urban housing presentation for the college students

1. URBAN HOUSING
Unit 1: HOUSING ISSUES - INDIAN CONTEXT
 Need and Demand
 National Housing Policy
 Housing Agencies and their role in housing development
 Impact of traditional life style.
Need and demand:
 Need and demand is an economic model of price determination in a market.
 It concludes that in a competitive market, the unit price for a particular good will vary
until it settles at a point where the quantity demanded by consumers (at current price)
will equal the quantity supplied by producers (at current price), resulting in an
economic equilibrium of price and quantity.

2. What is meant by demand:
Demand means the desire for an object. Demand in means the desire backed by the
willingness to buy and purchasing power to buy. Economist call this demand as “effective or
efficient demand”.
The four basic laws of Supply and demand are:
1.If demand increases and supply remains unchanged then higher equilibrium price
and quantity.
2.If demand decreases and supply remains the same then lower equilibrium price
and quantity.
3.If supply increases and demand remains unchanged then lower equilibrium price
and higher quantity.
4.If supply decreases and demand remains the same then higher price and lower
quantity.
"equilibrium price", or
a "market clearing price"
Change in "equilibrium price" Shift in demand
How Supply and Demand Determine Commodities Market Prices:

3. National Housing Policy
National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy – 2007
THE NEED FOR POLICY
AIMS
ROLE OF GOVERNMENT, URBAN LOCAL BODIES AND OTHER AGENCIES
ROLE OF RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT STANDARDISATION AND TECHNOLOGY
TRANSFER ORGANISATION
SPECIFIC AREAS OF ACTION
ACTION PLAN
THE ULTIMATE GOAL
This policy intends to promote sustainable development of habitat in the country with a
view to ensuring equitable supply of land, shelter and services at affordable prices to all
sections of society.
In view of this scenario, the National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007 focuses the
spotlight on multiple stake-holders namely, the Private Sector, the Cooperative Sector, the
Industrial Sector for labour housing and the Services/Institutional Sector for employee
housing.
In this manner, the Policy will seek to promote various types of public-private partnerships
for realizing the goal of Affordable Housing For All.

4. The urban population
The process of urbanization in India is marked by increasing concentration in
comparatively larger cities.
99% of the housing shortage of 24.7 million at the end of the 10th Plan pertains to
the Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) and Low Income Groups (LIG) sectors.
From 12 in 1981 with 26.8% share of the total urban population, the number of
million plus cities has increased to 35 in 2001 with 37% share of the total urban
population.
• Rural To Urban Shift of Labour
It is of critical significance that 79% of the new jobs totaling 19.3 million between
1991-2001 were generated in urban areas and only 5 million jobs were generated in
rural areas.
THE NEED FOR POLICY
•Balanced Regional Development
The way to bring about such a symbiotic development between rural and urban areas
is by adopting “a Regional Planning approach.”
•New Integrated Townships and Green-Field Development
In view of the fact that 50% of India’s population is forecasted to be living in urban
areas by 2041, it is necessary to develop new integrated townships.
•Role of Housing
As per a Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) estimate, the Housing Sector
contributed 4.5% to India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 2003-04 at current prices.
The contribution of housing in urban areas to the GDP in 2003-04 was 3.13%.

5. •Housing Needs
The Technical Group estimated the housing shortage at the end of the 10th Plan to be
around 24.7 million for 67.4 million households.
During the 11th Plan, the Group estimated that the total housing requirement
(including backlog) will be to the tune of 26.53 million units for 75.01 million
households.
Mumbai slums - 55% of the population of Mumbai lives in slums.
•The Working Group on Urban Housing pertaining to the 11th Plan made different
assumptions on unit cost of construction of houses in million plus cities and other urban
areas for estimating the investment required for overcoming the housing shortage.
•The total estimated investment for meeting the housing requirement upto 2012 was
estimated to be of the order of Rs.3,61,318.10 crores consisting of Rs.1,47,195 crores for
mitigating housing shortage at the beginning of 11th Plan and Rs.2,14,123.10 crores for
new additions to be made during the 11th Plan period (this includes construction of pucca
houses & upgradation of semi-pucca and kutcha housing units).
•Development of sustainable habitat is closely related to the adoption of ‘the Regional
Planning approach’ while preparing Master Plans of towns/ cities, District Plans and
Regional/Sub-Regional Plans.
• Promotion of sustainable habitat is closely linked with reserving a significant proportion
of the total Master Plan area as ‘green lungs of the city’ (e.g. Master Plan for Delhi 2021
provides 20% of green areas), protecting water bodies with special emphasis on the
flood plains of our rivers and developing green belts around our cities.

