The deployment of wind energy is one of the principal pillars to limit global greenhouse gas emissions and increase access to clean, sustainable and affordable electricity. Despite the urgent need for developing wind energy capacities, they diffuse rather slowly, especially in developing countries. To accelerate the deployment of wind energy, it is crucial to understand the challenges and barriers that are inhibiting their deployment. A comprehensive literature overview was conducted to determine and classify the barriers that inhibit the deployment of wind energy. The barriers and their classifications may enable a more specific help for stakeholders who seek to enhance the deployment of wind energy in developing countries. It was that the major barriers that inhibit the deployment of wind energy are a lack of regulations and legalizations framework, lack of funding and lack of educational institutions and human resources in renewable energy.

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Barriers Inhibiting the Deployment of Wind Energy
Khalid I. BenSauod1
, Dr. Abdelgadir M. Mahmoud2
UTM Razak School of Engineering and Advanced Technology, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
ABSTRACT
The deployment of wind energy is one of the principal pillars to limit global greenhouse gas emissions and
increase access to clean, sustainable and affordable electricity. Despite the urgent need for developing wind
energy capacities, they diffuse rather slowly, especially in developing countries. To accelerate the deployment of
wind energy, it is crucial to understand the challenges and barriers that are inhibiting their deployment. A
comprehensive literature overview was conducted to determine and classify the barriers that inhibit the
deployment of wind energy. The barriers and their classifications may enable a more specific help for
stakeholders who seek to enhance the deployment of wind energy in developing countries. It was that the major
barriers that inhibit the deployment of wind energy are a lack of regulations and legalizations framework, lack
of funding and lack of educational institutions and human resources in renewable energy.
Keyword: Wind Energy, Barriers, Deployment.
I. INTRODUCTION
The greatest threat to humanity is the anthropogenic driven greenhouse-gas effect and as a result of excessive
use for the fossil fuel to meet energy supply [1]. Also, clean, sustainable and affordable energy supply is a
backbone of sustainable development and economic growth for countries and people across the world [2, 3].
The latest development of dramatically shrinking costs of renewable energies (especially wind power)
remarkably changes the energy market situation. Currently the greenhouse gases (GHG) emission-free-
sustainable technology is already cost-competitive compared to fossil fuel in many countries [2, 4]. Increasingly,
the wind energy plants even challenge conventional power plants without any environmental issues [5].
Combining these matters, wind energy has the potential to become the leading power generation technology due
to environmental and economic reasons in the world [6].
Despite the benefits of the wind energy use, yet only a few new wind power plants have been installed on a
global scale [7]. This leads to the assumption that further barriers exist that inhibit the deployment of wind
energy especially in developing countries. It is crucial to overcoming these obstacles that inhibiting to achieve
the GHG emission reduction targets and ensure a sustainable, clean and affordable future power supply. Thus,
these countries need to conduct more in-depth studies regarding the barriers to the deployment of wind energy
as the optimal solution to improve their energy supply system and reduce the impact of emissions. Only after
determining and understanding the barriers that inhibit the deployment of wind energy, it is possible to
overcome them successfully. Many scientific studies relating to the barriers of alternative energy deployment, in
general [6, 8-10], underline the scientific and practical relevance of this topic. This study aimed to explore the
main and submain barriers that inhibiting the deployment of wind energy.

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II. METHODOLOGY
Many researches and studies have been conducted to analyse barriers to deploying alternative energies and find
solutions to overcome them [6, 11]. Two of the most cited papers is from Painuly and Blechinger [6, 9] set as a
basic framework to the analysis of barriers which facing the alternative energy deployment. In their studies,
general groups of barriers were proposed. They explained that literature review of technical reports, scientific
papers, and academic research can provide profound insights about the barriers to deployment of wind energy
especially if similar regional, political, or natural conditions exist in the studied regions to derive suggestions for
future research.
The classifications and analysis of the barriers to the deployment of wind energy within a general context are
carried out mainly by reviewing the literature including papers, technical reports, or policies. [10, 12-16]. The
global perspective often does not allow to apply site-visits or stakeholder interviews [17]. One exception,
focusing cases study, that is observed in Boyle's paper [18], where case studies at ten different sites are
compared to derive the barriers to alternative energy. Ordinarily, specific approaches to field visit and
stakeholder interviews are only used to investigate particular sites, regions, or countries, which present barriers
to alternative energy at the national level such as those in Greece [19] and Bangladesh [20]. One excellent
research in the USA [21] and one in the UK [22] use empirical research by interrogation of stakeholders. Two
other papers can serve as an example for combined approaches of a literature survey, field visits, and interested
parties interviews: in Tanzania and Mozambique [16, 23, 24] and Hongkong [24]. All papers as mentioned
above have given valuable inspiration to this study to apply scientifically proven approaches for analysis of
barriers to the deployment of wind energy.
In general, Some barriers were elaborated by Shirley and Kammen [25], while Ince [26] performs an intense
research on the obstacles that are facing the deployment of alternative energy especially, for particular regions
or countries. In his research, he mentioned that there is a need for more quantitative analysis to validate the
results when conducted such studies. Other reports from different institutions also point to several barriers that
prevent the deployment of alternative energy but lack a clear scientific approach [14, 27]. Many previous studies
used the literature review as the first step to determine the barriers that inhibit the deployment of wind energy.
In general, the detailed literature reviews are conducted to derive an overview of barriers relevant to the
deployment of wind energy. A literature review synthesis matrix is utilized for structuring the barriers and
identifying the most important ones. This matrix helps in classification and structuring outcome of literature
review and in narrowing down of focus to relevant information only. For the basic structure, leading groups are
derived from sorting the relevant barriers. These groups are relatively wide to avoid the impediment of
incorporation of a new and different idea from specific literature. The literature is derived from scientific papers
as and technical reports as shown in figure 1 below.

