External Lecture for Aerospace Engineering Undergraduates, Queen Mary University of London, 1 March 2022 1. What is, and Why, Simulation? 2. A Short History of Fight Simulation 3. Training & Simulation Developments 4. The Human Dimension of Flight 5. Thoughts on Careers

1. Training and
Simulation in
Aerospace
Queen Mary University of London
1 March 2022
Andy Fawkes
External Lecturer
Carleton University

2. Outline
1. What is, and Why, Simulation?
2. A Short History of Fight Simulation
3. Training & Simulation Developments
4. The Human Dimension of Flight
5. Thoughts on Careers

3. Humans & Flight - 1903

4. Storm Eunice – Bristol Airport – 18 Feb 22

5. Boeing 737 MAX
Ethiopian
Airlines Flight
302

6. What is, and Why, Simulation?
1/5

7. • Humans Inside or Outside
• Runs in Real or Non-Real Time
• Some Systems have Order
• Some Systems are Chaotic
• Some are Random
What is Simulation?

8. Human(s) Outside the Simulation
Simulation

9. Michel Jarraud, World Meteorological Organization
"Thanks to major
investments in research
and observations,
today’s five-day
forecast is as reliable
as the two-day forecast
of 20 years ago”

10. Simulation Uncertainty

11. Human(s) Inside the Simulation
Simulation

12. Flight Simulator
Journeys Aviation™

13. •Computing
•Games
•Networking
•Graphics
•Audio
•Human Interfaces
•Sensors
•AI
Simulation Technology Drivers

14. Why Flight
Simulation?

15. Towards
Net Zero
Carbon
13 Sept 21
“With 9.6 tonnes of carbon
saved by every synthetic
flight, it will help reduce the
current carbon footprint of
live training, supporting the
net zero ambitions held by
our customers and
ourselves.”

16. 2/5
A Short History of
Flight Simulation

17. 1903
• Wright Brothers
– Test
– Train

18. 1910s
Leon Levavasseur’s Antoinette Barrel – France 1910

19. Cadets and
Instructor
No.1 School of
Aeronautics,
Reading
1918 -
“Penguin”

20. Ruggles Orientator
Popular Science - July 1919
“90% of the flying casualties
during the war were caused
not by bullets, or badly built
machines, but by "the failure
of the man”
Maj.-Gen. George W. Squier

21. WW2
Link
Trainer

22. 1950s
• Analogue to Digital
Computing
• More complete
aircraft data
• Motion Simulators

23. 1960s
NASA Moon Landing Simulator

24. SR-71 Blackbird
Fred Forehand, Singer-Link’s SR-71 PM:
• “They created the mission upstairs, and the tape
they produced for the simulator was the same
tape used onboard in the aircraft computer.”

25. PONG - 1972
Magnavox Odyssey - world's first
commercial home video game console
($500 at 2020 prices)

26. 1960/70s

27. (Microsoft) Flight Simulator
subLOGIC Flight Simulator 1 for
TRS-80, 1980
subLOGIC Flight Simulator 1 for
Apple II, 1979
(sold Jan 80)
Microsoft Flight Simulator 1.00, 1982

28. Multiplayer Games - 2000
Source – Half life Counter-Strike - http://youtu.be/mex00PAACyk?t=4m13s

29. Consumer Flight Simulation Now

30. 3/5
Training and
Simulation
Developments

31. Simulation Now - Land, Sea, Air, Anywhere

32. Military Access to Simulation
1990 2000
Numbers
10’s
100’s
1,000’s
2010 2020

33. Fast Jet Training at RAF Valley (UK)
BFPO

34. Predator UAV Training Simulator (L-3)

35. Full Flight Simulator (FFD)
• Supports conversion to a new aircraft type
• Airline flight crews train 2 days every 6 months
• 40-50 Level D FFS simulator purchased per year

36. Stewart Platform - 6 Degrees-of-Freedom

37. XR

38. VR for
Professional
Use

39. Other Crew
(CAE)

40. Support
Credit – Kognitiv Spark

41. The Influence of Gaming Technology
www.visualcapitalist.com

42. Rift Drone
AR.Drone 2.0 + Oculus Rift + Unity + Xbox 360 Controller
Rift Drone is open source: https://youtu.be/nD2a0OHRmoM

43. Command and
Control
Flight Path
Programmed in,
and Controlled by,
Unity Game
Engine

44. Microsoft Flight Simulator 2020

45. Next-Generation User Interfaces
• Gesture Interfaces
• Tangible User Interface
• Emotion Sensing
• Brain-Computer Interface

46. Eye
Tracking

47. 4/5
The Human Dimension
of Flight

48. Pilots of the Future?
• What will they do?
• Who will they be?
• Where will they be?
• How will they train?
• Will we need them?

49. Airbus Windowless Cockpit Patent

50. Queen Bee Drone – 1930s/40s

51. BOAC VC10
Automatic
Landing
(1968)
Source – Pathe

52. Redundant
Pilots?
53
2016 2020

53. Cautionary
Tales

54. Algorithms…

55. Monitoring Systems

56. Boeing 737 MAX
Ethiopian
Airlines Flight
302

57. Paul M Fitts (1951)
Human Engineering for an Effective Air Navigation and Traffic Control System
• “great caution be exercised in assuming that men can successfully monitor
complex automatic machines and take over if the machines break down”
• “engineers should seriously consider systems in which machines would
monitor men and prevent them from making dangerous mistakes”

58. In the Loop …
"If I'm in the loop mentally I can
respond more quickly than if I
have to watch an automatic
system and take over and then get
my mind into the loop.
So I was more comfortable in
flying a manual descent than an
automatic descent... my mental
computer is already running at full
speed.“
David Scott
Apollo 15 Commander (1971)

59. Maximise
the
Strengths
of Both

60. Digital Twins

61. “Digital Thread” &
“Digital Twin”

62. The Price of Data

63. 5/5
Thoughts on Careers

64. Professional Engineer Competences
A. Knowledge and understanding
B. Design, development and solving
engineering problems
C. Responsibility, management and
leadership
D. Communication and interpersonal skills
E. Professional commitment

65. Thoughts on Careers
• Be Good to People
• Don’t worry
• It’s mostly beyond our control
• Go to the next interesting job

66. Royal Aeronautical Society
(RAeS)

67. RAeS Student Affiliate Membership
• Free Student Affiliate membership, if in full-time
study and intending to follow a career in aerospace
• Benefits:
• Online access to the monthly magazine, AEROSPACE
• Free attendance to over 400 lectures and events
worldwide and often at a branch or Division near you
• Free places at RAeS Conferences (subject to demand)
• Free 1-2-1 careers guidance for UK-based students
• Support towards professional registration (EngTech,
IEng and CEng) with Engineering Council
• A Young Persons Network with over 8,000 like-minded
young professionals worldwide
• Access to Scholarship Schemes
• Use of the National Aerospace Library
• Access to the Members' area of the Society's website

68. Hélène Dutrieu c. 1911
Questions?
LinkedIn
andyfawkes
email
andy.fawkes@thinke.co.uk