Discuss how are the three interrupt-handling features implemented- Fin.docx

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Discuss how are the three interrupt-handling features implemented. Find examples in your daily life or from the Internet Solution Each interrupt that gets generated in the system should have a handler, also called as ISR (Interrupt Service Routine) that gets executed to service the interrupt. We can broadly devide interrupt handling into two cateries. 1. Handling Interrupts in a OS absent environment (Eg. 8051 or some kind of ARM based Controller programming without any OS) a. Vectored Interrupt handling. b. Non-vectored interrupt handling 2. Handling Interrupts in an OS present environment. The following points give details about three features of handling interrupts mentioned above. 1. In case of vectored interrupt handlers, system maintains a table called Interrupt Vector Table (IVT) in the memory. This table contains the starting memory addresses for each interrupt that can genetate in the system. So, when an interrupt gets generated, the processor get the starting address of the corresponding service routine from the IVT and jumps to that address and executes the code that is present till it finds IRET kind of instruction. 2. In case of non-vectored interrupt handling, the system will have a 8259 kind of interrupt controller that provides the starting address of interrupt that is raised by a device. 3. In case of OS present environment, the underlying OS provides support in terms of APIs or system calls to register a handler (or ISR) to service the interrupts generated by the external devices. In this case, the device driver of a specific device registers the required interrupt handler with the kernel. .

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This method of checking the signal in the system for processing is called Polling Method. In this method, the problem is that the processor has to waste number of clock cycles just for checking the signal in the system, by this processor will become busy unnecessarily. If any signal came for the process, processor will take some time to process the signal due to the polling process in action. So system performance also will be degraded and response time of the system will also decrease.

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Alice intends to send a secure message to Bob. (1) What are the threats that Alice should be concerned about in sending messages to Bob? (2) What information does Alice need if symmetric key encryption is used? (3) What is needed if asymmetric key encryption is used? (4) Is encryption alone sufficient to defend against these threats? Solution Alice intends to send a secure message to Bob. (1). The threats that Alice should be concerned about in sending messages to Bob are,,, a.Eavesdropping b.Traffic analysis c.cryptanalysis (2).Â Â Alice needs the information if symmetric key encryption used is... * Symmetric-key cryptography is a mechanism by which the same key is used for both encrypting and decrypting. (3). if asymmetric key encryption is used the needed thing is... * asymmetric key encryption is used Two keys are a public and a private one. The public one is available for everyone, but the private one is known only by the owner. (4). No, Encryption alone is not sufficient to defend against these threats. .

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Add a function prototype for the function sumNum. # include using namespace sted; int main (void) { float val; float amount; int n; cin >> val >> n; sumNum (amount, val, n); cout Solution Prototype of function : In function concept prototype declaration is necessary in order to provide information to the compiler about function, about return type, parameter list and function name etc. Program : # include<iostream .h > using namespace std; float sumNum(float,float, int); /* prototype for the function sumNum it accept the sum value which is a float value and parameter list mentioned, i.e. float,float, int */ int main (void) //main function float amount; int n; cin>>val>>n; // Accept the value sumNum(amount,val,n); // Calling function cout<<amount<<end1; } void sumNum(float &sum, float x,int n); // Called function { int i; sum=0.0; //Intilise the sum value to zero. for(i=1;i<=n;i++) { sum=sum+i*x; // calculate the sum } return sum; // Here we return sum value } .

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Add a new check on the emp table to make sure that any new employee inserted has sex either \'M\' or \'F\'. Create a new table called highway, with columns: empid and salary, and insert only those employees into this new table whose salary is greater than $40000. Write an SQL query that would return the department name and the maximum salary of that department (of only Male employees, i.e. Female employees should not be included). Using the IN operator, write a SQL statement that would return the first name, last names and the department names of those in \'MEN CLOTHING\' or \'WOMAN CLOTHING Display only those department names, and average salaries (rounded to the nearest dollar) of only those departments whose average salaries are greater than $33000. Create a view called ernp_manager_deptname with the employee last name (upper cased), manager name (lowercased) and the department name (lowercased) of each employee. Grant only view and change rights to the columns fname, lname and ssn to everyone. Create an INDEX for the emp table called indSSN on the column ssn and salary. Drop the index and revoke the grant Assume that there exists another column in the emp table called datejoined (which contains the date when the employee joined the company). Write a SQL query that gives the first name, last name and the number of days employed in the company. Solution 1. ALTER TABLE emp ADD CHECK (sex=\'M\' OR sex=\'F\') 2.create table highpay(empid int,salary int) insert into highpay select empid,salary from emp where salary>40000 3.select d.deptname,max(salary) from emp as e,dept as d where e.deptno=d.deptno and e.sex=\'M\' group by d.deptname 4.select e.fname,e.lname,d.deptname from emp as e,dept as d where e.deptno=d.deptno and deptname IN (\'MEN CLOTHING\',\'WOMAN CLOTHING\') .