6. •It will be desirable to pursue a goal of 20-25% recreational land use area (excluding water
bodies) which has been prescribed for Metro-cities by the Urban Development Plan
Formulation and Implementation Guidelines (UDPFI) in order to enhance the sustainability
of human settlements.
Policies & Programmes
•it reduced custom duties and welcomed Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in several sectors
of the economy.
•Moreover, the new Policy lays emphasis on earmarking of land for the EWS/LIG groups in
new housing projects.
• The National Slum Development Programme (NSDP) had provision for adequate and
satisfactory water supply, sanitation, housing, solid waste management, primary and non-
formal education.
•The Two Million Housing Programme (TMHP) was launched with the objective of ‘housing
for all’ with particular emphasis on the needs of economically weaker sections and low
income group categories.
•Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission
•In addition to these 63 cities, urban infrastructure and slums are also being addressed in
the remaining Non-Mission cities through the Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for
Small and Medium Towns (UIDSSMT) and Integrated Housing and Slum Development
Programme (IHSDP).

7. •The Basic Services for the Urban Poor (BSUP) seeks to provide a garland of 7
entitlements/services – security of tenure,
affordable housing,
water,
sanitation,
health,
education and
social security – in low income settlements in the 63 Mission
Cities.
•Focus Areas
The National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007 seeks to use the perspective of
Regional Planning as brought out in the 74th Amendment Act in terms of preparation
of District Plans by District Planning Committees (DPCs) and Metropolitan Plans by
Metropolitan Planning Committees (MPCs) as a vital determinant of systematic urban
planning.
It also gives a menu of actionable points which inter-alia includes Public-Private-
Partnerships, conservation of natural resources and formulation of regulations & bye-
laws that are environment friendly, investment-friendly and revenue-generating.

8. AIMS
•Urban Planning
Encouraging State Governments, Urban Local Bodies, Development Authorities to
periodically update their Master Plans and Zoning Plans which should, inter-alia
adequately provide for housing and basic services for the urban poor.
Planning of Mass Rapid Transit Systems (MRTS) at the city Metropolitan Planning Area
and Sub-region levels.
•Increase Supply of Land
•Special Provision for SC/ST/OBC/Minorities/Disabled
•Special Provision for Women
Increase flow of Funds
Promoting larger flow of funds - by designing innovative financial instruments.
Designing suitable fiscal concessions by Removing legal, financial and administrative
barriers for facilitating access to tenure, land, finance and technology.
Shifting to a demand driven approach and from subsidy based housing schemes to
cost recovery-cum-subsidy schemes
Spatial Incentives
Innovative spatial incentives like relaxation of Floor Area Ratio (FAR) for ensuring
that 20-25 % of the FAR are reserved for EWS / LIG and issuance of Transferable
Development Rights(TDR) for clearance of transport bottlenecks in the inner-city areas
and availability of additional FAR in Outer Zones will be promoted with a view to
meeting the housing shortage amongst EWS/LIG.
Careful review of authorized Floor Area Ratio (FAR) in line with international
practices for allowing more efficient use of scarce urban land by construction of high rise
buildings.

