Animal husbandry involves the feeding, caring for, and breeding of domestic animals. It requires planning their shelter, breeding, health management, disease control, and economic use. Common livestock includes cattle, buffalo, horses, goats, sheep, and camels. As population and living standards increase, demand for milk, eggs, and meat is also rising, as is awareness of humane treatment of livestock. Cattle husbandry provides milk and labor, while buffalo milk is especially rich and ideal for products like khoa, rabri, and ghee. Proper shelter, cleaning, and disease prevention are important for animal health and milk production. Poultry farming is also significant in providing protein and includes chickens
Few countries in the world have no sheep. They are found in tropical countries and in the arctic, in hot climates and in the cold, on the desert and in humid areas.
There are over 800 breeds of sheep in the world, in a variety of sizes, shapes, types and colours.
Sheep were domesticated long before the dawn of recorded history. Wool fibres have been found in remains of primitive villages of Switzerland that date back an estimated 20000 years. Egyptian sculpture dating 4000-5000 B.C. portrays the importance of this species to people. Much mention is
made in the Bible of flocks, shepherds, sacrificial lambs, and garments made of wool.
The Roman empire pried sheep, anointed them with special oils, and combed their fleece to produce fine quality fibres that were woven into fabric for the togas of the elite.
Perhaps the first ruminants domesticated by man along with goats, sheep are a very valuable and important asset to mankind.
Sheep is a important livestock species . They contribute greatly to the agrarian economy, especially in the arid/semi-arid and mountainous areas where crop and /or dairy farming are not economical. They play an important role in the livelihood of a large percentage of small and marginal
farmers and landless labourers engaged in sheep rearing. A number of rural-based industries use wool and sheep skins as raw material. Sheep manure is an important source of soil fertility, especially in southern states.
Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for long-term production of milk, which is processed (either on the farm or at a dairy plant, either of which may be called a dairy) for eventual sale of a dairy product
Usually a dairy is a business enterprise established for the harvesting or processing (or both) of animal milk – mostly from cows or goats, but also from buffaloes, sheep, horses or camels– for human consumption. A dairy is typically located on a dedicated dairy farm or in a section of a multi-purpose farm (mixed farm) that is concerned with the harvesting of milk
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Few countries in the world have no sheep. They are found in tropical countries and in the arctic, in hot climates and in the cold, on the desert and in humid areas.
There are over 800 breeds of sheep in the world, in a variety of sizes, shapes, types and colours.
Sheep were domesticated long before the dawn of recorded history. Wool fibres have been found in remains of primitive villages of Switzerland that date back an estimated 20000 years. Egyptian sculpture dating 4000-5000 B.C. portrays the importance of this species to people. Much mention is
made in the Bible of flocks, shepherds, sacrificial lambs, and garments made of wool.
The Roman empire pried sheep, anointed them with special oils, and combed their fleece to produce fine quality fibres that were woven into fabric for the togas of the elite.
Perhaps the first ruminants domesticated by man along with goats, sheep are a very valuable and important asset to mankind.
Sheep is a important livestock species . They contribute greatly to the agrarian economy, especially in the arid/semi-arid and mountainous areas where crop and /or dairy farming are not economical. They play an important role in the livelihood of a large percentage of small and marginal
farmers and landless labourers engaged in sheep rearing. A number of rural-based industries use wool and sheep skins as raw material. Sheep manure is an important source of soil fertility, especially in southern states.
Dairy farming is a class of agriculture for long-term production of milk, which is processed (either on the farm or at a dairy plant, either of which may be called a dairy) for eventual sale of a dairy product
Usually a dairy is a business enterprise established for the harvesting or processing (or both) of animal milk – mostly from cows or goats, but also from buffaloes, sheep, horses or camels– for human consumption. A dairy is typically located on a dedicated dairy farm or in a section of a multi-purpose farm (mixed farm) that is concerned with the harvesting of milk
Products of honey bee
bee products
made by bees
bees made
bee pollen
beevenom
bee honey
honey bee
made by bees
made by honey bee
honey items
bee products
products of honey bee
The world of honeybees with our comprehensive guide! Explore their lifecycle, maintenance practices, and the myriad benefits they bring, from pollination services to the versatile uses of honey, beeswax, propolis, and royal jelly. Uncover the extensive scope of beekeeping, touching on agriculture, biodiversity, and economic opportunities.
Animal husbandry encompasses the care and management of animals for various purposes, including meat, fibre, labour, and other products. It encompasses a wide range of activities, from small-scale cattle farming to large-scale commercial animal production. At its core, animal husbandry involves the breeding, raising, and care of farm animals, which include cows, buffaloes, pigs, horses, sheep, goats, honeybees, fish, and poultry, with occasional inclusions like camels and mules. The types of animal husbandry largely depend on the species of animals being raised. The leading animal husbandry types are poultry farming, dairy farming, pig farming, fish farming, and beekeeping, among others.
