Definition , HIstory , Evolution , Working Principle , Types of Ice Making Machines etc

1. ICE MAKING AND
COLD STORAGE
Performed By:
Group H
• Mirza Zaki Baig (1708-2017)
• Sheheryar Mirza (1708-2017)
• Muhammad Haris (1708-2017)
• Syed Shaheryar Shah (1708-2017)
• Syed Minhaj Ur Rehman (1708-2017)
• Muhammad Shazil Tahir Minhas (1708-2017)

2. Definition:
Ice Can Be Defined As:
ˮIce is water frozen into a solid state. Depending on the
presence of impurities such as particles of soil or bubbles of
air, it can appear transparent or a more or less opaque bluish-
white color.ˮ

3. Do you know the difference between Ice and
Snow?
“Snow is nothing but the frozen atmospheric vapour which
falls in winter on earth as light flakes whereas ice is simply
frozen water”

4. History:
• In 1748, the first known artificial refrigeration was demonstrated by
William Cullen at the University of Glasgow. (Not Practically Performed)
• Oliver Evans, an American inventor designed the first refrigeration machine
in 1805 to provide ice at reasonable rate. (Not Practically Performed)
• In 1834, Jacob Perkins also known as father of refrigeration built the first
practical refrigerating machine using ether in a vapor compression cycle .
• In 1844, an American physician, John Gorrie, built a refrigerator based on
Oliver Evans' design to make ice to cool the air for his yellow fever patients.
• In 1853, Alexander Twining was awarded U.S. Patent 10221 for an
icemaker. Twining’s experiments led to the development of the first
commercial refrigeration system, built in 1856. He also established the first
artificial method of producing ice.

5. History:
• In 1867, Andrew Muhl built an ice-making machine in San Antonio, Texas,
• In 1873, the patent for this machine was contracted by the Columbus Iron
Works, which produced the world's first commercial icemakers.
• In 1876, German engineer Carl von Linde patented the process of
liquefying gas that would later become an important part of basic
refrigeration technology
• Professor Jurgen Hans is credited with the invention of the first ice
machine to produce edible ice in 1929.
• In 1932 he founded a company called Kulinda and started manufacturing
edible ice,.

6. Evolution of Ice
Machines/Refrigerants:
• The ice machines from the late 1800s to the 1930s used toxic gases such
as ammonia (NH3), methyl chloride (CH3Cl), and sulfur dioxide (SO2)
as refrigerants. During the 1920s, several fatal accidents were registered.
• They were caused by the refrigerators leaking methyl chloride. In the quest
of replacing dangerous refrigerants – collaborative research ensued in
American corporations. The result of this research was the discovery
of Freon.
• In 1930, General Motors and DuPont formed Kinetic Chemicals to produce
Freon, which would later become the standard for almost all consumer and
industrial refrigerators. The Freon produced back then was
chlorofluorocarbon, a moderately toxic gas causing ozone depletion.

7. Principle of Ice Making
“All refrigeration equipment is made of four key components; the evaporator,
the condenser, the compressor and the throttle valve”
• Ice machines all work the same way. The function of the compressor is to
compress low-pressure refrigerant vapour to high-pressure vapour, and deliver
it to the condenser.
• Here, the high-pressure vapour is condensed into high-pressure liquid, and
drained out through the throttle valve to become low-pressure liquid. At this
point, the liquid is conducted to the evaporator, where heat exchanging
occurs, and ice is created.

8. CompressorExpansion
Valve
Evaporator
Condenser
Air-cooled or Water cooled
Condenser
Liquid & Vapour
Liquid
Refrigerant
Vapour
Vapour
Refrigeration
Cycle

10. Flake ice machine
• Flake ice is made of the mixture of brine and water (max 500 g [18 oz] salt
per ton of water),
• in some cases, can be directly made from brine water.

11. Construction
• Evaporator of flake ice machine is a vertically placed drum-shape stainless
steel container, equipped with rotating blade which spins and scratches the
ice off the inner wall of drum.

12. Working
• When operating, the principal shaft and blade spins anti-clockwise pushed
by the reducer. Water is sprayed down from sprinkler; ice is formed from
water brine on inner wall.
• The water tray at the bottom catches the cold water while deflecting Ice and
re-circulates it back into sump. Sump will typically use a float valve to fill
as needed.
• This system utilizes a low temperature condensing unit; like all ice
machines.