9. Role of Government, Urban Local Bodies and Other Agencies
•The Central Government would (in consultation with State Governments):
•Create a Supportive Environment
Act as a ‘facilitator’ and ‘enabler’ with significant actionable steps being taken
by State Governments, Urban Local Bodies, Parastatals and Private & Co-operative
Sector and Non-Government Organisations.
•Legal & Regulatory Framework
Promote systematic planning at the City, Metropolitan Area, District and Regional
levels.
Encourage adoption of critical urban reforms relating to municipal laws
Promote the observance of the National Building Code (NBC), 2005.
•Housing Finance
Devise macro-economic policies for enabling accelerated flow of resources to the
housing and infrastructure sector.
Develop suitable fiscal concessions in collaboration with the Ministry of Finance for
promotion of housing and urban infrastructure with special focus on EWS/LIG
beneficiaries combined with a monitoring mechanism for effective targeting.
•Supply & Management of Land
Develop a National Land Policy for optimal use of available resources including
enhanced supply of serviced land for sustainable development.

10. The State Government would (in consultation with Urban Local Bodies):
Create a Supportive Environment
 Prepare the State Urban Housing & Habitat Policy (SUHHP).
Prepare and update Master Plans along with Zonal Plans, Metropolitan Plans,
District Plans and the State level Regional Plan by respective agencies with
provision of adequate land for urban poor.
The Urban Local Bodies/Development Authorities/Housing Boards would (in
consultation with all stakeholders) – same as above
Banks and Housing Finance Institutions (HFIs) would:
Outreach – LIG and EWS people
Enhance / strengthen the income spread of their housing loans portfolio to
increasingly cover BPL and EWS beneficiaries.
Develop financial products which encourage EWS and LIG housing beneficiaries to
take insurance cover.
Special Programmes for Vulnerable Sections
Promote Self Help Groups for mobilizing savings and playing a significant role in the
housing finance sector.
Encourage potential EWS and LIG beneficiaries to form Cooperative Group Housing
Societies.
Public agencies/parastatals would:
Revisit their strategy of operations and chart out a role relating to land assembly and
development of fully serviced land with essential services.
Design multiple products to suit clients requirements.

11. Specific Areas of Action:
Land
Private Sector will be allowed to assemble a reasonable size of land in consonance
with the Master Plan/Development Plan of each city/town.
10 to 15 percent of land in every new public/private housing project or 20 to 25
percent of FAR / Floor Space Index (FSI) which is greater will be reserved for EWS/LIG
housing through appropriate legal stipulations and spatial incentives.
Finance
In order to ensure that 10 to 15 percent of land or 20 to 25 percent of FAR / FSI
whichever is greater is earmarked in every new public/private housing project,
appropriate spatial incentives will be developed by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) and
Development Authorities.
A Model Rent Act will be prepared by the Government of India
States/UTs will be advised to develop 10 years perspective Housing Plans with
emphasis on EWS and LIG sectors.
Special financial and spatial incentives would be developed for inner-city slum
redevelopment schemes.
Micro-Finance Institutions (MFIs) would be promoted at State level to expedite the
flow of finance to urban poor.

12. Legal and Regulatory Reforms:
regulation of land supply with a view to reducing speculation in land In line with Central
Government’s decision to repeal the Urban Land Ceilings Act, the States (who have not
already repealed the Act) will be encouraged to repeal the said Act.
A single window approach would be developed by the Urban Local Bodies
Stamp Duty reforms should be initiated to bring incidence of duty in all States/UTs at par.
Technology support and its transfer
States would be encouraged to prepare detailed city maps on the basis of the GIS
mapping through satellite data, aerial survey and ground verification.
Demonstration houses using cost effective materials and alternate technologies will
be got constructed by the Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council
(BMTPC) set-up by the Central Govt. and by other appropriate Public/Private Sector
agencies.
Use of wood has already been banned by the Central Public Works Department
(CPWD). State PWD Departments need to take similar steps in this direction.
Use of bamboo as a wood substitute and as a general building component would be
encouraged.

