Respond to... Locate an example of a research study that uses statistical tests. List the statistical tests that are used, and explain what each one allows the researchers to accomplish and/or conclude in the study. This research study hypothesizes that there are gender differences in depression in patients hospitalized for Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) (Frazier, L., Yu, E., Sanner, J., & et al., 2012). “This was a cross-sectional observational study with a convenience sample of 789 adults (248 females and 541 males) hospitalized for ACS. The study included all participants meeting the inclusion criteria of a larger study looking at the interactions of genetics and depression on ACS outcomes. The overall rate for males versus females was consistent with the gender ratio for ACS admitted to the facility. Participants were recruited during hospital admission for ACS and were screened for self-reported depressive symptoms, by trained research nurses, using the BDI­II. Depression was defined as a BDI­II score of ≥14 indicating at least moderate symptoms of depression (Frazier, L., Yu, E., Sanner, J., & et al., 2012).” The depression was rated the same and defined what the scores mean to keep the study consistent. “Pearson chi­square tests for independence (categorical variables) ort­tests for independent samples (continuous variables) were used to examine differences in demographic characteristics between males and females. Comparisons of depression ordinal scores and symptoms by gender were conducted with Wilcoxon rank sum and Pearson chi­square tests for independence, respectively. Degrees of freedom for the Pearson chi­square test was defined as follows: (r­1) x (c­1), where= the number of rows and c= the number of columns. The significance level was set at P < 0.05. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.2 statistical software (Frazier, L., Yu, E., Sanner, J., & et al., 2012).” The chi­square was used for testing the relationships between the variables. The t­tests were used to determine if there is a significant difference between the two groups. In this study, the chi­square test and t­tests were used for the demographic characteristics of males and females. “The prevalence of depression in this study was significantly higher in the females (35%) than males (22%) (BDI­II scores ≥ 14). Of the 21 depressive symptoms evaluated by the BDI­II, 19 depressive symptoms were reported more frequently by females; 7 out of the 19 symptoms reaching statistical significance (P < 0.05).” The research study used tables to show the comparisons. The results also found similar patterns in the depressive symptoms from the research study and some depressive symptoms were discovered as the cause of the ACS event. The results proved that the hypothesis was correct in the gender differences in depression with patients in the hospital for ACS. The somatic symptoms are indicators of depression among the ACS patients, especially for the females. The ability to diagnose an.

1. Respond to...
Locate an example of a research study that uses statistical tests.
List the statistical tests that are used, and explain what each one
allows the researchers to accomplish and/or conclude in the
study.
This research study hypothesizes that there are gender
differences in depression in patients hospitalized for Acute
Coronary Syndrome (ACS) (Frazier, L., Yu, E., Sanner, J., & et
al., 2012). “This was a cross-sectional observational study with
a convenience sample of 789 adults (248 females and 541
males) hospitalized for ACS. The study included all participants
meeting the inclusion criteria of a larger study looking at the
interactions of genetics and depression on ACS outcomes. The
overall rate for males versus females was consistent with the
gender ratio for ACS admitted to the facility. Participants were
recruited during hospital admission for ACS and were screened
for self-reported depressive symptoms, by trained research
nurses, using the BDI-II. Depression was defined as a BDI-II
score of ≥14 indicating at least moderate symptoms of
depression (Frazier, L., Yu, E., Sanner, J., & et al., 2012).” The
depression was rated the same and defined what the scores mean
to keep the study consistent. “Pearson chi­square tests for
independence (categorical variables) ort-tests for independent
samples (continuous variables) were used to examine
differences in demographic characteristics between males and
females. Comparisons of depression ordinal scores and
symptoms by gender were conducted with Wilcoxon rank sum
and Pearson chi-square tests for independence, respectively.
Degrees of freedom for the Pearson chi-square test was defined
as follows: (r-1) x (c-1), where= the number of rows and c= the
number of columns. The significance level was set at P < 0.05.
Data were analyzed using SAS 9.2 statistical software (Frazier,

2. L., Yu, E., Sanner, J., & et al., 2012).” The chi­square was used
for testing the relationships between the variables. The t-tests
were used to determine if there is a significant difference
between the two groups. In this study, the chi-square test and
t-tests were used for the demographic characteristics of males
and females. “The prevalence of depression in this study was
significantly higher in the females (35%) than males (22%)
(BDI­II scores ≥ 14). Of the 21 depressive symptoms evaluated
by the BDI-II, 19 depressive symptoms were reported more
frequently by females; 7 out of the 19 symptoms reaching
statistical significance (P < 0.05).” The research study used
tables to show the comparisons. The results also found similar
patterns in the depressive symptoms from the research study and
some depressive symptoms were discovered as the cause of the
ACS event. The results proved that the hypothesis was correct
in the gender differences in depression with patients in the
hospital for ACS. The somatic symptoms are indicators of
depression among the ACS patients, especially for the females.
The ability to diagnose and test depression in these patients is
an important intervention to decrease subsequent ACS events
for these patients. The research study did say that there would
need to be more future tests needed to identify the biological
and psychological mechanisms to explain the reason for the
gender differences (Frazier, L., Yu, E., Sanner, J., & et al,
2012).
References
Lorraine Frazier, Erica Yu, Jennifer Sanner. (2012). et al.,
“Gender Differences in Self-Reported Symptoms of Depression
among Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome,”Nursing
Research and Practice, vol. 2012, Article ID 109251, 5 pages,
2012.https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/109251

3. Respond to...
Research paper has been analyzed in order to study statistical
techniques that have been used for carrying out analysis. Topic
of the research is on how training carries impact on
performance of employees working in the telecommunication
sector (Iqbal, Ahmad & Javaid, 2014). Main statistical tools that
were utilized in the research included SPSS and ANOVA. SPSS
is a powerful tool which helps understand relation that is
present between different variables in the study. Different
approaches are present to regression analysis but core purpose
is to establish relationship between variables. It can be seen in
the research paper being analyzed that SPSS aims to establish
relation between variables such as training, salary, involvement
and performance. This makes it easier to understand which
variable carries the least impact and most impact. It was found
in the research that more emphasis should be put on education
of employees through which long term improvement can be
obtained in performance of employees. ANOVA test is a tool
applied to determine if mean of two or more groups are
significantly different from each other or not. Impact is found
out by comparing means of different samples. ANOVA table has
been used in almost all relations being analyzed between
variables where it tells whether relation holds true or not. This
tells how much valid one calculation is and whether it can be
applied in the general or not.
References
Iqbal, N., Ahmad, N., & Javaid, K. (2014). Impact of Training
on Employee Performance in the context of Telecommunication
sector of DG Khan,(Pakistan). International letters of social and
humanistic sciences, 17, 60-73.