrument of this study was questionnaire composed (40) question
about physical therapy techniques to evaluate nurse’s knowledge about this subject, each question had (2.5) scores from the total degree which is (100) degrees,
where It was used arethematic mean, standard deviation, range, percent, Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test, Pearson Correlation and one way ANOVA- F- test. 1- The
percentage of nurse’s knowledge about physiotherapy techniques was (43.58 %). 2- Percent passed of nurses was (33.33 %) while not passed of nurses was
(66.66 %), but Sample’s scores descriptive normally in Assessment of nurse’s knowledge about physiotherapy. 1- Add physiotherapy in the curricula of health
institutes and colleges of nursing in Iraq. 2- Give training courses for nurses who working at physiotherapy wards about how to deal with existing devices.
STUDY OF MASS MEDIA SOURCES OF INFORMATION IN PRODUCTIVITY EN-HANCEMENT AS PERCEIVED BY FARMERS OF DISTRICT NAUSHAHRO
FEROZE [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/STUDY_OF_MASS_MEDIA_SOURCES_OF_INFORMATION_IN_PRODUCTIVITY_EN_HANCEMENT_AS_PE
M.I Kumbhar, Zareen Khan Rind F.K Chang, N.baloch, F.K baloch
The survey was conducted during 2017 to examine the role of mass media in dissemination of agricultural technology among the farmers of district Naushahro
Feroze and the respondents were examined for their demographic characteristics and the aspects related to the role of mass media in dissemination of
agricultural technology for productivity enhancement. The re-search study was conducted in the district of Naushahro Feroze to explore the role of mass media in
the development of the agricultural production. The information through mass media include telecasting, broadcasting, print media and personal visits of
Agricultural extension services and private institutions for diffusion of new technologies and techniques for improvement in the crops yield. During data collecting
it was observed that mostly people live in extended families together with married and unmarried brothers and unmarried sisters under the leadership of their
father, who seems the chief of household decision making apart of agricultural activities. In case of education, the data shows that only 31 percent attended
formal education system where as religious education obtained through mosques and madrasahs were about 16 percent. In terms of agricultural land ownership,
about 75 percent of respondents had personal land ownership, the rest were either share tenants or landless laborers. Majority of the agricultural farmers had
more than 10 years crop cultivation experiences. The data reveals that major-ity of farmers that is 63percent using traditional varieties of seeds. It was reported
during the data collection that about 52 percent of respondents get agricultural based knowledge through television followed by radio programs and other print
media such as pamphlets, agro-based magazines and newspapers. Majority of respondents that is about 66 percent informed that sources of media was easily
accessible, however, the agricultural programs often missed out due to electric outages. The sources such as print media were easily available from the nearest
towns. The better timings of such programs on television or radio were suggested from the majority of the respondents between 7.pm to 9.00 pm. The
respondents’ seemed pessimist when asked about the availability of government agricultural extension services. No visits were reported of the agricultural
extension agents in the study areas to guide the farmers from the improved technologies and techniques of crop cultivation and better irrigation applications.
Probability of Default Estimation for Commercial Lenders in Developing Economies: Creditworthiness of Consumer Borrower [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/Probability_of_Default_Estimation_for_Commercial_Lenders_in_Developing_Economies_Creditworthine
Bakker Daniel K, F. Odundo & J. Nyakinda
The Business of advancing credits is gradually becoming a major target for many banks, as a result there is high competition among the nancial institutions
leading to default of most credits. In order to raise the quality of advancing credits and reducing the risk involved thereafter, CSM's have been developed to
improve the process of assessing credit worthiness during the credit evaluation process. Previous repayments, demographic characteristics and statistical
techniques were used in constructing the LR model to identify the important demographic characteristics related to credit risk. The results showed that DR is
higher in males than in females. Married customers defaulted more than the singles and the higher the number of dependents, the higher the DR. The self-
employed clients defaulted more than salary earners. Also, the higher the amount of loan collected, the higher the PD. With the knowledge of LR, it is possible to
determine the credit worthiness of a borrower which may decrease bad debts, and help to set risk based credit pricing for the clients and make the credit
advancing faster and more accurate.
De la littérature vers la diplomatie : Etude des éléments diplomatiques trouvés dans l’ouvrage Une vie de boy par Ferdinand Oyono [PDF
(http://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/De_la_litt_rature_vers_la_diplomatie_Etude_des_l_ments_diplomatiques_trouv_s_dans_l_ouvrage_Une
Richard Baffour Okyere (M.phil) and Jonas fiadzawoo, (Ph.D.)
