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Criminology CHAPTER Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger THIRD EDITION Crimes Against Persons— What We Fear 9 Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives • Describe the major national crime- data-gathering programs and explain the differences between them. • Summarize various types and patterns of murder • Provide a closer look at the crime of murder. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objective • Define serial murder and list the different types of serial killers. • Explain how mass murder differs from serial murder and list the different types of mass murderers. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives • Show how definitions of rape differ and describe the various perspectives that have been offered to explain the crime of rape. • Summarize the various types and patterns of rape and violence against women. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives • Describe the types and patterns of child physical and sexual abuse. • Describe the crime of robbery. • Compare the different types of assault. • Describe other violent crimes, including hate crimes, workplace violence, and stalking. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.1 Describe the major national crime-data- gathering programs and explain the differences between them. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Crime Data Programs • Bureau of Justice conducts the annual National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). • FBI publishes yearly data under summary based Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program and more detailed National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Crime Data Programs • Each program uses their own definition of what is scored as a crime. • None of the definitions used by the reporting agencies is strictly based on federal or state statutory crime classifications. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.2 Summarize the various types and patterns of murder. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 9-1 Violent Crimes and Their Definitions. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigatio.

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Criminology CHAPTER Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger THIRD EDITION Crimes Against Persons— What We Fear 9 Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives • Describe the major national crime- data-gathering programs and explain the differences between them. • Summarize various types and patterns
of murder • Provide a closer look at the crime of murder. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objective • Define serial murder and list the different types of serial killers. • Explain how mass murder differs from serial murder and list the different types of mass murderers. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives
• Show how definitions of rape differ and describe the various perspectives that have been offered to explain the crime of rape. • Summarize the various types and patterns of rape and violence against women. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives • Describe the types and patterns of child physical and sexual abuse. • Describe the crime of robbery. • Compare the different types of assault. • Describe other violent crimes, including hate crimes, workplace violence, and stalking. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.1 Describe the major national crime-data- gathering programs and explain the differences between them. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Crime Data Programs • Bureau of Justice conducts the annual National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). • FBI publishes yearly data under summary based Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program and more detailed National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Crime Data Programs • Each program uses their own definition of what is scored as a crime. • None of the definitions used by the reporting agencies is strictly based on federal or state statutory crime classifications. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.2 Summarize the various types and patterns of murder. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 9-1 Violent Crimes and Their Definitions. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime
Reporting Program. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Murder Homicide vs. Murder • Homicide is the willful killing of one human being by another. • Murder is an unlawful homicide. • Criminal homicide is the causing of the death of another person without legal justification or excuse. Types and Patterns of Murder Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
Types and Patterns of Murder • Types of murder -degree murder -degree murder Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Murder • Felony Murder an offender who commits a crime during which someone dies can be found guilty of first-degree murder even though the person committing the crime had no intention of killing anyone Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e
Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Murder • Distinctive patterns of homicide can be identified by: ographic region. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Murder • Distinctive patterns of homicide can be identified by: lity of weapons and weapons used, -offender relationship.
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Murder • The Subculture of Violence Thesis used to explain the similarity between homicide victims and offenders • African Americans are disproportionately represented in the homicide statistics as both victims and offenders. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.3 Provide a closer look at the crime of murder.
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Murder • Marvin Wolfgang study (1958) family members. both offenders and victims within this category. lled by friends and strangers than by family. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Murder • Sibling Offense • Incident may be a crime, such as robbery, or another incident, such as a
lover's quarrel. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Murder • Victim Precipitation e criminal event, especially those that led to its initiation • The thrust of the concept is not to blame the victim for the event, but to examine individual and situational factors that may have contributed to and initiated the crime. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Murder Instrumentality vs. Availability
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.4 Define serial murder and list the different types of serial killers. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Serial Murder • A criminal homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate incidents Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Serial Murder
• Types of serial killers rs Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.5 Explain how mass murder differs from serial murder and list the different types of mass murderers. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Mass Murder and Serial Murder
• Mass Murder ore individuals in a single event or during a short period of time • Mass murderers tend to surprise their victims because they often attack in everyday locales that are considered safe and because they erupt spontaneously. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Mass Murder and Serial Murder • Typology of Mass Murder Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Mass Murder and Serial Murder • Unlike serial murders, mass murderers are usually easy to apprehend. • Mass murderers rarely leave the scene of their crime either because they commit suicide or stay long enough to be detected. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.6 Show how definitions of rape differ and describe the various perspectives that have been offered to explain the crime of rape. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
Rape • The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Forcible Rape forcibly and against their will Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • The risk of sexual assault victimization for both females and males varies
greatly by age. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 9-7 Sexual Assault Victimization Rates by Age and Sex. Source: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report (Washington, DC: OJJDP, 2006), p. 31. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Theoretical Perspectives on Rape