Poultry Farming: Poultry farming revolves around the breeding and rearing of birds such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese, primarily for meat and egg production. It's known for its efficiency, with birds reaching maturity relatively quickly. In India, poultry farming plays a vital role in providing affordable protein and eggs, and its potential for growth has expanded along with increasing demand for chicken products.
Dairy Farming: Dairy farming focuses on the production of milk and dairy products. Dairy animals, predominantly cows and goats, are carefully bred and managed to maximize milk yields, which are then used to produce various dairy items like cheese, butter, milk, and ice cream. Dairy farming is a cornerstone of animal husbandry, providing high-quality protein and essential nutrients to the Indian population.
Beekeeping: Beekeeping, or apiculture, involves raising and managing bee colonies primarily to produce honey and other bee-related products such as beeswax, royal jelly, and propolis. Bees also play a crucial role in pollinating crops, making beekeeping essential for agricultural ecosystems.
Fish Farming: Fish farming, or pisciculture, is a significant aspect of aquaculture in India. It entails breeding and rearing fish in controlled environments like ponds or tanks, addressing the growing demand for seafood while reducing pressure on wild fish populations. Commonly farmed fish species include Rohu, Catla, and Mrigala.
Importance of Animal Husbandry:
1. Food Production: Animal husbandry provides essential protein sources such as meat, milk, and eggs, contributing significantly to our diets.
2. Economic Stability: It is a crucial source of income and livelihood for millions of people in India, offering employment opportunities in farming and related industries.
3. Genetic Diversity: It helps maintain and enhance the genetic diversity of various livestock breeds, essential for their resilience in changing environmental conditions.
4. Agricultural Sustainability: Animals convert plant materials humans cannot digest into valuable resources like meat and milk, while their manure enriches the soil as a natural fertilizer.
5. Social & Cultural Significance: It preserves heritage and cultural practices, being an integral part of festivals, rituals, a
Honeybees are essential pollinators, playing a crucial role in our food security and biodiversity. However, they face various threats like Colony Collapse Disorder and habitat loss. We can all help by planting bee-friendly gardens, avoiding harmful pesticides, and supporting local beekeepers.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
2. The branch of agriculture that deal with the feeding caring & breeding
of domestic animal is called animal husbandry. Husbanding means to
use a resource carefully & without waste. Thus, animal farming or
animal husbandry requires planning for domestic animals shelter
breeding health disease control &proper economic utlisation. Our
domestic animals or livestock includes those animals which are raised
for farming, e.g., cattle(cow ,bull or ox), buffalo, yak ,horse ,ass, goat,
sheep, camel etc.
As the population increase &as living standard increase, the demand
for milk egg & meat is also going up .also ,the growing awareness of
the need for humane treatment of livestock has brought in limitation
in livestock farming. Thus, livestock production also needs to be
improved.
3. Cattle husbandry is done for two purposes-
Milk &draught labor for agricultural work such as tilling,
irrigation & carting. Indian cattle belong two different species
, Bos indicus, cow,& Bos bubalius , buffaloes. Milk-producing
females are called milch animal (dairy animal),while the ones
used for farm labour are called draught animals.
Buffalo is most productive economic animal. Along, buffalo milk
is richer in fat, tocopherol (vitamin E),protein, calcium
,phosphorus, contain low sodium potassium cholesterol. Buffalos
milk is ideal for making milk product such as khoa ,rabri, dhai
ghee, etc., is always in great demand. Certain vitamins such as
vitamins A&D are also present in milk
4. The requirement of proper cleaning & shelter for cow & buffaloes is must due
two reasons (1).for the production of clean milk; (2)for the heath of animal.
Both cow & buffalo require regular brushing to remove dirt & loose hairs. They
should be sheltered under well-ventilated roofed sheds that protect them fro
rain ,heat, cold. The floor of the cattle shed needs to be sloping so as to stay
dry & to facilitate cleaning.
The requirements of dairy animals are of two type;
Maintenance requirements: the food is required by the animal to perform the
basic function of life.
Milk producing requirement: it include the type of food require during lactation
period .
5. Cow & buffalo suffer from various diseases. The diseases adversely affect
the production of milk & causes mortality of sick animal .
Skin diseases
6. The poultry farming industry with its production in the form of egg & meat
is of particular importance in providing a balanced diet for the human
population. The word poultry has originated from the old French word
‘poult’ means chickens the young one common domestic fowl. So this
word should have been used only for domestication of chicken or fowls.
However, poultry also includes ducks ,geese , turkeys , guinea-fowls and
pigeons .poultry is the choice of million has staple food world over. In our
country also chicken and egg are choiced poultry products of large section
of non-vegetarian population, since it serve as a cheep source of animal
protein. India is the fifth largest country in the world in poultry production
after china , former USSR,USA and Japan.