Résumé Cet article cherche à trouver le lien entre littérature et diplomatie. En fait, la littérature depuis la nuit des temps a contribué au domaine de la religion, de

GSJ: Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019, Online: ISSN 2320-9186
www.globalscientificjournal.com
ON THE POETRY OF THE DOG BENEATH THE SKIN
Associate Prof. Yahya Saleh Hasan Dahami
English Department,
Faculty of Science and Arts – Al Mandaq
AL BAHA UNIVERSITY, Al Baha
KSA
ydahami@bu.edu.sa
dahami02@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0195-7878
Abstract
The Dog Beneath the Skin is the first play to be coauthored between Wystan Hugh Auden and
Christopher Isherwood. It is a play written in verse, which creates a challenge of success for the
dramatists for two reasons, the first is that it deals with verse, the second it is collaborative. The
study through the collaborators, trying to show, to what extent, both achieved attainment in
dealing with verse drama. This study also endeavors to trace the poetic features in The Dog
Beneath the Skin and to attempt proving the capability and controllability in writing successful
drama in verse through collaboration. This paper is done by using an analytic-critical method. It
is an approach to a drama shared by both Auden and Isherwood.
The study tersely traces the growth and elaboration of poetic drama until the twentieth century. It
goes through the sort of collaboration between Auden and Isherwood. It is concluded by
examining and analyzing, its central part, the poetic features and essentials in the play The Dog
Beneath the Skin.
Key Words: Auden and Isherwood, collaboration, literature, poetic drama, The Dog Beneath the
Skin, twentieth century
GSJ: Volume 7, Issue 6, June 2019
ISSN 2320-9186
870
GSJ© 2019

Introduction
It is believed that poetic dramas possess the facility to break into the sources of sentiment and
action of people all over the ages. In Athens, the drama prospered under the shelter of religion
with unlimited autonomy, which was well preserved for a period of time from decadence. Some
of its primary practitioners, great pioneers and masters such as Homer, Aeschylus, Sophocles,
Euripides, Aristophanes, Menander, and many others canonized drama. Then some Roman
dramatists such as Plautus, Terence, and Seneca took their inspiration from Greek drama. W. H.
"Auden sees the same differences between Greek tragic drama and Elizabethan and modern
tragedy" (Kirsch, 2005, p. 79).
English drama developed throughout the tenth century as the liturgical and conventional process.
Liturgical dramas are Latin plays performed by the clergy as a measure of the ritual of the Church
throughout the medieval period. Religious stories were represented in church escorted by
humming. The drama transformed the common fiestas of the church and outmoded rituals of the
song into acting plays. With time, drama owned roots, but some irreligious dramatists tried to
amuse the audience by performing plays in the local tongue.
The Shakespearean age or Elizabethan period is regarded as the paramount age of literature in
England as such, and drama and poetry principally. Drama grasped its pinnacle all through the
Renaissance age. In such eminent period, arose several of its pioneers, for instance, Christopher
Marlowe, George Peele, John Lyly, Robert Greene, Thomas Kyd, Thomas Norton, William
Shakespeare and others who wrote blank verse as the indispensable metrical pattern of poetry
suitable for the time. "In Shakespeare's hands, blank verse gradually became a measure capable
of an almost unlimited variety of music and expression" (Seccombe, and Allen. 1903, p. 116).
Blank verse was the prevailing usual rhyming sort in such an age that surpassed over the total
dramas. Furthermore, Allardyce Nicoll highlights that poet-dramatists in the Elizabethan time
“struck a mean, adhering to the new blank verse … a type of verse rhythmical in utterance”
(Allardyce, 1969, p.138). It is a sort of verse created to be as near as the sound of the language of
the same life.
The nineteenth century perceived a changing indication drive toward the „neo-classicism‟. The
playwrights of this epoch had a solid conviction in the hegemony of thoughts above reason. The
works of Shakespeare and his contemporaries influenced the poet-playwrights of this period. The
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fanciful poet-dramatists desired to recuperate the glorious past by reinventing the medieval
supremacy of poetic diction in drama but failed as a result of sheer imitation. The diction here is
tonic and fresh, Shakespeare and his contemporaries influence were noticeably felt that the
playwright adhered enormously to blank verse, which was the reason for the failure of
nineteenth-century poetic dramas.