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Adding elements to an Array. Given the following simple List class that uses an array implementation, write code to add an element at the specified index. Solution //----------------------------------------------------------------- // Adds the specified Comparable element to the list, //----------------------------------------------------------------- public void add (int index,T element) { If(index < 0 || index > rear) throw new IndexOutOfBoundsException(); if (rear == list.length) expandCapacity( ); Comparable<T> temp = (Comparable<T>)element; int scan = 0; while (scan < rear && temp.compareTo(list[scan]) > 0) scan++; for (int scan2=rear; scan2 > scan; scan2--) list[scan2] = list[scan2-1] list[index] = element;//add element in speciefied index rear++; } .

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Ad by DealsFactor | Close Menlo Company Contribution Income statment Solution 1. Break Even Point: In Units: BEP = Fixed Cost / Contribution Per Unit Fixed Cost = $148,800 Contribution Per Unit = Sales - Variable Cost Contribution Per Unit = 40- 28 = $12 BEP in Units = 148,800 / 12 = 12,400 Units BEP in $ = BEP in units x Selling Price Per Unit BEP in $ = 12,400 x 40 = $496,000 2. Contribution Margin at Break Even: Contribution Margin at Break Even is equal to Total Fixed Cost = $148,800 .

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Acids Bases Taste Taste pH greater than pH less tharn Acids effect indicators (Color) 1. Acids tum blue litmus to 2. Acids turn Cabbage Extract to Bases effect indicators: 1. Bases turn red litmus to blue 2. Bases turn Cabbage Extract to_ Acids react with bases producing aand water Proton(Proton -H hydrogen Proton acceptors (Protons H hydrogen ion) ion) on concentration in Increase solution sotiion concentration in Increase solution Acids react with carbonates to produce a salt, Bases feel slippery water and CO2 Acids react with active metals to produce Write Two Examples of acids Write Two Examples of bases Solution Acid - Taste -sour Ph less than 7. acids turn blue litmus to red. Acid turn cabbiageextract to red. Acid + Base ------> salt + water Acid - proton donor increase H+ ion concentration in solution. Acid react with metal to produce Hydrogen gas. Acid example -HCl, HF, H2SO4 Bases - Bitter in taste. pH greater than 7. Bases turn cabbiageextract to the Green color. Increase OH- concentration. Two example of bases -NaOH, KOH .

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Advantages & Disadvantages of Server Applications in 150+ words Solution Advantages: 1. Updates: Updates and patches can be pushed easily on all client machine. 2. Centralized Control and Configuration: Any changes made to the system are centralized like db error or system settings. 3. Better than installing copy on every client machine. Integrity, resources and access of the data are controlled by dedicated servers. It makes difficult for an unauthorized program or person to damage the system. 4. Scalibility: We can manage and control number of clients and severs separately. 5. Back up and Recovery: As all the data is stored at one place on sever its easy to back up and recove data. 6. Accessibility: We can access the server from various platfroms. 7. Security: Servers have better control access and resources to ensure that only authorized clients can access or manipulate data and server-updates are administered effectively. 8. Performance: clients server model improves the performance of large applications in heavy usage environments by restricting the network traffic to performance tier traffic. 9. Easy maintenance: distribute the roles and responsibilities to several standalone computers, you can replace, repair, upgrade, or even move a server, while customers will not be affected by that change (or minimally affect). This independence of the changes is also known as encapsulation. Disadvantages: 1. Server Overloading: When there are a lot of simultaneous client request than server get severely overloaded. Traffic becomes congested. 2. We may need increased bandwidth for the reasom mentioned above so that our server can handle more number of requests simultaneously. .

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Do you think Facebook should operate in China even if it means complying with the restrictions there? Solution Yes, Facebook can be allowed to operate in China, by complying with the restrictions that have been suggested by the government. Facebook is a social medium that has its presence all over the world. But a few countries have still posed a ban on the website since it has lead to occurances of cyber crimes and social crimes. The best part is that it is not the only cause. China being a most populous country, it will not be able to spend a lot of work force on solving the cyber crimes or social crimes that might arise out of the intervention of social media. Hence they have a stringent policy of allowing these websites as to put it simple, it will add on the existing problems of the society. The country also feels that it will divert the attention of the student community towards socializing, Asian countries are rich for their cultural values and ethical behaviours which they have a fear of loosing if they allow the social media to venture into their country. So it is always better to stick to the local government and comply the restrictions is order to atleast venture first, and conquer later. .

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