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Feminist Perspective on Rape construct, rather than as a biological given. domination in which the tool used to subordinate is sexual. to the power dynamics that occur in rapes. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • The Psychopathological Perspective on Rape
• Rape is the result of idiosyncratic mental disease. • Rape often includes an uncontrollable sexual impulse. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Power Rape to harm the victim Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape
• Anger Rape victim lly impulsive Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Sadistic Rape anger motives Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
Rape • The Evolutionary/Biological Perspective on Rape that are conducive to rape Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Sexual Selection appear to survive not because they are related to survival, but because they increase the attraction of mates or the defense against competition over mates Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape
• Common law definition of rape knowledge of a woman, not one's wife, by force or against her will • This definition was used until the 1970s. • The law did not recognize rape of men or rape within marriage. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Rape Shield Laws victims by ensuring that defendants did not introduce irrelevant facts about the victim's sexual past into evidence Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.7
Summarize the various types and patterns of rape and violence against women. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Rape and Violence Against Women • Acquaintance Rape although not necessarily intimate or familial, relationship between the victim and the perpetrator • The vast majority of rapes occur when the victim and the offender have some prior relationship. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
Types and Patterns of Rape and Violence Against Women • Spousal Rape woman by her husband. • Not illegal in any state until 1976 Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Rape and Violence Against Women • Four-Part Typology of Men Who Rape Their Wives are indifferent about which it is efer consensual sex but will rape when their sexual advances are refused act on their desires
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Rape and Violence Against Women • The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) of 2003 incidents of rape in prison Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.8 Describe the types and patterns of child physical and sexual abuse. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Child Physical and Sexual Abuse • Child Sexual Abuse civil offenses in which an adult engages in sexual activity with a minor, exploits a minor for purposes of sexual gratification, or exploits a minor sexually for purposes of profit Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Child Physical and Sexual Abuse • The NIJ reports that sexual offenses are more likely than other types of crime to elude the attention of the criminal justice system. Why do you think that is? Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e
Frank Schmalleger Child Physical and Sexual Abuse • Types of Child Sexual Abusers pedophiles are male. said about similarities among child sex abusers. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Child Physical and Sexual Abuse • Regressed Pedophiles vs. Fixated Pedophiles Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Child Physical and Sexual Abuse • Child Pornography
kind that depicts a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct that is obscene and that lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.9 Describe the crime of robbery. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Robbery • The taking of or attempting to take anything of value under confrontational circumstances from the control, custody, or care of another person by force or threat of force or violence and/or putting the victim in fear of immediate harm
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Robbery • Large metropolitan areas have the highest rates of robbery, while rural areas have the lowest. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Robbery • Location of Robberies Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Robbery • The weapon most often used in robbery is a firearm. handgun. homicides annually and 42% of all felony murders. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Robbery • The Motivation of Robbers there is very little planning in most robberies. • Fast cash is the direct need that robbery satisfies.
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Robbery • The Gendered Nature of Robbery robbers. • Presence of a gun was almost a constant. • Males tend to rob other men rather than women because of the perception that men carried more money. • Female robbers do not exhibit one clear style. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.10 Compare the different types of assault.
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Two Types of Assault Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Aggravated Assault another wherein the offender uses a weapon or displays it in a threatening manner, or the victim suffers obvious or severe bodily injury continued on next slide
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Aggravated Assault assault offender is: • African-American male. • 15 to 34 years old. • Lower socioeconomic status. • Prior arrest records. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • The probability of suffering a serious personal crime by strangers is low.
• The majority of assaults involve victims and offenders who are known to each other. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Intimate Partner Violence that includes sexual violence, physical abuse, and stalking committed by a current or former partner or spouse of the victim Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Intimate Partner Assault -neutral term used to characterize assaultive behavior that
takes place between individuals involved in an intimate relationship Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Separation Assault significant others who attempt to leave an intimate relationship Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Female victims experience multiple forms of interpersonal violence. • National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey found most rape and interpersonal violence incidents are first experienced before age 24.
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.11 Describe other violent crimes, including hate crimes, workplace violence, and stalking. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Workplace Violence • Workplace Violence and assault committed against persons who are at work or on duty Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Workplace Violence • Four Types of Workplace Violence • Violent acts by criminals who have no other connection with the workplace, but enter to commit robbery, acts of terrorism, or another crime continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Workplace Violence • Four Types of Workplace Violence • Violence directed at employees by customers, clients, patients, students, inmates, or any others for whom an organization provides services
• Violence against coworkers, supervisors, or managers by a present or former employee continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Workplace Violence • Four Types of Workplace Violence e 4 • Violence committed in the workplace by someone who doesn't work there, but has a personal relationship with an employee, such as an abusive spouse or domestic partner Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
Hate Crime • A criminal offense in which the motive is hatred, bias, or prejudice based on the actual or perceived race, color religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Stalking • A course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity; nonconsensual communication; verbal, written, or implied threats; or a combination thereof that would cause a reasonable person to fear Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 9-14 A Psychiatric Typology of Stalker Types.