Most of the poet-playwrights meandered via the Shakespearean meadows; nonetheless, they
could not produce the preferred dramatic weight in their dramas. The poets dedicated themselves
to the theatre. They wished to wed poetry with drama and consequently to recuperate the
grandeur of the Shakespearean age. They did not have the excellence requirements for getting
this worthy determination to satisfaction. The first decades were utterly unproductive. The
majority of the foremost poets had endeavored drama, but none achieved notable attainment.
Their plays did not meet success on the stage because the forms of drama were melodrama,
farces, and sentimental comedies of no literary merits but sensation.
Understanding the age of W. H. Auden and Christopher Isherwood is indispensable for the study
of Auden and Isherwood's verse plays. The last years of the nineteenth century are considered as
an epoch of swift social and commercial alterations. There was a thorough collapse in all aspects
of life. "Industrialisation and urbanisation brought in their wake their own problems. There have
risen problems like the problem of overcrowding, housing shortage, a significant increase in vice
and crime” (Kharbe, 2009, p. 36). The commencement of the twentieth century was an era of
moral and pure mystification, doubt, escalation of the scientific principle, conventions and
ethnicities. Such events led critics and dramatists like Bernard Shaw, Wells, and Galsworthy to
criticize the precise basis of the present social, moral, and economic coordination. Unseen forces
of the unconscious control the comportments, as a result, a new element has been enhanced to the
assessment of human comportment and great focus is being rested on the unconscious.
According to the mentioned views, the abnormal is no longer viewed as a mark of decadence.
The study of the unconscious came to be a key theme of recent literary studies and works.
Intelligence is no longer looked upon as the approaches of accurate comprehending. There was an
intense bearing on the relationships of the family. Male was no longer estimated as responsible
for his inner actions because of the new philosophy of modern psychology. There is a
disintegration of the old authoritarian representation in family connections. The male authority
over female gradually faded and woman in the west has had a good deal of autonomy. The
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encounter of the generations - old and young - has caused a re-positioning of the connection
between parents and children. It is said that:
Isherwood's predicament, as well as that of many other young men who grew up during
and after the Great War: The psychological situation was particularly interesting. There
were, as they confessed frequently, men like Christopher Isherwood particularly
involved in a struggle against „the Father‟ as an authority from which an escape must be
made, and against „the Mother‟ from whose entanglements and clutches it was equally
necessary to emerge. The novels of Christopher Isherwood, and Auden … show this
great clarity. (Piazza, 1978, pp.53-54)
Accordingly, the authority of the old over the young is weakened and the man's rootlessness is
amplified. The Man of the Victorian age was observed as rational, carrying out in his best
benefits, which were indistinguishable with the communal life. It was an era of hopefulness. The
interactions between nations progressively transformed to be based on equivalence and
reciprocated deference. A good deal of criticism contrasted Imperialism. Perplexity and
Bewilderment easily perceived in the arena of politics. “The most obvious social fact of the last
forty years is the failure of liberal capitalist democracy, based on the premises that every
individual is born free and equal" (North, 2009. p 2). Socialism has substituted the Victorian
notion about the hegemony of the white man and Monarchy is regarded as a sense of culpability.
In his Passage to India, E. M. Forster sustained the indication that the relationships between
countries should be as the same as between persons, only such relationships should be established
on impartiality. On these bases, English literary works should not be secluded from the overall
literature in Europe.
The twentieth century has witnessed a tangible escalation in literateness. During the
contemporary period, literature was much better than that of the nineteenth century especially in
drama with rapid action and spectacle trying to deal with issues tackling the religious problems,
age and youth, labor and capitalism. Drama flourished at the outset of the twentieth century due
to dramatic achievements of some genius dramatists such as Ibsen, Shaw, Galsworthy, Granvill
and others who helped directly or indirectly in the recovery of poetic drama despite the matter
that there was no tradition of poetic drama at the beginning of the century. Poetic drama “has
been defined as if it were a joining of two elements, poetry and drama, when actually it is only
one: poetic drama” (Downer, 1949). The realistic plays lacked poetry in a true sense. “If people
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are excited about a play, they want to talk about it in the interval and cheerful music helps to
loosen up the conversation” (Lubbock, 1957).