13. Infrastructure
Efforts will be made to encourage ULBs/Development Authorities and other
concerned agencies to follow the Urban Development Plans Formulation and
Implementation (UDPFI) Guidelines issued by the Ministry of Urban Affairs and
Employment in 1996 in order to improve the quality of Master Plans/Development
Plans, Zonal Plans and Local Area Plans of all cities/ towns.
Sustainability Concerns
Efforts will be made to encourage States/UTs to develop Sub-regional / Special Area
Development Plans for areas with fragile ecological characteristics on the basis of
Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) so as to take care of all environmental concerns
at the planning stage itself in consultation with the Ministry of Environment & Forests.
Growth of a city beyond reasonable limits imposes unbearable strain on its services.
City planners would be encouraged to lay down norms for development of urban
sprawls and satellite townships.
Employment issues relating to the Housing Sector
Efforts will be made to get States/UTs to enact legislation on the pattern of the
Building & Other Construction Workers (Regulation of Employment & Conditions of
Service) Act, 1996 of the Central Government with a view to ensuring that adequate
measures are undertaken by employers for the occupational health and safety of all
workers especially women engaged in construction activities.
Effort will be made to get States/UTs to enact legislation on the pattern of the
Building & Other Construction Workers Welfare Cess Act, 1996 of the Central
Government and ensure adequate provision for skills upgradation of construction
workers.

14. Slum improvement and upgradation
Only in cases, where relocation is necessary on account of severe water
pollution, safety problems on account of proximity to rail track or other critical
concerns relocation of slum dwellers will be undertaken. In such cases, special
efforts will be made to ensure fast and reliable transportation to work sites.
The ultimate goal of this Policy is to ensure sustainable development of all urban human
settlements, duly serviced by basic civic amenities for ensuring better quality of life for all
urban citizens.
The Action Plan at the State/UT level in this regard must be prepared with the active
involvement of all stakeholders. The National Urban Housing and Habitat Policy, 2007 also
lays special emphasis on provision of social housing for the EWS/LIG categories so that they
are fully integrated into the mainstream of ecologically well-balanced urban development.
The Ultimate Goal:

15. HOUSING AGENCIES IN INDIA:
HUDCO:
INCORPORATION
Incorporated on 25th April, 1970, HUDCO was an expression of the concern of the Central
Government in regard to the deteriorating housing conditions in the country and a desire to
assist various agencies in dealing with it in a positive manner.
The principal mandate of HUDCO was to ameliorate the housing conditions of all groups and
with a thrust to meet the needs of the low income group (LIG) and economically weaker
sections (EWS).
OBJECTIVES
 To provide long-term finance for construction of houses for residential purposes in urban
and rural areas and finance or undertake Housing and Urban infrastructure development
programmes in the country.
 To finance or undertake, wholly or partly, the setting up of the new or satellite towns.
To subscribe to the debentures and bonds issued by the state Housing and Urban
Development Boards, Improvement Trusts, Development Authorities etc. especially for the
purpose of Housing and Urban Development programmes.
To finance or undertake the setting up of industrial enterprise for building material.
To administer the monies received, from time to time, from the Government of India and
other sources as grants or otherwise for the purpose of financing or undertaking housing and
urban development programmes in the country.
To promote, establish, assist, collaborate and provide consultancy services for the projects
of designing and planning of works relating to housing and Urban Development in India and
abroad.

16. INTERNATIONAL RESOURCES
Foreign Aided Projects Sanctioned
KfW, Germany DM 135M
JBIC, Japan
8670 MJY (Million Japanese Yen)
availed for 26 Projects for Water
Supply & Sewerage Projects
Rs. 345.57 Cr (LOC) ($73M)
USAID
$30M (Rs. 135.60) Cr. raised from US
Capital Market
Asian Development Bank $ 100M for Housing (Rs. 417 Cr.)

17. MAJOR ACTIVITIES:
HUDCO has implemented a variety of schemes for providing shelter & services , thereby
improving the living conditions of the people.
HUDCO is also contributing to improve the quality of life by augmenting providing basic
community facilities & infrastructural services.
Projects involving self help by the beneficiaries are promoted by encouraging sites &
services schemes, core housing, skeletal housing, shelter up gradation & so forth.
In order to provide basic facilities in the existing houses where adequate sanitary disposal
systems are not available, financial assistance for basic sanitations schemes is being
extended on liberalized terms.
HUDCO extends assistance benefiting the masses in urban & rural areas under a broad
spectrum of programmes as:
Housing Urban Infrastructure Consultancy Services
Building Technology Research & Training
HOUSING PROGRAMMES
1. URBAN HOUSING
2. RURAL HOUSING
3. COOPERATIVE HOUSING
4. CONSTRUCTION LOAN
5. STAFF RENTAL HOUSING
6. REPAIRS, RENEWALS & UPGRADATIONS
7. NIGHT SHELTER FOR PAVEMENT DWELLERS
8. WORKING WOMEN OWNERSHIP CONDOMINIUM
9. HOUSING SCHEMES THROUGH NGOs/CBOs
10. HOUSING THROUGH PRIVATE SECTOR
11. INDIVIDUAL HOUSING LOANS THROUGH "HUDCO NIWAS"