Source: Based on “A Psychiatric Typology of Stalker Types” by Paul E. Mullen from Study of Stalkers. Copyright © 1999. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Stalking • Cyberstalking and the Internet, to harass individuals Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • The Bureau of Justice Statistics conducts the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), and Federal Bureau of Investigation publishes its summary-based Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and more detailed National Incident Based
Reporting System (NIBRS). continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • Homicide is the willful killing of one human being by another, whereas murder is an unlawful homicide. • A closer look at homicide statistics tell us about the nature of the relationship between the victim and offender, types of weapons used, and most likely time and location of occurrence. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary
• Serial murder is criminal homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate events. • Mass murder involves the killing of a number of victims at the same location and within a compressed time frame. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • Contemporary definitions of rape tend to be gender-neutral and count a variety of specific acts of sexual violence under the category of rape. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary
• Acquaintance rape is the most common scenario for pates. • Child abuse varies in terms of the age and gender of the child, kind of abuse, and who commits it. • Robbery is classified as a violent crime because it involves the treat or use of force. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • The four types of assault discussed in this chapter are aggravated assault, simple assault, intimate partner assault, and stranger assault. • Three special forms of interpersonal violence are workplace violence, hate crimes, and stalking.
Criminology CHAPTER Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger THIRD EDITION Crimes Against Property—It's What We Lose 10 Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives • Summarize the nature and pattern of property crime. • Describe the crime of burglary and various forms of burglary. • Describe the crime of larceny-theft and the various kinds of theft.
• Describe identity theft and some of the techniques used by identity thieves. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives • Describe the crime of motor vehicle theft. • Summarize the characteristics of arson. • Distinguish between persistent and professional thieves. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives
• Expound upon the three basic categories of burglars and detail the process of target selection in burglary. • Characterize burglars and their motivation. • Describe the role and various types of fences and criminal receivers. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.1 Summarize the nature and pattern of property crime. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger The Extent and Patterning of Property Crime • Both the Uniform Crime Report and the National Crime Victimization Survey
report data on property crimes. • According to the FBI, major property crimes are burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.2 Describe the crime of burglary and various forms of burglary. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Burglary • The unlawful entry into a structure of the purpose of felony commission, generally a theft Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 10-2 Types of Burglary. Source: Jennifer Hardison Walters, et al., “Household Burglary, 1994–2011” (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013). Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Burglary • Rates of burglary were generally higher for African-American households, regardless of family income level. • Most burglaries involved forcibly entry. • Most residential burglaries occur during the day, a time when residents are unlikely to be home. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e
Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 10-3 The Social Ecology of Burglary. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Burglary • Residential Burglary independent of race, the highest-income households and the lowest income households in areas both within and outside the central city had the highest victimization risk. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Burglary • Residential Burglary
such as burglary have a greater effect on the decision to move than do violent crimes. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.3 Describe the crime of larceny-theft and the various kinds of theft. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Larceny-Theft • Defined by the UCR program as the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession, or constructive possession, of another • Just about anything can be stolen.
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Larceny-Theft • Larceny is the most frequently occurring property offense according to official data compiled by the FBI and data from the NCVS. • Larceny-theft does not involve the use of force or other means of illegal entry. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 10-4 Larceny-Theft Distribution, 2012. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, 2012. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Larceny-Theft • Retail Theft other theft is committed by store employees. • Technology represents one of the best ways to address both shoplifting and employee theft. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Larceny-Theft • Who Shoplifts? -report techniques revealed almost two-thirds of the sample had shoplifted at some point in their lifetime. • Youth from lower-income households are more likely to shoplift than their higher- income counterparts. continued on next slide
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Larceny-Theft • Who Shoplifts? -report techniques revealed almost two-thirds of the sample had shoplifted at some point in their lifetime. • The relationship between social class and likelihood of shoplifting is stronger among adults. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Larceny-Theft • Flash Mobs and Larceny people brought together on a moment's notice through the use of social media
websites. • 10% of retail establishments report being victimized by multiple offenders who formed flash mobs. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.4 Describe identity theft and some of the techniques used by identity thieves. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Identity Theft • Identity Theft personal information to commit fraud • Identity theft involves obtaining credit, merchandise, or services by fraudulent
personal representation. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Identity Theft • Existing account fraud vs. new account fraud Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Identity Theft • Consumers' fears of becoming identity theft victims can also harm the digital economy. • Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act (1998) is the first federal law to make identity theft a crime.