The new poet-dramatists found that usual direct terminology was not satisfactory to express deep
instincts, emotions, and ideas that the psychologists had defined and employed the same methods
for clarifying their purposes. “During the thirties the verse play, which had reached a sort of
nadir in the Victorian era, was resurrected in new forms and with fresh vitality” (Rodman, 1943).
Poetic drama in the twentieth century is a mixed medley within old, new, tradition and individual
aptitude. Dramatists like W. H. Auden, W. B. Yeats, Christopher Isherwood, Christopher Fry,
John Drinkwater, T.S. Eliot and many others are necessarily conscious of the necessity of poetic
drama in their modern age. It is through both, their belief and practice that they achieved much to
produce a restoration of verse drama.
Isherwood and Auden
Christopher Isherwood and W. H. Auden have contributed to the revival of poetic drama through
their participation and producing poetic drama individually or collaboratively. They worked hard
until, to a great extent, they contributed in establishing and strengthening an efflorescence poetic
drama to be staged on theatre. “During the pre-war years it introduced to the English stage
authors such as W. H. Auden [and] Christopher Isherwood” (White, 1973). Christopher
Isherwood is a poet, a playwright and a novelist. In Germany, he acquired great experience and
satisfactory and adequate knowledge that supported his enthusiasm for writing plays and novels.
Furthermore, it is during his stay in Germany that he first met Auden, which brought about the
success of The Dog Beneath the Skin in 1935 then both made the second poetic play The Ascent
of F6. Their successful collaboration ended with On the Frontier. “Auden‟s three major dramatic
collaboration with Isherwood – The Dog Beneath the Skin (1935), The Ascent of F6 (1936), On
the Frontier (1928) – belong to a post-berlin phase of their relationship” (Page, 1998, p. 181).
“The [three] plays were explicitly political, tacitly metaphysical” (Izzo, 2001, p. 120). And “the
experience of Berlin he shared with Isherwood…played a part in Auden‟s development as a
dramatist” (Costello, and Galvin, 2015, p. 74). In their collaboration, Auden has the task of
writing poetic and rhythmic songs and dialogues whereas Isherwood is committed to deal with
the organization of the story. The dialogue shows talent and natural dramatic wit.
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The relationship between Isherwood and Auden can be called alliance. Reading the poetry was
the reason to create collaboration between Isherwood and Auden. It is the verse mouth that of the
poet who can manage and lead to verse drama; "Through verse's formal organization, the material
of the dramatic communication is overtly controlled" (Benston, 1983). Isherwood and Auden
were gifted poets that resulted in making collaboration on drama possible.
W. H. Auden grew up under the shadow of T. S. Eliot. He "was certainly most familiar with
Auden's work because Auden had a contract with Faber and Eliot was at the editorial desk at the
time. It was Eliot who considered Auden‟s works for publication” (Niloufer, 1988, p. 108). T. S.
Eliot tangibly influenced the drama of Auden and Isherwood especially their impact of Sweeney
Agonistes and The Rock. Auden comprehends the splendor and chances of the choric method and
then reshapes it with his technique. They saw T. S. Eliot as a pioneer in dealing with poetic
drama where they learned from him several fundamentals of the craft and trade of drama in verse.
The plays that he wrote in collaboration with Christopher Isherwood illuminate the influence of
T. S. Eliot, which leads both of them to have a great passion for a new kind of graceful
rhythmical drama. They realized a route to contribute in reviving verse drama on the theatre.
Through their admiration of Eliot's poetic drama, both conceived the proper way to use different
stratum of speech such as rhythms, cadences, echoes and dance. Auden and Isherwood focused
their drama on political and economic complications as contrary to Eliot‟s style.
W. H. Auden was a great peace pioneer in poetry and drama. He had an acute sagacity and wise
knowledge of the need for the new theatre for building up effective plays. Auden's plays show
and present a sense of verse of high emotions and great variety. By the appeal of drama and
theatre, Isherwood and Auden started their target making the poetry at a wide audience, mostly
via poetic dramas since the theatre has a significant fascination to the public. This poetic drama,
The Dog Beneath the Skin, sought to motivate a massive number of viewers toward the action.
Isherwood and Auden continued friends all their life, and during their friendship, they
collaborated on writing three plays starting with play understudy, The Dog Beneath the Skin.