18. Type Of Schemes No. Of Schemes
Loan
Amount
(in Crores)
Housing
Urban Housing (General) 7737 16038.64
Rural Housing 2085 6083.04
Co-operative Housing (Urban/Rural) 1005 1550.83
Staff Rental Housing 772 2548.09
Slum Housing,upgradation & VAMBAY 1072 905.05
Site & Services 90 88.57
Plotted Development 291 506.27
Repairs & Renewals (Urban/Rural) 194 687.21
Land Acquisition/Development 352 3506.29
Action Plan
Govt. Action Plan
Schemes(Nightshelter,ILCS)
959 538.79
Basic Sanitation 170 34.12
Building Material
Building Material Industries 33 28.14
Infrastructure
Urban Infrastructure 1604 81028.92
HUDCO Home Loans
HUDCO Niwas 4463.60
Total 16364 118007.56

19. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND CONSULTANCY SERVICES
• Consultancy in housing, urban development & infrastructure.
• Designed over 250 projects relating to township development, slum
rehabilitation & infrastructure design.
• Demonstration projects on locally available materials & technologies,
cluster planning, low rise high density development.
• Cost effective designs & construction projects in collaboration with
building centres.

20. 1. Low cost housing designs with emphasis on efficient space planning and use of
alternate building materials and techniques; Demonstration housing projects to
validate space standards, lay-out innovations, management systems, etc;
2. Post disaster rehabilitation projects
3. Preparation of Development Plans, Master Plans, City Development Plans,
Detailed Project Reports for new and existing towns; Preparation of Regional
Development Plans
4. Preparation of redevelopment plans, slum rehabilitation/upgradation
projects; Preparation of Conservation and Rejuvenation plans for Heritage
cities;
5. Transportation studies and Urban Design studies; landscape Planning and
Design; Commercial projects such as Institutional/office buildings,
shopping/commercial complexes, schools, etc; Undertaking interior designing and
execution works; Structural design, project estimation, design of external/internal
services
6. Holding of exhibitions for dissemination of HUDCO’s activities both at
National level and International levels;

21. The Consultancy Wing's contribution are :
• The Consultancy Wing's contribution in the field of Cluster Housing, Low
Rise High Density Development has come in for much acclaim
• Also catering to the needs of weaker section and low income housing and
where high density of development are involved.
• The contribution for solutions to the Bhopal Gas Tragedy Victims Housing
Project
• New Town Development Schemes at Pimpri-Chinchwad has received
national acclaim.
• The recent contributions include National Games Village at Bangalore,
New Jammu Township and Latur Earthquake Rehabilitation Projects.

22. HUDCO has undertaken significant initiatives in the area of
preparation of DPRS for the State Governments/Local bodies to
enable them to avail of central Government assistance under
BSUP and IHSDP schemes. A number of such DPRs in Uttar
Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Bihar have been
successfully prepared and accepted by the Central and State
Governments.
Another major initiative undertaken by HUDCO is in the area of urban
and regional planning. Draft master plan documents have been
finalized for 9 cities. Further, HUDCO has received an assignment
for undertaking City Development Plans for 8 towns, which are in
Progress. In addition, an assignment for undertaking master plan
preparation work for a further 20 towns has been received, which
would be taken up in phases by HUDCO.
The Consultancy network of HUDCO has been extended to
Chennai, Kolkata and Jaipur as well, in the recent past.