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Identity Theft • The Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act (2004) added two years to federal prison sentences for criminals convicted of using stolen card numbers and other personal data to commit crimes. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Identity Theft • Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) definition of identity theft rized use or attempted use of existing credit cards of other existing accounts obtain new accounts
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Identity Theft • Identity Thieves: Who They Are criminal background and sometimes they have preexisting relationships with the victims. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.5 Describe the crime of motor vehicle theft. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Motor Vehicle Theft • The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle transportation, including automobiles, buses, motorcycles, and snow mobiles. • The largest percent of motor vehicle thefts were stolen from a parking lot or garage. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Motor Vehicle Theft • Theft of Car Parts sum on the illegal market and can be sold easily. • Joyriders: Car Theft for Fun to satisfy needs ranging from
excitement to personal autonomy. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.6 Summarize the characteristics of arson. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Arson • Any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another origin are not included in the FBI's arson statistics. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Arson • Fire Setters arson are juveniles. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Arson • Three general groups of juvenile fire setters fires by accident or out of curiosity may start out of curiosity, or due to an underlying psychosocial conflict a history of fire setting, usually undetected
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.7 Distinguish between persistent and professional thieves. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Persistent vs. Professional Thieves • Many thieves are persistent, but this does not make them professionals. • Professional Criminal from criminal pursuits, is recognized by other offenders as professional, and engages in offending that is planned and calculated
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Persistent vs. Professional Thieves • Persistent Thief crimes despite no better than an ordinary level of success • Occasional Offender criminal offender whose offending patters are guided primarily by opportunity Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Persistent vs. Professional Thieves • The Criminal Careers of Property Offenders through defined stages, with some type of planning or formalized logic to the
progression. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Persistent vs. Professional Thieves • The Criminal Careers of Property Offenders consists of three distinct phases: • "Break-in" Period • "Stable" Period • "Burnout" Phase Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Persistent vs. Professional Thieves • Property Offenders and Rational Choice
be used, but it is often partial or limited rationality. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.8 Expound upon the three basic categories of burglars and detail the process of target selection in burglary. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 10-8 Types of Burglars. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
Categories of Burglars • Low-level Burglars of the moment deterred from a target, and rewards are generally not significant Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Categories of Burglars • Middle-range Burglars have begun their offending in burglary as juvenile common in middle-range offenders continued on next slide
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Categories of Burglars • Middle-range Burglars both potential payoff and risk involved. -range offenders are not as easily discouraged by security devices. goods on a larger scale. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Categories of Burglars • High-level Burglars connected with reliable sources of information about targets
continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Categories of Burglars • High-level Burglars living from proceeds of their crimes, which are carefully planned. -level burglars may be known to police, but their activities remain largely concealed from detection. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Categories of Burglars • Target Selection
more likely to be burglarized than other types of establishments. burglarize occupied dwellings. eterrents to offenders. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.9 Characterize burglars and their motivation. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Motivation for Burglary • The most prevalent rationale behind the offense of residential burglary is the need for fast cash.
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Motivation for Burglary • The burglary–drug connection that includes illicit drugs, alcohol, and sexual pursuits Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Motivation for Burglary • Research shows a stronger connection between robbery-drugs than burglary- drugs. directly at any time. is more likely to net stolen goods than cash.
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.10 Describe the role and various types of fences and criminal receivers. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Fences and Criminal Receivers • In some cases, it is necessary to turn stolen goods into cash. • Receiving stolen property allows for various levels of profit by individuals and groups with varying skill levels. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e
Frank Schmalleger Fences and Criminal Receivers • Some burglars commit their offenses specifically to get something they know someone wants. • May also sell to people who are known to them or may take stolen goods to flea markets or auctions • Sell to legitimate retailers representing stolen goods as legal goods Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Fences and Criminal Receivers • Fence buying, selling, and distribution of stolen items • This is the least common method of disposing stolen goods for the majority of thieves but is the most common method used by professional thieves.
Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Fences and Criminal Receivers • Three types of criminal receivers Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • Property crimes are distinguished from violent personal crimes because they target things rather than people. The major property crimes are burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. • The crime of burglary consists of the unlawful entry into a structure for the
purpose of felony commission, generally a theft. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • Larceny is the most frequently occurring property offense. • Identity theft is a new and special kind of larceny. • Motor vehicle theft involves the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. • Arson refers to an intentionally set fire that maliciously damages property. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
Chapter Summary • Many thieves are persistent, but this does not make them professionals. • The three basic categories of burglars are low-level, middle-range, and high- level. • The most prevalent rationale behind the offense of residential burglary is the need for fast cash. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • There are three kinds of fences, or criminal receivers: professional receivers, avocational receivers, and amateur receivers.