Both Auden and Isherwood succeeded in composing this play in a good collaboration because
they are poets more than being dramatists confirming the theory of Karen Laughlin that says
“many of the creators of modern British verse drama remain better known as poets than
playwrights” (Laughlin, 1992).
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On the Play: The Dog Beneath the Skin
The Dog Beneath the Skin, “a previous draft of which, called The Chase” (Lehmann, 1976), is the
second play for Auden but the first in collaboration with Isherwood. It is “a satirical amalgam of
comic revue, light verse, popular song and serious political commentary” (Schwerdt, & Taylor,
1989, p. 67). The play that they collaborated in lucidly shows their political disposition and
original response to their environment. It is “a parable of current events using humor to satirize
the serious issues” (Izzo, 2001, p.120) that reveals the social and political certainties of the early
1930s. “Auden was hailed by critics as the leader of a group of young, left-wing, writers”
(Hamilton, & Noel-Tod, 2013, p. 23). Moreover, “Largely descriptive comments on their work
accentuate the plays' leftist political message, episodic structure, and innovative staging and
suggest a continuing influence of these experiments on more recent developments in poetic
drama” (Laughlin, 1992). The two collaborators wrote two copies of the end of the play. On the
one hand, Isherwood in his version, the hero Sir Francis criticizes his villagers and runs off to
adhere himself to an ambiguous revolutionary movement, on the other hand, Auden's reviewed
version, Sir Francis criticizes the villagers and is exterminated.
The play deals with Auden and Isherwood‟s interpretations and philosophy on political and social
exploitation and corruption. The Dog Beneath the Skin, “first successful stage collaboration”
(Gillies, and Mahood, 2007, p. 143), is a sort of „epic drama‟ of three acts. It “focuses on
contemporary 1930s society” (Warden, 2012, p. 45) and is estimated as a significant contribution
to English poetic drama in the third decade of the twentieth century. Furthermore, The Dog
Beneath the Skin “is a satirical musical comedy interspersed with serious poetic choruses”
(Haffenden, 1997, p. 172). In addition, it “is good evidence of the usefulness of expressionist
techniques for the poetic dramatist" (Downer, 1949). Many critics looked at the play as "a „high-
spirited satire' and applauded its „Richness of language, a teeming range of subject-matter and
types (if not characters), and eminent diversion'" (Haffenden, 2002, p. 17).
Leader of Semi-Chorus I.
The young men in Pressan to-night
Toss on their beds
Their pillows do not comfort
Their uneasy heads.
The lot that decides their fate
Is cast to-morrow,
One must depart and face
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Danger and sorrow.1
The Dog Beneath the Skin starts “with the drawing of lots in which a third seeker, Alan Norman,
is chosen. Accompanied and guided by a large dog that appeared at the selection ceremony, he
journeys from Pressan Ambo (in England) through Ostnia and Westland” (Callan, 1978-79). Alan
Norman is an authentic and truthful young man. Picked by the lot in a yearly rite, he is assured to
be given a portion of the estate and to marry the daughter of the leading Sir Benjamin after his
death if Norman can complete the quest and find the absent son-heir, Francis Crewe. Norman‟s
nourishing dream of marrying the daughter of Sir Benjamin and his simple acceptance of the
commission makes him an absolute the man who will be able to travel in Europe and to be a
person who learns many aspects of the deceitfulness and fraudulence of most governments. As a
hero, he is eminent by his firmness and concentration of achieving his purpose.
The play deals with a clear theme of the quest in a decadent society. The Dog Beneath the Skin
displays a portrait of an autocratic country that has turned out to be a sanctuary for lunatic. The
essential figure of the play is Sir Francis Crewe “who disguise himself as a dog” (Firchow. 2002,
p. 39). The heir Francis Crewe vanishes from his home covertly after a fierce squabble with his
father, Sir Benjamin Crewe. However, he “never had left the village at all … he decided to dress
up as a dog and live amongst them and observe them” (Berg, 2007, p. 175). The father, for years
of searching of his son, fails to discover where he is. Sir Benjamin writes stipulations in his will
says that a fellow to be selected for investigating his absent son once a year. Moreover, the
upshot of the success in finding the heir shall be rewarded with the marriage to his daughter, Iris
and obtaining half of Sir Benjamin‟s property.