23. BUILDING TECHNOLOGY PROGRAMMES
 Technology transfer on affordable and cost
effective technologies from ‘lab’ to ‘land’.
 Skill upgradation and training to construction
workers on conventional and innovative
technologies.
 Production and marketing of building materials
and components.
 Construction of cost effective houses/building
for various uses.
 Extension of house guidance, counselling and
information dissemination.
So far 585 Building Centres have been approved
as a part of national network of building
centres.

24. SPECIAL INITIATIVES
• HUDCO's ASSISTANCE TO REHABILITATION HOUSING FOR
NATURAL CALAMITIES
• LAND BANK FOR THE SHELTERLESS CATEGORY
• VILLAGE ABADI ENVIRONMENTAL IMPROVEMENT SCHEMES
• LOW COST HOUSING COMPETITION
• MAJOR INITIATIVES FOR WORK AREAS-CUM-HOUSING
• DEVELOPMENT OF MODEL VILLAGES/SLUMS/BUILDING
CENTRES

25. FINANCING PATTERN
S.No. Category
Extent of
Finance
Upto
(%)
Floating Base
Rate
(BR)#=8.50%
p.a.
Fixed Rate
(FR)*=(
BR+0.5
0%)
p.a.
A
EWS Housing by all Agencies
(i) Housing schemes for
widows/SC/STs, legally
handicapped. Single woman
above 35 years of age & natural
calamities affected areas.
(ii) Other schemes
90
1.50% less than
BR
1.50% less
than FR
B
LIG Housing & Action plan schemes
by all agencies
As per
guidelines
0.50% less than BR
0.50% less
than FR
C
Direct borrowing by Govt., Police
Organizations and Govt./Public
Agencies
90
0.25% less than
BR
0.25% less
than FR
D
Other Agencies
(i) Not rated
(ii) AA or more rated agencies by
CRISIL, ICRA, CARE & FITCH
**
70
BR+1.25%
BR+0.75%
FR+1.25%
FR+0.75%

26. HDFC
Background:
• HDFC was incorporated in 1977 with the primary objective of meeting a social need – that
of promoting home ownership by providing long-term finance to households for their
housing needs.
• HDFC was promoted with an initial share capital of Rs. 100 million.
Objectives:
to enhance residential housing stock in the country through the provision of housing
finance in a systematic and professional manner
to promote home ownership
to increase the flow of resources to the housing sector by integrating the housing finance
sector with the overall domestic financial markets
A pioneer and leader in housing finance in India, since inception, HDFC has assisted more
than 3.8 million families to own a home of their own, through cumulative housing loan
approvals of over Rs. 2.98 trillion and disbursements of over Rs. 2.42 trillion as at March 31,
2010.
HDFC's wide product range includes loans for purchase and construction of a residential
unit, purchase of land, home improvement loans, home extension loans, non-residential
premises loans for professionals and loan against property, while its flexible repayment
options include Step Up Repayment Facility (SURF) and Flexible Loan Installment Plan (FLIP).

27. HDFC also has a robust deposits mobilisation programme. HDFC has been able to mobilise
deposits from over 10 lac depositors. Outstanding deposits grew from Rs. 1,458 crores in
March 1994 to Rs 23,081 crores in March 2010. In addition,
As part of its social objectives, HDFC has undertaken development oriented work and
supported several social initiatives in the areas of education, child welfare, medical research,
welfare for the elderly and the handicapped among several others

28. Consultancy assignments undertaken:
Project Title Project Country Agency
State Mortgage Investment Bank Russia USAID
Review of Operations of Bank Tabunga Negara Indonesia World Bank
Detailed Analysis of Housing Situation Bhutan Govt. of Bhutan
Study of Housing Finance Sector Ghana
Govt. of Ghana
/World Bank
Management and Operations Audit Thailand C D C
Technical Assistance for Alliance Housing Bank Oman Direct
Feasibility of Establishing a New Mortgage Finance
Company
Mauritius C D C
Feasibility Study for a Second Building Society Malawi Direct
Workshop on ‘Housing Finance & Managerial
Effectiveness’ for Housing Professionals
Ghana World Bank
Review of Nepal Housing Development Finance
Company Limited (NHDFC)
Nepal USAID & UNDP
Evaluation of an investment proposal of Commonwealth
Development Corporation in Turks & Caicos Islands
Turks &
Caicos Islands
C D C
Evaluation of Caribbean Housing Finance Corporation
Limited, Jamaica
Jamaica C D C
Review of Mortgage Underwriting and Servicing
Manuals developed for Bulgaria
Bulgaria
The Urban
Institute
Workshop on Credit Appraisal & Loan Recovery Philippines
The Asian
Coalition