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Figure 1. Study approach to identify the barriers to wind energy deployment.
2.1Previous Researches
As mentioned earlier, this study began with a review to the literature to identify the barriers to wind energy
deployment in general. To structure the various sources and derive the most important barriers a research
synthesis matrix was developed as suggested by Ingram et al. [28].
Many scientific papers and technical reports were reviewed to determine the general barriers and then deeply
investigated the distinct groups of the synthesis matrix. The clustering of the barriers are: (1) political issues
such as regulatory frameworks, policies, and institutional capacities, (2) economic barriers which can be named
as costs, financial aspects, or market distortion, (3) technical barriers such as technological constraints,
infrastructure and (4) social barriers such as consumer behavior, education, societal attitudes, cultural habits,
and moral issues. To get better understanding of these barriers by the synthesis matrix, the barriers are clustered
as shown in figure2.
Figure 2. Identified main and sub-groups of barriers as applied in the literature review
Main Groups Sub Groups
Political
Economic
Social
 Lack of energy policies
 Lack of regulatory framework
 Lack of institutional capacities
 Others
 Costs / prices
 Funding
 Market aspect
 Others
 Technical constrains
 Infrastructure
 Natural conditions
 Others
 Consumers behavior
 Educational level
 Stakeholders interactions
 Cultural considerations
 Others

Barrie
rs that
inhibit
the
deplo
yment
of
wind
energ
y in
genera
l
Technical

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The methodology of identification of the barriers in each investigated paper was analyzed and compared to the
other papers approaches for potential improvements in presented empirical approach to allow further research
on barriers that inhibit the deployment of wind energy. The barriers that presented in these subs groups have
influenced this study to improve research methodology and selecting the alternative energy experts in the future.
However, the findings among these groups are not explained further in this study and focuses only on the major
groups of barriers at this stage. Throughout these four major groups barriers are elaborated and summarized in
points for each subgroup.
2.1.1 Political aspects
Most of the countries which seek to use the alternative energy for generating clean and sustainable energy have
energy policy and roadmap. However, the commitment on paper contradicts the reality; either the targets are
very ambitious, or their implementation is too weak, which both don’t support the deployment of alternative
energy [29]. Another political barrier is a lack of prioritization of alternative energies through taxes, reduction of
trade barriers, and subsidies [26].
Besides the lack of strong policies, there are no regulatory frameworks. The absence of such regulatory
frameworks is a strong challenge in term of incentives (e.g. guaranteed feed-in tariffs) and secure investment
structures for private investments [26, 29]. Another challenge is the missing of legal frameworks for
independent power producers and power purchase agreements which means the laws are not exist to coordinate
such agreements which lead to high investment risks and transaction costs [12].
Besides the regulatory and policy frameworks, stand the institutional capacities of governments and
administrations. From the institutional capacities of governments and administrations, the challenges derived are
a lack of alternative energy experts within institutions. Due to focusing only on the traditional energy sector,
thus it is difficult to find trained staff to support alternative energy industry [26, 30, 31]. In many countries
specialized government departments in the alternative energy are missing for disseminating information and
promote investment. Often standalone department focusing on alternative energy issues don’t exist as they are
combined with infrastructure or agriculture responsibilities to multi-purpose ministries [9, 26].
2.1.2. Economic aspects
The second main barrier that preventing the deployment of alternative energy is the economic aspects. Usually
high initial costs of alternative energy projects are considered as a significant barrier in the subgroup costs. Due
to the nature of alternative energy plants that need very high initial costs, while often only few operation costs
should be paid, viable electricity supply options by alternative energies are often not installed because of the
high capital of investment which is a critical barrier to alternative energy deployment [14, 29, 32]. Another
barrier to alternative energy deployment is high transaction costs. In many countries, the transaction costs of
alternative energy per installed kilowatt capacity are greater than conventional systems. this raise the cost level
of alternative energy technologies as well as the lack of experience in assessing and operating alternative energy
projects [8, 9, 12, 17, 26, 33].
The diseconomy of the scale represents the third barrier which is based on cost and price. Low energy demand
and capacity of the power plants in some countries don't allow the installation of large scale of alternative