Sir Bingham died eight years ago,
Francis his heir being missing still,
And left these clauses in his will:
Each year, his villages in turn
Should choose by lottery a man
To find Sir Francis if he can:
Further, he promised half his land,
And Iris his daughter adds her hand
In marriage to the lucky one
Who comes home with his only son (p. 22-23).
Unexpectedly Francis, the mysterious disguised dog, remains in the village watches and lives
among his society. He continued doing that for years until the time of the selected Alan Norman
1
Auden, W. H. and Christopher Isherwood. (1944). The Dog Beneath the Skin or Where is Francis? London: Faber
and Faber Limited. pp. 13-14. [All references for the play, The Dog Beneath the Skin in this research are from this
edition of the book and page numbers will be quoted in parenthesis within the text.]
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is chosen to go searching for the heir Francis. Alan starts his quest accompanied by a dog and he
does not know that Francis is beside him all the time and both go together in all places.
Alan launches the expedition to Ostina and Westland with a hopeful farewell of his compatriots,
wishing him to triumph in his quest. He reaches Ostina and Westland accompanied by two
reporters. He encounters hilarious and comical adventures on his way, which provide the action
with a sufficient opportunity to depict corruption and decay of the period of the society as a
reflection of the present society of time in western Europe, "a society with only the gangster
virtues" (Sharpe, 2013, p. 17). The people of this imaginative country have abandoned
personality because they have been educated to ponder that the individual is chiefly appendage of
the state or a diminutive limb which cannot subsist in segregation from it. This situation is
generally the Marxist theory of the culture and principles that Auden believes in. So to speak, "It
is Auden's special contribution to Marxian poetry to combine Marxian economic criticism of
society with a strong tincture of English moralism" (Beach, 1960, p. 47).
The hospital scene has one thousand and six hundred beds, is the foremost scene to unveil the
representation of the recent contaminated society. All beds are engaged with a patient gone astray
in his loneliness. The patients are sick because of their inside sleaze and their passions have
converted into rheumatism.
1600 beds: in each one patient, apparently alone;
One who has forsaken family and friends; to set up
house here with his hostile shadow.
You who are amorous and active, pause here an instant.
See passion transformed into rheumatism; rebellion
into paralysis; power into a tumour (p. 102).
As the play progresses, a mirror image of the overall degeneration of the modern materialistic
society is revealed. “The play's rather long analysis of various cultural illnesses ends with Francis
and Alan off to join a worker's movement; and there is a new urgency in the emphasis on deeds”
(Replogle, 1960). The protagonist of the play finally decides to jettison his disguise and then
forms a union representing the fresh young generation through a correlation with Alan and the
two reporters and accuses old guards as loutish, despicable, hypocritical and cruel creatures for
the reason that they consider their inferiors as careless, reckless and heedless.
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You see, I had begun to regard you in a new light.
I was fascinated and horrified by you all. I thought
such obscene, cruel, hypocritical, mean, vulgar
creatures had never existed before in the history of
the planet, and that it was my office and doom to
record it. As a dog, I learnt with what a mixture of
fear, bullying, and condescending kindness you
treat those whom you consider your inferiors, but on
whom you are dependent for your pleasures. It's an
awful shock to start seeing people from underneath (p. 173).
There are many scenes declare negative satire, but there are positive, successful points such as
that satire of the hospital in Act II Scene III where a surgery performed by a famous surgeon is
exceptionally successful. Satire must investigate and present new and arresting surfaces such as
the ludicrous behavior of common people in ordinary life as well as the manners of the age and
the voguish vices and diseases of rulers, which can be conceived as skins covering egotism and
vanity underneath. A funny picture of satire can be perceived through the following speech by a
lunatic saying “I am the President of the newly formed League of the Forefathers of Westland,
which the Leader himself has officially approved. After careful historical investigations, I have
discovered that this is the exact costume worn by the inhabitants of Westland two thousand years
ago” (pp. 67-68).
“Auden's realization-and-mastery-of the latent possibilities in the dog-skin character that he had
written in 1935 with Christopher Isherwood, The Dog Beneath the Skin, … reflect his realization
…that what he has is himself, a poet-dramatist” (Cappeluti, 1999, p.109). The dramatic elements
of this play are subsidiary to the objective of political and social satire. The play lacks dramatic
ingenuity that is shown in the other collaborative later two plays. There are several interruptions
concerning the action, and such interruptions are clear and irritating especially when the action
reaches its middle. "The alliterative metre makes lines from the poem recognizable in the midst
of choruses in The Dog Beneath the Skin” (Haffenden, 1997, p. 135). The choruses perform the
role of providing a progressive plot that unites the separate scenes. Moreover, “Auden's heroes
are never happy except in action; with them, the dog is always just beneath the skin” (Firchow,
1977). The characters of the play are merely mouthpieces of Auden and Isherwood.