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CriminologyCHAPTERCopyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pear.docx

  • 1. Criminology CHAPTER Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger THIRD EDITION Crimes Against Persons— What We Fear 9 Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives • Describe the major national crime- data-gathering programs and explain the differences between them. • Summarize various types and patterns
  • 2. of murder • Provide a closer look at the crime of murder. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objective • Define serial murder and list the different types of serial killers. • Explain how mass murder differs from serial murder and list the different types of mass murderers. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives
  • 3. • Show how definitions of rape differ and describe the various perspectives that have been offered to explain the crime of rape. • Summarize the various types and patterns of rape and violence against women. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives • Describe the types and patterns of child physical and sexual abuse. • Describe the crime of robbery. • Compare the different types of assault. • Describe other violent crimes, including hate crimes, workplace violence, and stalking. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 4. Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.1 Describe the major national crime-data- gathering programs and explain the differences between them. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Crime Data Programs • Bureau of Justice conducts the annual National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). • FBI publishes yearly data under summary based Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) program and more detailed National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS). Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 5. Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Crime Data Programs • Each program uses their own definition of what is scored as a crime. • None of the definitions used by the reporting agencies is strictly based on federal or state statutory crime classifications. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.2 Summarize the various types and patterns of murder. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 9-1 Violent Crimes and Their Definitions. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Uniform Crime
  • 6. Reporting Program. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Murder Homicide vs. Murder • Homicide is the willful killing of one human being by another. • Murder is an unlawful homicide. • Criminal homicide is the causing of the death of another person without legal justification or excuse. Types and Patterns of Murder Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
  • 7. Types and Patterns of Murder • Types of murder -degree murder -degree murder Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Murder • Felony Murder an offender who commits a crime during which someone dies can be found guilty of first-degree murder even though the person committing the crime had no intention of killing anyone Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e
  • 8. Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Murder • Distinctive patterns of homicide can be identified by: ographic region. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Murder • Distinctive patterns of homicide can be identified by: lity of weapons and weapons used, -offender relationship.
  • 9. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Murder • The Subculture of Violence Thesis used to explain the similarity between homicide victims and offenders • African Americans are disproportionately represented in the homicide statistics as both victims and offenders. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.3 Provide a closer look at the crime of murder.
  • 10. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Murder • Marvin Wolfgang study (1958) family members. both offenders and victims within this category. lled by friends and strangers than by family. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Murder • Sibling Offense • Incident may be a crime, such as robbery, or another incident, such as a
  • 11. lover's quarrel. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Murder • Victim Precipitation e criminal event, especially those that led to its initiation • The thrust of the concept is not to blame the victim for the event, but to examine individual and situational factors that may have contributed to and initiated the crime. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Murder Instrumentality vs. Availability
  • 12. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.4 Define serial murder and list the different types of serial killers. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Serial Murder • A criminal homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate incidents Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Serial Murder
  • 13. • Types of serial killers rs Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.5 Explain how mass murder differs from serial murder and list the different types of mass murderers. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Mass Murder and Serial Murder
  • 14. • Mass Murder ore individuals in a single event or during a short period of time • Mass murderers tend to surprise their victims because they often attack in everyday locales that are considered safe and because they erupt spontaneously. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Mass Murder and Serial Murder • Typology of Mass Murder Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 15. Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Mass Murder and Serial Murder • Unlike serial murders, mass murderers are usually easy to apprehend. • Mass murderers rarely leave the scene of their crime either because they commit suicide or stay long enough to be detected. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.6 Show how definitions of rape differ and describe the various perspectives that have been offered to explain the crime of rape. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
  • 16. Rape • The penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Forcible Rape forcibly and against their will Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • The risk of sexual assault victimization for both females and males varies
  • 17. greatly by age. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 9-7 Sexual Assault Victimization Rates by Age and Sex. Source: Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, Juvenile Offenders and Victims: 2006 National Report (Washington, DC: OJJDP, 2006), p. 31. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Theoretical Perspectives on Rape
  • 18. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Feminist Perspective on Rape construct, rather than as a biological given. domination in which the tool used to subordinate is sexual. to the power dynamics that occur in rapes. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • The Psychopathological Perspective on Rape
  • 19. • Rape is the result of idiosyncratic mental disease. • Rape often includes an uncontrollable sexual impulse. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Power Rape to harm the victim Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape
  • 20. • Anger Rape victim lly impulsive Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Sadistic Rape anger motives Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
