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1. Investigating and Explaining of different lighting equipment
Portable lighting equipment
Redheads
The power which is supplied to the
redhead, which comes from the mains
supply, is between 650w – 1000w.
However the majority of redheads
operate at 800w. For larger area the
redhead comes in handy as the redhead
can be used as a floodlight. The redhead
is also useful as fills and backlight.
Prices vary dramatically from £125 to £200 for a single
light. Prices will increase for a kit (multiple lights). These
are sold by manufactures such as Arri, Ianiro and Shand.
A disadvantage of redheads is that they are difficult to
control.
An example is the Arrilite 800w open-face focusing
tungsten floodlight. The control at the back of the light
controls the beam focus and the reflectors can be adjusted
to shape the light beam. It is advised to not to move the
lamp as keeping the lamp still will extend the life of the
equipment. Redheads are used in sports and productions.

2. Blondes
Blondes operate at 2000w and are open
faced with four reflectors. They are found
in studios and tend to get very hot in use,
this can affect the working environment
such as the time before the actor/actress
needs to take a break as they would get over
heated by the light shining on them. The blonde also can be
uncontrollable as it can be tricky to shape the light exactly
how you want it. However, the blonde can be very useful at
producing a lot of light.
The cost per light varies from £225 - £400. Manufactures
include Arri and Ianiro.
Practicals
Practical light sources includes a street lamp and even a TV
screen. When using practical lighting on set you must make
sure that it does not come into contact with any other light
sources. The wattage of practical sources will affect the
exposure. You can use a dimmer to resolve this but this will
change the colour of the light itself.
You are able to alter the effects to enhance the scene the
manipulation on practical lighting is easier than with the
lighting previously talked about.

3. Reflector boards
Reflector boards are a flat reflective
board used to bounce light. They can
be flexible to reflect light in other
directions. They can also be used to
control shadows.
Reflector boards can come in three
colours white, silver or gold. White
boards help create natural light, they
are versatile and helps create fill light. The silver boards
give a saturated and wet look on and object. The silver
boards also add contrast. The gold boards change the
temperature, this is best used to enhance shin tones for
beauty magazines or photo shoots. They don’t look well
during the middle of the day.
The boards keep a natural looking effect whilst saving the
transportation of heavy equipment and can be used for key
and fill light.
The prices vary from £20 for basic use to up to £800 for
professional usage.
Scrim/diffuser
A scrim modifies lighting this is done by fine wire meshes
being placed in front of the light. There is half a graduated
scrims. A half scrim reduces light on a section of a scene, a
graduated one vanes the light.

4. These can be used outside to reduce/soften outdoor light.
This allows you to film at midday. They can also be used
indoors in theatres to create a silhouette effect.
These prices vary form £25 - £150
Studio lighting
Spotlighting
When spotlighting the
operator would track the
actor with a beam of light.
This is most commonly
used in concerts, musicals
and large scale
presentations. The spotlights can be arranged in different
ways and in different positions. Different venues will have
different layouts.
Spotlights are very intense and need a supply of 1600w -
3000w. They have a manually focused lens and are get very
hot. The spotlights come with different colour overlays.
The main manufacturer is Supper Trouper they sell their
spotlights for £12,000.

5. Floods
Flood lights are highly intense lights that are most
commonly used in sport. The lights cover a huge area.
Floodlights allow matches to be played outside daylight
hours.
They are usually made out of metal with a halide lamp which
produce a bright white light using 75watts-100watts. There
is also LED floodlights which are brighter and use less
power.
Using flood lights in football costs roughly £205 per game!
At certain levels it is compulsory to have flood lights at a
ground, normally there is two floodlights per each mast.
Flood lights range from £35,000 to £50,000.
Gobos
A gobo controls the shape of light that is emitted from the
lamp. A template is placed in the way of the light beam, the
template is either a pattern or an object.
They are most commonly used in theatrical performances to
create floor patterns and moving objects but can be used at
global events to display companies’ logos.