VARITY IMPROVEMENT
The programmes of cross breeding between Indian &foreign breeds for
verity improvement are focused to developed new varieties for the following
desirable traits:
1. Quantity &quality of chicks;
2. Dwarf broiler parent for commercial chick production for summer
adaptation capacity/ tolerance to high temperature;
3. Low maintenance requirement;
4.Reduction in the size of the layer with ability to utilize more , cheap diet
formulated using agricultural by products.
7. Broiler chicken are fed with vitamin-rich supplementary feed for good
growth rate & better feed efficiency. care is taken to avoid mortality & to
maintain feathering &carcass quality. They are produced as broiler & sent to
market for meat purposes.
For good production of poultry bird s good management practices are
important. These includes maintenance of temperature & hygienic
condition in house & poultry feed, as well as prevention & control of
diseases & pests. The housing nutritional &environmental requirement
of broiler are somewhat different from those of egg layers. The ration
(daily food requirement) for broiler is protein rich with adequate fat.
The level of vitamins A& K is kept high in the poultry feed.
8. Poultry fowl suffer from a number of diseases caused by
virus, Bactria fungi, parasites, as well as from nutritional
deficiencies. These necessitate proper cleaning, sanitation,
spraying of disinfectants at regular intervals. Appropriate
vaccination can prevent the occurrence of infectious diseases
& reduce loss of poultry during an outbreak of diseases.
Birds suffering
from skin disease
9. Fish is an important aquatic food which is rich in proteins. A large
section of Indian population uses fish food , particularly the one
living in coastal area. It is highly nutritious & easily digestible .fish
can be used for eradicating problem of malnutrition.
There are two ways of obtaining fish. one is from the natural
resource , which is called capture fishing. the other way is by fish
farming , which is called cultural fishery.
The water source of the fish can be either sea water or fresh water
, such as in rivers & ponds. Fishing can be done both by capture &
culture of fish in marine & freshwater ecosystem.
India's marine fishery resources include 7500km of coastline & the deep
seas beyond it. popular marine fish verities include pomphret, mackerel,
tuna sardines,& Bombay duck. Marine fish are caught using many kind of
fishing nets from fishing boats. Yield are increased by locating large
schools of fish in the open sea using satellites & echo-sounders .some
marine fish of high economic value are also farmed in seawater.
10. Fresh water resources includes canal, pond, reservoirs & river. brackish
water resources, where sea water &fresh water mix together, such as
estuaries & lagoons are also important fish reservoirs. While capture
fishing is also done in such inland water bodies, the yield is not high.
Most fish production from these resources is through aquaculture.
Fish culture is sometimes done in combination with a rice crop, so that
fish are grown in the water in the paddy field. More intensive fish
farming can be done in composite fish culture system. Both local &
imported fish species are used in such system.
In such system , a combination of five or six fishes spices is used in a
single fishpond. These species are selected so that they do not
compete for food habits. As a result, the food available in all the part
of the pond is used & this increase the fish yield from the pond.
11. One problem with such composite culture is that many of these fish breed
only during monsoon. Even if fish seed is collected from the wild , it can be
mixed with that of other species as well. So, a major problem in fish is lack of
availability of good quality seed to overcome this problem , ways have now
been worked out to breed these fish in pound using hormonal stimulation .
This has ensured the supply of pure fish seed in desire quantities
FISHES
12. The practice of bee keeping is called apiculture. It is done to get honey,
beeswax, etc . Honey is known to have medicinal value . it is fond to be
quite useful in the treatment of various disorders of humans relate to
digestion, dysentery, vomiting& stomach & liver ailment. Honey is supposed
to be blood purifier, cure against cough,& cold sore throat, ulcers of the
tongue, ulcer of stomach& intestine , etc. since honey is rich in iron
&calcium, it helps in growth of human body .
Bee keeping being a low – investment enterprise has become a favourite
source of some extra income for the Indian farmers. Hey have started to do
bee keeping along with their usual agricultural practices.bee keeping also
help in cross pollination of flowers of crop plant, since pollen are
transferred from one flower to another by bees while they are collecting the
nectar.
Poison of bee used in manufacturing of certain ayurvedic & homeopathic
medicines
13. The value & quality of honey depend upon the pasturage, or the
flower available to the bees for nectar and pollen collection .in
addition to the adequate quality of pasturage , the kind of flower
available will determine the taste of the honey.
Honey bee are commonly infected by viruses ,bacteria ,
fungi and protozoa. For example , the bacterium
bacillus apisceptious infect blood of bee causing
septicemia.
THREE DIFFERENT
CASTES OF A COLONY
OF HONEY BEE
QUEEN WOREKER DRONE