29. HDFC INITIATIVES:
• Shelter Assistance Reserve
• Rashtriya Gramin Vikas Nidhi (RGVN)
• Mobile Crèches
• Help Age India
• Funding of various projects involving micro-enterprise development
NATIONAL HOUSING BANK:
The National Housing Bank (NHB) was established on 9th July 1988 under an Act of the
Parliament viz. the National Housing Bank Act, 1987 to function as a principal agency to
promote Housing Finance Institutions and to provide financial and other support to such
institutions.
 Issue directions to housing finance institutions to ensure their growth on sound lines
 Make loans and advances and render any other form of financial assistance to scheduled
banks and housing finance institutions or to any authority established by or under any
Central, State or Provincial Act and engaged in slum improvement
 Formulate schemes for the purpose of mobilisation of resources and extension of credit
for housing
OBJECTIVES:
To promote a sound, healthy, viable and cost effective housing finance system to cater to all
segments of the population and to integrate the housing finance system with the overall
financial system.

30. To promote a network of dedicated housing finance institutions to adequately serve
various regions and different income groups.
To augment resources for the sector and channelize them for housing.
To make housing credit more affordable.
To regulate the activities of housing finance companies based on regulatory and
supervisory authority derived under the Act.
To encourage augmentation of supply of buildable land and also building materials for
housing and to upgrade the housing stock in the country.
To encourage public agencies to emerge as facilitators and suppliers of serviced land, for
housing.
NATIONAL BUILDING ORGANISATION (NBO):
 Study and survey of socio-economic aspects of housing, collection, collation, co-
ordination, analysis and dissemination of building and housing statistics.
 Organisation and setting up of a Management Information System to monitor
implementation of National Housing Policy.
 Organisation and co-ordination of activities relating to housing census and sample
surveys on housing condition.
Maintaining linkages with Central, State local agencies, financial institutions and all statistical
agencies in order to collate, store, retrieve and disseminate information on shelter indicators
and housing schemes on a continuous basis and to network with UN and other international
agencies on exchange of information relating to shelter.
Statistical and socio-economic functions connected with housing and urban development
and proper upkeep of data through computerised data bank, etc.

31. Culture:
It is defined as “that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, customs
and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society” (Taylor,
1871)
Views of culture with respect to housing and built environment,
1. Says it as a way of life typical of a group,
2. A system of meanings and schemata (Scheme) transmitted through symbolic codes,
3. As a set of adaptive strategies for survival related to ecology and resources.
These three complementary rather then conflicting.
Importance and reflection of housing (Cultural context):
Housing and Environmental-Behavioral Studies is best conceptualized in terms of the three
basic questions that define the domain:
1. What biosocial, psychological and cultural characteristics of human beings, as member
of a species, as individuals, and as members of various groupings, influence (and, in
design, should influence) what characteristics of the built environment?
2. What effects do what aspects of what environments have on what groups of people
under what circumstances and why?
3. Given the two-way interactions between people and environments, what are the
mechanisms that link them?
It is important to note, and it can be demonstrated, that culture plays a role in all three
questions.

32. Culture begin as a group’s adaptive strategies with their particular ecological
setting. These schemata, symbols, and ideals, in turn, lead to particular
ways of living and behaving, and include designed environments as
settings for the kinds of people that a particular group sees as the norm,
that is, the particular life style that distinguishes this group form others.
First, culture maintains the identity of groups within the single biological
species that humans belong to.
Second, culture acts as a control mechanism, carrying information that
directs how behavior and artifacts are to be created. It has been
compared metaphorically to both a blueprint and to DNA, and has been
described as a design for living.
Third, a major role of culture is to act as a structure or framework that gives
meaning to particulars.