6. Gobo can be made of metal to become sturdier or
glass/plastic for a less opaque and to allow the presence of
colour. Gobos vary around £15 depending on the effect they
may be cheaper or more expensive.
Tungsten and Halogen lights
A lamp that uses a tungsten filament. This is also known as a
‘hot lights’. These are lights with the same characteristics
as a desk lamp in a house, but usually a lot bigger. The
biggest one in the film market is 20000 watts. This light is
huge, but most portable solutions for mobile crews are no
bigger than 2000 watts and with today's modern cameras a
1000-watt unit would be as powerful as you would want to
go.
The colour temperature of these lamps is around 3200
kelvin.
Advantages Disadvantages
Cheap and uncomplicated
Directly plug into mains supply
Comes in different designs to
overcome other disadvantages
such as the Dedolight
Hot to work with
Blubs short life an expensive
Least efficient technology in
today’s market.
75% turned into heat so 25%
efficient

7. Dedolights
This lights were invented by a
German. They are very versatile
and controllable and can run off
12v. The Dedolight has a spot to
flood ratio of 1:20. A 150 watt
Dedolight will produce the same light output of a 500 watt
fresnel on flood mode. When positioned on the spot the
light can be thrown 100 feet. The Dedolight comes with a
projector attachment that uses Gobos to throw different
effects such as background patterns. This light isn’t cheap
at around £200
LED lights
LED lights have many advantages
such as lightweight, cold running,
low power consumption and are
95% efficient. Although LEDs
are new to the media world they
are being used more and more in
the world of TV and video productions. Cost £15.98.
Advantages Disadvantages
No health and safety issues
Low power consumption so can
run on a battery all day
Light and compact
Save you money long term
The throw of is smaller
Colour balance can be vague
with cheaper brands.
Expensive

8. Quality and Positioning
Hard lighting
Hard lighting such
as redheads are
able to throw light
further, create
hard shadows and
3D illusions as well
as better defining
an object.
However, the harsh and dense shadows hard lighting
creates won’t always look good. The lighting must be
controlled and used carefully for the best looking shadows.
This is commonly used in sport and concerts.
Soft lighting
Soft light creates shadows that you can’t really see. Soft
lighting tends ‘wrap’ around and object and therefore not
create a visible shadow. The softness of a light source can
also be determined by the angle between the lit up object
and the length of the light source.
This is an example of soft
lighting used in film. We
can tell that there I soft
lighting as the shadow is
not clear.

9. Key lighting
The key light is the most important type of light that a
photographer or cinematographer can use. The purpose of
key lighting is to highlight the formation and dimensions of
the object. The key light can be hard or soft and can be
placed at different angles.
When key lighting is used in three point lighting the key
lighting is placed 30 - 60 degrees horizontally and commonly
30 degrees vertically.
Fill lighting
Fill lighting is lighting that is used to fill in areas of
darkness left uncovered by the key lighting. Fill lighting
tends not to create other shadows of its own.
Back lighting
Back lighting is used to light up the actor from the back of
a theatre.
The back light is sometimes called hair or shoulder light.
This is because when lighting up an actor or an actress,
backlighting makes the edges the subject's hair glow if the
hair is fuzzy.
This can create an angelic halo type effect around the head.
Filmmakers sometimes use this to show that the actor is
good or pure

10. Lighting up a scene
Using just a key light results in a high-contrasted scene,
especially if the background is not lit up. A fill light will
decrease the contrast and add more details to the dark
areas of an image or stage. An alternative to the fill light is
to reflect existing light or to light up other objects or
people in the scene
In addition to a key light, a back light may be added to
separate the actor from the background. When the subject
and/or camera are moving or turning around, the key light
and back light may change roles.
Directional lighting
Directional lighting is rather self-explanatory. Its light that
can be directed such as desk lamps of spotlights.
Use directional lighting to:
 Make a task easier.
 Shine light on the job, for instance tills, checkout areas
and other point of sale areas.
 Highlight special offers.
 Draw people to brightly lit areas.
 Create an atmosphere.
 Light internal and external architectural features.

11. Temperature
A more technical definition gives
numerical values to the colour
emitted by a light source, this is
measured in degrees of Kelvin. The
Kelvin Colour Temperature scale
gives the idea of an object which is
being heated. At some point the
object will get hot enough to begin to
glow. As it gets hotter its glowing
colour will shift, moving from deep
reds to oranges & yellows, all the way
up to white hot. Light sources that
glow this way are called
"incandescent radiators" and the
advantage to them is that they have
a continuous spectrum.
This means that they radiate light energy at all wavelengths of their
spectrum, therefore rendering all the colours of a scene being lit by
them, equally. Only light from sources functioning this way can meet
the truest definition of colour temperature.