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energy plants as well as the deployment of alternative energy [9, 17, 26, 30, 31]. But in such cases the
deployment of alternative energy is driven by environmental issues and limited sources of fossil fuel.
The economic sub-group are financial aspects in which four different challenges are identified. The lack of
access to affordable capital is one of the most significant financial challenges inhibiting the deployment of
alternative energy. This is based on high-interest rates within the countries due to unstable currencies and
economic conditions. In addition, the situation of some countries which have large external debts led to a
shortage of international low-cost loans for investment in alternative energy projects since high-risk rates to be
added to the capital of project [17, 29]. Not only capital from the banks or public financing is expensive at these
days. but also, a capital of private investments is missing that means insufficient investments and innovations
come from the local private sectors which are often a drive for alternative energy deployment [9]. Additional
financial aspects are uncertainties regarding project cash flows. Due to lacking experience in alternative energy
institutions, local financing institutions project developers have difficulties in assessing future cash flow of
alternative energy projects taking into account technology risks and fluctuating prices of conventional fuel such
as oil, natural gas, and coal [12, 26, 34]. This is also reflected in the next hurdle that inhibits alternative energy
deployment which is the time frame of procurement contracts and energy purchase agreements. Normally such
kind of contracts cover just short-term projects, but long payback durations of high share alternative energy
projects need long-term financing that often is then either not possible or costly [9, 12, 26, 32, 34].
The next economic subgroup barrier is based on a macroeconomic view and consider market failures and
distortions. Another barrier with such subgroup is the monopoly of generation, transmission, and distribution of
energy by one foundation in most of the developing countries. Often the local utility possesses a natural
monopoly due to the character of energy supply which doesn't economically allow another supply system with
energy plants to exist. Such monopoly is a strong barrier to enter local energy market for alternative energy
investors as well monopolistic utility is reluctant versus alternative energy investments and it is difficult to force
it [17, 26, 35]. Another barrier is the small size of market acts as a barrier to competition and investment
opportunities [9, 10, 17, 26, 35]. One less specific but still important barrier relative to promote the alternative
energy deployment is called lock-in dilemma. The lock-in dilemma describes the institutional and technological
bias of changing prevailing systems by the inability to adopt innovation due to imperfect competition, lack of
research and development culture. For the developing countries energy generation sector, such dilemma means
that the existing and established traditional energy generation sector is not able and or not willing to shift
towards alternative energies as well as, it is hard to overcome these difficulties due to the prevailing power
systems [9, 18, 26, 36, 37]. The market distortion due to subsidies to fossil fuels and surcharges for fossil fuels
consider as the last economic barrier to the wind energy deployment. In some energy policies, governments
subsidize the price of conventional fuel or the electricity tariffs of electricity based on conventional fuels,
making it more difficult for alternative energy to integrate with traditional power plants. In addition, the system
of conventional fuel surcharges that allows the direct passage of fuel costs for the generation of electricity to the
final customer's location becomes disincentives to the investment in alternative energy [27, 35].
2.1.3 Technical aspects
The third main group is technical barriers. The first identified barrier within this group is the natural conditions
that may prevent the deployment of alternative energies. The limited area of available land is an important
barrier. This result in increased in the price for the land property [38] and the competition for the land and