  • 21. Rape • The Evolutionary/Biological Perspective on Rape that are conducive to rape Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Sexual Selection appear to survive not because they are related to survival, but because they increase the attraction of mates or the defense against competition over mates Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape
  • 22. • Common law definition of rape knowledge of a woman, not one's wife, by force or against her will • This definition was used until the 1970s. • The law did not recognize rape of men or rape within marriage. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Rape • Rape Shield Laws victims by ensuring that defendants did not introduce irrelevant facts about the victim's sexual past into evidence Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.7
  • 23. Summarize the various types and patterns of rape and violence against women. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Rape and Violence Against Women • Acquaintance Rape although not necessarily intimate or familial, relationship between the victim and the perpetrator • The vast majority of rapes occur when the victim and the offender have some prior relationship. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
  • 24. Types and Patterns of Rape and Violence Against Women • Spousal Rape woman by her husband. • Not illegal in any state until 1976 Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Rape and Violence Against Women • Four-Part Typology of Men Who Rape Their Wives are indifferent about which it is efer consensual sex but will rape when their sexual advances are refused act on their desires
  • 25. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Types and Patterns of Rape and Violence Against Women • The Prison Rape Elimination Act (PREA) of 2003 incidents of rape in prison Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.8 Describe the types and patterns of child physical and sexual abuse. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 26. Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Child Physical and Sexual Abuse • Child Sexual Abuse civil offenses in which an adult engages in sexual activity with a minor, exploits a minor for purposes of sexual gratification, or exploits a minor sexually for purposes of profit Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Child Physical and Sexual Abuse • The NIJ reports that sexual offenses are more likely than other types of crime to elude the attention of the criminal justice system. Why do you think that is? Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e
  • 27. Frank Schmalleger Child Physical and Sexual Abuse • Types of Child Sexual Abusers pedophiles are male. said about similarities among child sex abusers. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Child Physical and Sexual Abuse • Regressed Pedophiles vs. Fixated Pedophiles Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Child Physical and Sexual Abuse • Child Pornography
  • 28. kind that depicts a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct that is obscene and that lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.9 Describe the crime of robbery. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Robbery • The taking of or attempting to take anything of value under confrontational circumstances from the control, custody, or care of another person by force or threat of force or violence and/or putting the victim in fear of immediate harm
  • 29. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Robbery • Large metropolitan areas have the highest rates of robbery, while rural areas have the lowest. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Robbery • Location of Robberies Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 30. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Robbery • The weapon most often used in robbery is a firearm. handgun. homicides annually and 42% of all felony murders. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Robbery • The Motivation of Robbers there is very little planning in most robberies. • Fast cash is the direct need that robbery satisfies.
  • 31. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Robbery • The Gendered Nature of Robbery robbers. • Presence of a gun was almost a constant. • Males tend to rob other men rather than women because of the perception that men carried more money. • Female robbers do not exhibit one clear style. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.10 Compare the different types of assault.
  • 32. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Two Types of Assault Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Aggravated Assault another wherein the offender uses a weapon or displays it in a threatening manner, or the victim suffers obvious or severe bodily injury continued on next slide
  • 33. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Aggravated Assault assault offender is: • African-American male. • 15 to 34 years old. • Lower socioeconomic status. • Prior arrest records. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • The probability of suffering a serious personal crime by strangers is low.
  • 34. • The majority of assaults involve victims and offenders who are known to each other. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Intimate Partner Violence that includes sexual violence, physical abuse, and stalking committed by a current or former partner or spouse of the victim Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Intimate Partner Assault -neutral term used to characterize assaultive behavior that
  • 35. takes place between individuals involved in an intimate relationship Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Separation Assault significant others who attempt to leave an intimate relationship Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Assault • Female victims experience multiple forms of interpersonal violence. • National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey found most rape and interpersonal violence incidents are first experienced before age 24.
  • 36. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 9.11 Describe other violent crimes, including hate crimes, workplace violence, and stalking. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Workplace Violence • Workplace Violence and assault committed against persons who are at work or on duty Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 37. Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Workplace Violence • Four Types of Workplace Violence • Violent acts by criminals who have no other connection with the workplace, but enter to commit robbery, acts of terrorism, or another crime continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Workplace Violence • Four Types of Workplace Violence • Violence directed at employees by customers, clients, patients, students, inmates, or any others for whom an organization provides services
  • 38. • Violence against coworkers, supervisors, or managers by a present or former employee continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Workplace Violence • Four Types of Workplace Violence e 4 • Violence committed in the workplace by someone who doesn't work there, but has a personal relationship with an employee, such as an abusive spouse or domestic partner Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
  • 39. Hate Crime • A criminal offense in which the motive is hatred, bias, or prejudice based on the actual or perceived race, color religion, national origin, ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Stalking • A course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity; nonconsensual communication; verbal, written, or implied threats; or a combination thereof that would cause a reasonable person to fear Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 9-14 A Psychiatric Typology of Stalker Types.