“In The Dog Beneath the Skin, there is a constant juxtaposition of metres and verse forms”
(McDiarmid, 1978). The comic verse and satirical sharpness are significant. However, the play
lacks depth and artistic modification and refinement. The play “is perhaps chiefly important as
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indicating the possible range of effects that can be attained in the convention of the modern
musical comedy” (Morgan, 1949). The relaxed arrangement of The Dog Beneath the Skin allows
the presence of various choruses and songs. “The choruses in his The Dog Beneath the Skin
possess a lucidity gained by a long verse line … which actually dilutes and weakens the power
and spring and richness of the images. Dilution and expansiveness are the price of the lucidity, in
place of the previous terseness, just as doggerel, musical comedy style, is the price of the
cleverness” (Schwartz, 1939). Furthermore, “When, near the end of The Dog Beneath the Skin, a
chorus insists the inner change is not enough, what it means is that the inner change ought not to
be limited to the middle class” (Haffenden, 2002, p. 66).
The Dog Beneath the Skin "contains some very beautiful poetry by Auden" (Berg, 2007, p. 86)
and its speed is, at times, excessively quick, also if it is read as an uninterrupted performance, it is
distinctly irregular. There is a minor weakening on one side. The use of leaped rhythm is nimbly
derived from Hopkins as well as from the poetry of Middle English. Such adaptation may appear
to answer a query on renovating of common speech into verse. The play is written in verse for a
significant part and another part it is a kind of delicate poetic prose, it has a superb verse, and its
poetry is lyrical and descriptive. The verse has the capability to map the whole situation in
musical language. The following lines disclose an exceptional dramatic episode and choric
melody
0 you who prattle about the wonderful Middle Ages:
You who expect the millennium after a few trifling
adjustments.
Visit from house to house, from country to country:
consider the populations
Beneath the communions and the coiffures: discover
your image.
Man divided always and restless always: afraid and-un-
able to forgive:
Unable to forgive his parents, or his first voluptuous
rectal sins,
Afraid of the clock, afraid of catching his neighbour's
cold, afraid of his own body,
Desperately anxious about his health and his posi-
tion: calling upon the Universe to justify his exis-
tence,
Slovenly in posture and thinking: the greater part of the
will devoted
To warding off pain from the water-logged areas,
An isolated bundle of nerve and desire, suffering alone,
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Seeing others only in reference to himself: as a long-lost
mother or as his ideal self at sixteen. (pp. 155-6)
“The Dog Beneath the Skin takes the first names of its engaged couple from the 1931
epithalamion and uses several of the best stanzas late in the play” (McDiarmid, 1990, p. 58).
The concluding chorus exhilarates with optimistic portions of melodious clear writing.
SEMI-CHORUS I.
Where time flows on as chalk stream clear
And lovers by themselves forgiven
The whole dream genuine, the charm mature
Walk in the great and general light
In their delight a part of heaven
Its furniture and choir.
CHORUS.
To each his need: from each his power [p. 180].
Such symmetry of the chants of the chorus add glory to the poetic lines, its bravery shows
glamor. The reader may find a sort of praise as abstract as poetry because the play is a comedy.
"And certainly, it is right in the English tradition to mingle magnificent poetry with the most
ironical comedy." (Haffenden, 1997, p. 174). The use of the choruses in the play is an important
point because the it is poetic. It is full of songs, chants and dances as a modern twentieth-century
poetic drama but it is a failure since the use of the chorus is an old-fashioned and a traditional
Greek design not suitable for modern everyday language, in any case, the point works both ways.
The play "was really written more to be read than to be necessarily acted" (Haffenden, 2002, p.
19).