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resources of water, particularly for agriculture and tourism land [26, 30, 39]. Beside the migratory bird
disturbances and noise pollution from the wind farms [40], hurricanes, flooding, earthquakes, and other natural
disasters and weather extremes condition also count as a physical barrier to deployment of alternative energy in
some countries [17].
In terms of technical challenges that prevent the alternative energy deployment, these barriers may be based on
efficiency restrictions for photovoltaic (PV) and wind energy plants, which leads to exploit the widely land by
PV stations [29]. For wind energy plants, the most efficient large-scale turbines often have a big capacity special
for small states due to low demand for the electricity or less developed infrastructure. Thus, low cost turbines
with lower efficiencies have to be used [14]. Moreover, it is quite complex to achieve a big share of alternative
energies into the existing energy systems that means sophisticated system control and technologies, such as
high-power batteries or flywheels are needed to maintain the supply energy system stable. This called a lack of
grid stability and integration and transmission capacity which hinders the quick deployment of alternative
energies [17, 32, 40]. Finally, the absence of local technology manufacturers that impose another technical
challenge which means the developing states are often takers of technology only [17, 31]. This is an especially
important barrier in the case of maintenance and if spare parts are not easy to accessible.
Other barriers presented in the sub-group of infrastructure conditions are the availability of transport, installation
equipment and infrastructure. For example, weakness of appropriate port and road facilities that restrict the
transport of alternative energy devices and equipment while lack of cranes hinder the installation of the wind
energy plants [40]. Another challenge is the status of transmission and distribution grids especially if it is
sprawling. This mean a lack of sufficient transmission lines in remote areas and difficulties of achieving grid
interconnection between these areas. All these weaknesses complicated the deployment of alternative energies
due to insufficient grid capacities [26].
2.1.4. Social aspects
The last group of barriers is the social barriers. This group includes the consumer behavior and educational
level. The first social barrier is a lack of public awareness to alternative energies. The acceptance of, education
about the different alternative energy technologies and their economics and benefits are missing, for most of the
local people, which reduces the support from them [9, 10, 12, 29-31, 38, 41, 42]. Similarly, the lack of
educational institutions and human capital are identified as the next barrier. Locally trained personnel for the
implementation and operation of alternative energy stations is not sufficient and the absence of institutional
learning and the lack of technology transfer centers. Lack of national experts means prohibitive costs of
alternative energy projects. Moreover, the lack of local initiatives is considered as a social barrier as well [35,
42].
The lack of support from social organizations and initiatives is cited as one of the major obstacle that facing
alternative energy deployment. These missing social institutions would act as a facilitator of innovation and the
adaptation of alternative energies that have been quite successful, for example, in Germany. As aforementioned
these initiatives for alternative energy are missing in most countries, and only organizations for the traditional
energy sources that based on existing power supply which may inhibit the deployment of alternative energy [26,
29, 41]. The other vital driver, which mostly missing in developing countries is a lack of the national leaders and
entrepreneurs in the energy industry [43].

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One cultural matter is the domination of energy over environmental policies. Real and perceived of accelerating
economic development outweighs the ecological considerations of dwindling natural sources such as solar, the
wind, geothermal, and biomass in most developing countries. Therefore, access to energy as the engine of the
local economy is of greater importance than the deployment of alternative energies and addressing the
environmental effects due to the use of fossil fuel to produce energy [44].
The last barrier in the subgroup of the social barriers is the moral considerations. In this case, the barrier is a
preference for the existing status quo. That means preferring to continue generating electricity from
conventional fuel. This arises from a historical basis which classifies the currently known technology superior to
unknown future options. Finally, past negative examples discourage the acceptance of alternative energy
projects. These examples can be based on very costly projects that would be much more economical under
current commercial conditions or in technological failures of small pilot projects without adequate maintenance
[26, 32, 38].
III. CONCLUSION
In general, approximately thirty barriers that inhibit the deployment of wind energy were identified by literature
review. They are categorized in the four groups:
Political barriers that represented by the gap among policy targets and real implementation, lack of prioritization
of alternative energies, lack of regulatory framework, the missing legal framework for independent power
producers and power purchase agreements, lack of alternative energy experts within institutions and Lack of
formal institutions.
Economic barriers that represented by high initial costs of wind energy projects, high transaction costs,
diseconomies of scale, lack of access to affordable capital, lack of private capital, risks regarding the cash flow
of such projects, short terms of procurement contracts and energy purchase agreements, utility monopoly of
generation, transmission, and distribution of energy, size of the market, lock-in Dilemma and subsidies of fossil
fuel.
Technical barriers that represented by insufficient of land, Limited sources of wind energy, environmental
issues, efficiency restrictions, inadequate energy systems to contain wind energy, local manufacturers not
available, lack of transport and installation equipment and infrastructures and transmission and distribution
network capacities insufficient.
Social barriers that represented by the lack of social interaction and awareness, lack of educational institutions
and human resources, lack of regional institutions that support the deployment of wind energy, lack of national
leaders and local entrepreneurs, the predominance of energy over environmental policies and the preference for
the existing status quo.
Most of the barriers that mentioned in this study fall under technical and economic barriers. These lists of
barriers that inhibit the deployment of wind energy in general. Thus, conducting more studies focusing on
evaluating the barriers via using other methodology techniques such as interviews, field visits, and
questionnaires are much necessary to determine the critical barriers that inhibit the deployment of wind energy
in particular area or country. This is very crucial since all the used literature, in general, and some of the theses
books, conferences, reports, and papers are not up to date

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