  • 40. Source: Based on “A Psychiatric Typology of Stalker Types” by Paul E. Mullen from Study of Stalkers. Copyright © 1999. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Stalking • Cyberstalking and the Internet, to harass individuals Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • The Bureau of Justice Statistics conducts the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), and Federal Bureau of Investigation publishes its summary-based Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) and more detailed National Incident Based
  • 41. Reporting System (NIBRS). continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • Homicide is the willful killing of one human being by another, whereas murder is an unlawful homicide. • A closer look at homicide statistics tell us about the nature of the relationship between the victim and offender, types of weapons used, and most likely time and location of occurrence. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary
  • 42. • Serial murder is criminal homicide that involves the killing of several victims in three or more separate events. • Mass murder involves the killing of a number of victims at the same location and within a compressed time frame. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • Contemporary definitions of rape tend to be gender-neutral and count a variety of specific acts of sexual violence under the category of rape. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary
  • 43. • Acquaintance rape is the most common scenario for pates. • Child abuse varies in terms of the age and gender of the child, kind of abuse, and who commits it. • Robbery is classified as a violent crime because it involves the treat or use of force. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • The four types of assault discussed in this chapter are aggravated assault, simple assault, intimate partner assault, and stranger assault. • Three special forms of interpersonal violence are workplace violence, hate crimes, and stalking.
  • 44. Criminology CHAPTER Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger THIRD EDITION Crimes Against Property—It's What We Lose 10 Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives • Summarize the nature and pattern of property crime. • Describe the crime of burglary and various forms of burglary. • Describe the crime of larceny-theft and the various kinds of theft.
  • 45. • Describe identity theft and some of the techniques used by identity thieves. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives • Describe the crime of motor vehicle theft. • Summarize the characteristics of arson. • Distinguish between persistent and professional thieves. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Objectives
  • 46. • Expound upon the three basic categories of burglars and detail the process of target selection in burglary. • Characterize burglars and their motivation. • Describe the role and various types of fences and criminal receivers. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.1 Summarize the nature and pattern of property crime. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger The Extent and Patterning of Property Crime • Both the Uniform Crime Report and the National Crime Victimization Survey
  • 47. report data on property crimes. • According to the FBI, major property crimes are burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.2 Describe the crime of burglary and various forms of burglary. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Burglary • The unlawful entry into a structure of the purpose of felony commission, generally a theft Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 48. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 10-2 Types of Burglary. Source: Jennifer Hardison Walters, et al., “Household Burglary, 1994–2011” (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2013). Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Burglary • Rates of burglary were generally higher for African-American households, regardless of family income level. • Most burglaries involved forcibly entry. • Most residential burglaries occur during the day, a time when residents are unlikely to be home. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e
  • 49. Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 10-3 The Social Ecology of Burglary. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Burglary • Residential Burglary independent of race, the highest-income households and the lowest income households in areas both within and outside the central city had the highest victimization risk. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Burglary • Residential Burglary
  • 50. such as burglary have a greater effect on the decision to move than do violent crimes. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.3 Describe the crime of larceny-theft and the various kinds of theft. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Larceny-Theft • Defined by the UCR program as the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession, or constructive possession, of another • Just about anything can be stolen.
  • 51. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Larceny-Theft • Larceny is the most frequently occurring property offense according to official data compiled by the FBI and data from the NCVS. • Larceny-theft does not involve the use of force or other means of illegal entry. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 10-4 Larceny-Theft Distribution, 2012. Source: Federal Bureau of Investigation, Crime in the United States, 2012. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 52. Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Larceny-Theft • Retail Theft other theft is committed by store employees. • Technology represents one of the best ways to address both shoplifting and employee theft. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Larceny-Theft • Who Shoplifts? -report techniques revealed almost two-thirds of the sample had shoplifted at some point in their lifetime. • Youth from lower-income households are more likely to shoplift than their higher- income counterparts. continued on next slide
  • 53. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Larceny-Theft • Who Shoplifts? -report techniques revealed almost two-thirds of the sample had shoplifted at some point in their lifetime. • The relationship between social class and likelihood of shoplifting is stronger among adults. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Larceny-Theft • Flash Mobs and Larceny people brought together on a moment's notice through the use of social media
  • 54. websites. • 10% of retail establishments report being victimized by multiple offenders who formed flash mobs. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.4 Describe identity theft and some of the techniques used by identity thieves. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Identity Theft • Identity Theft personal information to commit fraud • Identity theft involves obtaining credit, merchandise, or services by fraudulent
  • 55. personal representation. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Identity Theft • Existing account fraud vs. new account fraud Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Identity Theft • Consumers' fears of becoming identity theft victims can also harm the digital economy. • Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act (1998) is the first federal law to make identity theft a crime.