33. Housing becomes easier to achieve when the body of evidence is expanded to
involve,
1. All types of environment (Tribal, vernacular, popular, etc),
2. All periods,
3. All cultures, and
4. The whole environment
With regard to the neutral definition of housing (or the dwelling) it is the last of the
four “expansions” of evidence listed above that is critical – the consideration of
the environment. One thus realizes that the nature of a dwelling is not
self-evident and in any case is, more than the building itself.
The dwelling unit needs to be conceptualized as a specific system of setting within
which particular (specified) system of activities takes place. This system is, in
turn, embedded in the yet larger system of settings that is the environment,
because what happens (or does not happen) in one setting influences activities in
others.

34. Culture cannot be seen – only the outcomes of which can be seen
Built form – can be broadly defined as a small part of the whole culture and is
also a subset of it.
Importance and reflection of housing (Cultural context):

35. Important things – the actual, potentially observable, social expressions of culture
such as family and kinship structures, social networks, roles, statuses, social
institutions and the like. These can feasibly to related to built environments, whereas
“culture” cannot.
To design housing for culture is indeed more specific but neither easier nor more
feasible. To consider housing for a particular culture or group is still more specific
but also impossible.
Why built environment, such as housing is highly varied. An important question is why the
relatively few things which people do in dwellings (which all groups possess) require so
many different types and forms of dwellings, settlements, and so on
One example, consider cooking.
all humans cook, and cooking has been used as a major discriminate between
human and non-human; only humans transform raw food into cooked.
How food is cooked (or otherwise transformed) is extraordinarily varied. How cooking is
associated with other activities, the meaning of cooking to a specific culture, and its social or
ritual significance (its latent aspects) are even more variable. These social and ritual aspects
influence the specific cooking arrangements including the design of what we call “kitchens”.

36. •People leave undesirable and unsuitable environments for those evaluated positively
(obliviously within more or less stringent constrains).
•Social networks can help define the larger systems of settings within which the dwelling is
located such as urban neighborhoods can explain the used of urban space and settings, and
can also play a most useful role in housing analysis and design.
•Status is easily related to location, space organization and access, size, color, materials and
the like.
•Institutions – such as recreation, commerce, and shopping – can be shown to vary among
different groups and to influence the settings that they require.
•Changes in kinship structures play a major role in developing countries and can be linked
directly to changes in a large variety of settings.
•Developing countries in particular also provide clear and striking examples of rapid
changes in values, lifestyles, activity systems, kinship and family structures, roles, insitutions,
social mechanism, social networks, meanings and images.

37. Housing and GDP
Housing construction contributes approximately 1-2% to India's GDP as compared to the
entire construction sector’s contribution of around 6%, which includes roads, ports, housing,
dams and canals etc. But if one takes into account the multiplier effect it has on other core
sectors such as cement, steel, housing finance and also on employment generation, the
contribution might go up to 10% for the construction sector and around 3-4% for the
housing sector.
Another way of looking at the huge potential of housing construction sector for the
development of economy is through it’s impact on GDP. A 10% increase in final expenditure
in the construction sector increases the GDP by 3%.
Indian policy:
The Government of India adopted a central planning model of development. The Planning
Commission of India is the central think tank which prepares the five year plans. These plans
give a broad direction regarding the policy of the Government of India. They also give the
broad allocation of financial resources to various sectors of the economy. Based on the five
year plans, annual plans are prepared by state governments for implementation. A look at
the five year plans reveals the manner in which the Government of India had perceived the
housing sector in the initial years and the manner
in which it sees it now. Financial allocation for housing as a percentage of the total
investment in the economy was as high as 34 percent in the First Five Year Plan (1951- 56) but
has now come down to as low as 2.4 percent in the Tenth Five Year Plan (2002- 2007). As part
of the Five Year Plans, the Government of India had launched various programs for providing
housing to the people.