The Dog Beneath the Skin is a satiric full with wit, light-hearted and humorous. The verse can be
estimated as admired music hall entertainment. The play is endowed with remarkable poetry from
the beginning with depth in meaning. It is "the poetry of the choruses which raises Alan
Norman's personal search to an urgent national level" (Leslie 1968, p. 101). The poetic chants of
the choruses are moving and of great eloquence. "The Dog Beneath the Skin, The Ascent of F6, or
Letters from Iceland. The poetry in these three volumes has none of the obscurity of Poems or
Look, Stranger! In fact, it has a crystalline clarity. It is incisive, frequently genuinely funny, and
often most cuttingly satiric. But in the first two, it is impossible to separate Auden's from
Isherwood's contribution" (Southworth, G.1938).
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The reader and the listener hear the spoken dialogues in alternative unison verse especially that of
the chorus. "The importance of a poem for Auden, like that of the theatre for Brecht, was its
capacity to delight and instruct. Thus, the introduction of poetry into drama was a means of
converting it into a didactic vehicle. Moreover, poetic drama enabled the coming together of the
private world of the poet (poetry) and the public one of the theatre (drama)” (Veronese, 1998).
Besides, “The Dog Beneath the Skin succeeded, despite its faults, by the persistence of high
spirits and great energy" (Haffenden, 1997, p. 202).
Conclusion
In such collaboration, The Dog Beneath the Skin remains for a more significant part the work of
Auden. Some critics comment on this play that its mix of prose and verse makes it as a broken
work and there is no novelty, and there are monotonous passages denote with an impression that
it is not revised well. Several other modern critics come to an understanding that The Dog
Beneath the Skin is visionary and aspiring in its endeavor to organize diverse dramatic and poetic
elements. The play, in tone and dramatically, is burlesque. It is far from being an entirely
pleasing drama. Besides, the satire, in several points, is ineptly written on the contrary of the
views of Derek Verschoyle who confirms that the used satire is mature. Isherwood himself in
Isherwood on Writing tells about the writing of this play as the best Auden „ever wrote' and it is
of „incredible beauty‟.
The Dog Beneath the Skin has been written, revised and produced with several versions for
several times with different changes, in some cases made an extensive modification, especially in
the endings in which various critics have used different versions that make it hard to bring into
being distinct interpretations on the play. It encloses interspersed verse in songs and choruses.
The choruses and their chanting can be expressed as a critical structure of the plot. They retain
pathos and the language of the play and preserves vitality. The Dog Beneath the Skin retains
artistic invention and has the ability to entertain audiences on the stage. It is reasonably an
exceptional achievement and of moderate success. The play is an extraordinary piece for its
maven skill in utilizing the resources of ballet and the music hall freely. With its many faults, The
Dog Beneath the Skin remains a successful closet poetic drama that the readers simultaneously
enjoy poetry with all its musical and sweet ingredients like rhythm, measure, alliteration,
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consonance, metaphor, simile and they enjoy moral lessons, which dominate the play, for
example:
With troups of scouts for village louts
And preaching zest he does his best (p. 17)
To judge The Dog Beneath the Skin as poetic, we find it rich with poetic and dramatic elements
and techniques. The play has finely harmonized lines of precise thoughtfully modified poetic
lines. The listener as well as the reader easily discovers mutability in cadence and indeed opulent
and robust verse. The play, The Dog Beneath the Skin, is poetic more than dramatic.
References:
Allardyce, N. (1969). The Theory of Drama, Delhi: Doaba House.
Auden, W. H. and Isherwood, C. (1944). The Dog Beneath the Skin or Where is Francis?
London: Faber and Faber Limited.
Beach, J. W. (1960). Obsessive Images: Symbolism in Poetry of the 1930s and 1940s.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Benston, K. W. (Apr., 1983). Poetic Drama as Mirror of the Will by Michael Black. The Modern
Language Review, Vol. 78, No. 2, pp. 409-410. Modern Humanities Research Association,
www.jstor.org/stable/3729832. Accessed: 13/01/2015.
Berg, J. (2007). Isherwood on Writing: The Lectures in California. Minneapolis: University of
Minnesota Press.
Callan, E. (Winter 1978-79). W. H. Auden's Plays for the Group Theatre: From Revelation to
Revelation. Comparative Drama, Vol. 12, No. 4, pp. 326-339.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/41152800. Accessed: 12/01/2015.
Cappeluti, J. (1999). The Caliban beneath the Skin: Abstract Drama in Auden‟s favorite
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On the Poetry of The Dog Beneath the Skin - حول الشعر في مسرحية: ’الكلب المتنكر تحت الجلد‘

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