13. Cube icemaker
• Cube ice machines are classified as small ice machines
• Common capacities range from 30 kg (66 lb) to 1,755 kg (3,869 lb). Since
the emergence of cube ice machines in the 1970s, they have evolved into a
diverse family of ice machines.

14. Construction
• Cube ice machines are classified as small ice machine.
• Common capacities range from 30 kg (66 lb) to 1,755 kg (3,869 lb). Since
the emergence of cube ice machines in the 1970s, they have evolved into a
diverse family of ice machines.

15. Working
.
• The refrigerant circulates inside pipes of self-contained evaporator, where it
conducts the heat exchange with water, and freezes the water into ice cubes.
• When the water is thoroughly frozen into ice, it is automatically released,
and falls into the ice bin.
• Ice machines can have either a self-contained refrigeration system where the
compressor is built into the unit, or a remote refrigeration system where the
refrigeration components are located elsewhere, often the roof of the
business

16. Tube ice generator
• A tube ice generator is an ice
generator in which the water is
frozen in tubes that are extended
vertically within a surrounding
casing—the freezing chamber

17. Construction
• Tube ice is formed on the inner surface
of vertical tubes and is produced in the
form of small hollow cylinders of about
50 x 50 mm with a wall thickness of 10
to 12 mm.
• The tube ice plant arrangement is
similar to a shell and tube condenser
with the water on the inside of the tubes
and the refrigerant (Ammonia) filling
the space between the tubes.

18. Working
.
• The machine is operated automatically on a time cycle and the tubes of ice
are released by a hot gas defrost process. As the ice drops from the tubes a
cutter chops the ice into suitable lengths, nominally 50 mm, but this is
adjustable..
• The discharge system from the plant incorporates an ice .The usual operating
temperature of this type of plant is -8°C to -10°C
• The production capacity of the tube ice machine is a function of the
evaporating temperature, the temperature of the feed water and the length of
the freezing cycle.

19. Freezer icemakers
• Automatic icemakers for the home were first offered by the Servel company
around 1953.
• They are usually found inside the freezer compartment of a refrigerator. They
produce crescent-shaped ice cubes from a metal mold.

20. Construction
• Later automatic icemakers in refrigerators use a flexible plastic mold. When
the ice cubes are frozen, which is sensed by a Thermistor

21. Working
.
• An electromechanical or electronic timer first opens a solenoid valve for a
few seconds, allowing the mold to fill with water from the domestic cold
water supply.
• The timer then closes the valve and lets the ice freeze for about 30 minutes.
• Then, the timer turns on a low-power electric heating element inside the
mold for several seconds, to melt the ice cubes slightly so they will not stick
to the mold.
• Finally, the timer runs a rotating arm that scoops the ice cubes out of the
mold and into a bin, and the cycle repeats.

22. Portable icemakers
• Portable icemakers are units that can fit on a countertop. They are the fastest
and smallest icemakers on the market.

23. Construction
• It is made up of sheet metal parts assembly and contains internal
components and other components are almost same as freezer icemakers

24. Working
.
• The water is pumped into a small tube with metal pegs immersed in the
water. The water is pumped from the bottom of the reservoir to the freeze
tray. The pegs use a heating and cooling system inside to freeze the water
around them
• Ice begins to form in a matter of minutes, however, the size of ice cubes
depends on the freezing cycle - a longer cycle results in thicker cubes.
• Portable icemakers will not keep the ice from melting, but the appliance will
recycle the water to make more ice. Once the storage tray is full, the system
will turn off automatically

25. Some useful Links:
.
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icemaker
• http://mechdiploma.com/explain-construction-and-working-ice-plant-neat-sketch
• http://www.icelings.net/product/Tube-Ice-Making-Process
• http://www.fao.org/3/Y5013E/y5013e05.htm
• http://www.ytoceanblue.com/ice-flaker-evaporator-drum/#ad-image-0
• https://www.coastdistributors.com.au/content/service_manuals/FFAR_1_-
_3.2_service_manual.pdf
• https://global.rakuten.com/en/store/chuubou/item/sim-s3500/
• https://biolabscientific.com/content/images/products/Ice-Flaker-BIFL-203-BIFL-
203-40-kg-24-h-15-kg-biochemical-and-biological-studies-m0-Biolab.jpg
• https://berg-group.com/products/ice-making/5-to-50-tons-shell-ice-machines/