  • 56. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Identity Theft • The Identity Theft Penalty Enhancement Act (2004) added two years to federal prison sentences for criminals convicted of using stolen card numbers and other personal data to commit crimes. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Identity Theft • Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) definition of identity theft rized use or attempted use of existing credit cards of other existing accounts obtain new accounts
  • 57. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Identity Theft • Identity Thieves: Who They Are criminal background and sometimes they have preexisting relationships with the victims. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.5 Describe the crime of motor vehicle theft. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
  • 58. Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Motor Vehicle Theft • The theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle transportation, including automobiles, buses, motorcycles, and snow mobiles. • The largest percent of motor vehicle thefts were stolen from a parking lot or garage. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Motor Vehicle Theft • Theft of Car Parts sum on the illegal market and can be sold easily. • Joyriders: Car Theft for Fun to satisfy needs ranging from
  • 59. excitement to personal autonomy. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.6 Summarize the characteristics of arson. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Arson • Any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn a dwelling house, public building, motor vehicle or aircraft, personal property of another origin are not included in the FBI's arson statistics. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 60. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Arson • Fire Setters arson are juveniles. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Arson • Three general groups of juvenile fire setters fires by accident or out of curiosity may start out of curiosity, or due to an underlying psychosocial conflict a history of fire setting, usually undetected
  • 61. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.7 Distinguish between persistent and professional thieves. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Persistent vs. Professional Thieves • Many thieves are persistent, but this does not make them professionals. • Professional Criminal from criminal pursuits, is recognized by other offenders as professional, and engages in offending that is planned and calculated
  • 62. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Persistent vs. Professional Thieves • Persistent Thief crimes despite no better than an ordinary level of success • Occasional Offender criminal offender whose offending patters are guided primarily by opportunity Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Persistent vs. Professional Thieves • The Criminal Careers of Property Offenders through defined stages, with some type of planning or formalized logic to the
  • 63. progression. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Persistent vs. Professional Thieves • The Criminal Careers of Property Offenders consists of three distinct phases: • "Break-in" Period • "Stable" Period • "Burnout" Phase Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Persistent vs. Professional Thieves • Property Offenders and Rational Choice
  • 64. be used, but it is often partial or limited rationality. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.8 Expound upon the three basic categories of burglars and detail the process of target selection in burglary. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger FIGURE 10-8 Types of Burglars. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
  • 65. Categories of Burglars • Low-level Burglars of the moment deterred from a target, and rewards are generally not significant Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Categories of Burglars • Middle-range Burglars have begun their offending in burglary as juvenile common in middle-range offenders continued on next slide
  • 66. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Categories of Burglars • Middle-range Burglars both potential payoff and risk involved. -range offenders are not as easily discouraged by security devices. goods on a larger scale. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Categories of Burglars • High-level Burglars connected with reliable sources of information about targets
  • 67. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Categories of Burglars • High-level Burglars living from proceeds of their crimes, which are carefully planned. -level burglars may be known to police, but their activities remain largely concealed from detection. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Categories of Burglars • Target Selection
  • 68. more likely to be burglarized than other types of establishments. burglarize occupied dwellings. eterrents to offenders. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.9 Characterize burglars and their motivation. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Motivation for Burglary • The most prevalent rationale behind the offense of residential burglary is the need for fast cash.
  • 69. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Motivation for Burglary • The burglary–drug connection that includes illicit drugs, alcohol, and sexual pursuits Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Motivation for Burglary • Research shows a stronger connection between robbery-drugs than burglary- drugs. directly at any time. is more likely to net stolen goods than cash.
  • 70. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Learning Objective 10.10 Describe the role and various types of fences and criminal receivers. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Fences and Criminal Receivers • In some cases, it is necessary to turn stolen goods into cash. • Receiving stolen property allows for various levels of profit by individuals and groups with varying skill levels. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e
  • 71. Frank Schmalleger Fences and Criminal Receivers • Some burglars commit their offenses specifically to get something they know someone wants. • May also sell to people who are known to them or may take stolen goods to flea markets or auctions • Sell to legitimate retailers representing stolen goods as legal goods Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Fences and Criminal Receivers • Fence buying, selling, and distribution of stolen items • This is the least common method of disposing stolen goods for the majority of thieves but is the most common method used by professional thieves.
  • 72. Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Fences and Criminal Receivers • Three types of criminal receivers Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • Property crimes are distinguished from violent personal crimes because they target things rather than people. The major property crimes are burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson. • The crime of burglary consists of the unlawful entry into a structure for the
  • 73. purpose of felony commission, generally a theft. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • Larceny is the most frequently occurring property offense. • Identity theft is a new and special kind of larceny. • Motor vehicle theft involves the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. • Arson refers to an intentionally set fire that maliciously damages property. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger
  • 74. Chapter Summary • Many thieves are persistent, but this does not make them professionals. • The three basic categories of burglars are low-level, middle-range, and high- level. • The most prevalent rationale behind the offense of residential burglary is the need for fast cash. continued on next slide Copyright © 2016, 2014, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved Criminology, 3e Frank Schmalleger Chapter Summary • There are three kinds of fences, or criminal receivers: professional receivers, avocational receivers, and amateur receivers.