BBB3103

1. RR/AWS/2016
ANSWER KEY
Is a Reference Needed?
Situation Yes No
1. When quoting directly from a published source.
Comment: The sources of all quotations should be referenced.
2. When using statistics or other data that is freely available from a
publicly accessible website.
Comment: The sources of statistics or other data that you use in
assignments should always be referenced.
3. When summarizing the cause of undisputed past events and where
there is agreement by most commentators on cause and effect.
Comment: This can be regarded as common knowledge, which does
not need to be referenced. However, the sources for any contentious
discussion of the same events would need to referenced.
4. When summarizing or paraphrasing the ideas of a key commentator or
author, but taken from a secondary source, e.g. general reference
book.
Comment: You always need to acknowledge your sources, even if
they are secondary ones. However, it is advisable, whenever possible,
to consult the main (primary) sources for yourself and to reference
these.

2. RR/AWS/2016
Let’s try!
1. The way a person dresses affects the impression that other people have.
The way a person dresses influences the image that other people have.
2. That phrase means “in a happy way.”
That expression means “in a cheerful way.”
3. There is little chance that the situation will improve.
There is little possibility that the circumstances will get better.
You can also change parts of speech. If the sentence uses a noun, you can rewrite the sentence to use the
verb or adjective form of the word. For example:
“Ahmad is an accurate typist.” can be changed to “Ahmad types accurately.”
Let’s try!
1. The company needs to find a solution for this problem.
The company needs to solve this problem.
2. The poor economy has been the cause of high unemployment.
The poor economy has caused high unemployment.
3. If you eat rabbit, you will find its taste like chicken.
If you eat rabbit, you will find it tastes like chicken.
Technique 2: Use Different Word Forms
Technique 1: Use Synonyms

3. RR/AWS/2016
Let’s try!
1. Although it was raining, Bob walked to work.
It was raining, but Bob walked to work.
2. Even though the weather was good, Joan was in a bad mood.
Joan was in a bad mood, even though the weather was good.
3. I had no money, so I borrowed some.
I borrowed some money, because I had none.
Technique 3: Re-order and re-structure sentences

4. RR/AWS/2016
Paraphrasıng/SUMMARISING Exercises
Answers:
Part A:
1. b 2. c 3. c 4. b 5. b
IMPORTANT REMINDER: Please note that in the other alternatives, there is either a change in
meaning and / or the in-text reference is missing.
Part B
Suggested Answers:
a.
- Students should keep quoted material down to a desirable level, about 10% of the entire paper,
but they often quote excessively in their paper, which usually originates from their quoting
unnecessarily while taking notes for writing (Ricky, 2003, para. 19).
- Students should keep quoted material down to a desirable level, about 10% of the entire paper,
but they often quote excessively in their paper. This usually results from their quoting
unnecessarily while taking notes for their paper (Ricky, 2003, para. 19).
b.
- According to Espan (2004), overbureacratization, which involves turning public schools into big
factories and building up more universities, is to be held highly responsible for the undesirable
state of the traditional education (p. 99).
- According to Espan (2004), overbureacratization, which involves turning public schools into big
factories and building up more universities, is the major reason for the undesirable state of the
traditional education (p. 99).
- According to Espan (2004), the undesirable state of the traditional education is mainly caused by
overbureacratization, which involves turning public schools into big factories and building up more
universities (p. 99).
c.
- According to researchers, there is a close relationship between computer and Internet use in
adolescents and the incidence of multiple-risk behaviours (MRB) such as drug abuse and alcohol
consumption (Zack, 2000, p. 42).
- According to researchers, adolescents who use the Internet and computer are more inclined to
suffer from multiple-risk behaviours (MRB) like drug abuse and alcohol consumption (Zack, 2000,
p. 42).

5. RR/AWS/2016
- According to researchers, multiple-risk behaviours (MRB) such as drug abuse and alcohol
consumption are commonly observed among adolescents who use computer and the Internet
(Zack, 2000, p. 42).

6. RR/AWS/2016
Exercise 4: Fill in the blanks with correct citations from the reference list.
ELEPHANTS AND CHEESE: AN EXPLORATORY PAPER
by Teck Wann
It is widely known that elephants fear cheese, and will flee at the first
whiff of it (see for example “Elephants stampede”, 2003). What is not yet
well understood is why this phenomenon occurs. For more than a decade
academics have been researching this perplexing topic. Their work
constitutes part of the booming new discipline known as pachydermo-
fromagology, which is defined as “the study of elephant-cheese
interactions” (Concise Oxford dictionary, 2004). This paper will evaluate
existing research and theories, and argue that none of them satisfactorily
explain the data which has been gathered so far.
That elephants fear cheese was an accidental discovery made by the
noted elephantologist G. Coleman (1984). The story of the discovery is
now famous, but worth repeating:
After a hard morning following the herd, I had just sat down under a
tree for lunch and unwrapped a particularly delectable chunk of
cheddar sent up from the base camp. Suddenly I heard an enormous
trampling sound, and when I looked up, the entire herd was gone.
( Coleman, 1988, p. 160)
His discovery, while dismissed at the time, was subsequently
corroborated by other researchers. Several studies (Gibson & Sturgess,
1987; Gibson, Sturgess, & Bates, 1989) have confirmed the phenomenon,
and that it occurs among both African and Asian elephants. A recent report
by the Elephant Research Institute
( 2001) established that smell is the primary means elephants detect
cheese, and that they will ignore large pieces of cheese if tightly wrapped.
Meanwhile a French cheese expert asserts on his website that elephants do
not flee from French cheese, only the lesser cheeses of other nations. “Zee
creatures, zey have good taste, non?” he writes
( Gouda, n.d., Introduction section, para. 2).
Recently, a new theory has exploded on the scene and caused quite a
stink. Based on several clever experiments, K. Maas
(2003) has claimed that in fact elephants do not fear cheese at all, but
instead fear the mice which are attracted to cheese. However, this theory,
which she calls the Maas Mouse Hypothesis (MMH), has not yet been
widely accepted. One researcher (Sturgess, 2004a, 2004b) has published a
series of articles roundly denouncing the MMH, and the debate has even
spilled over into the popular press (Achison, 2004).
Source F
Source D
Source B
Source C,
page 160
Sources
G, H
Source E
Source I,
Introduction,
para. 2
Source J,
page 468
Sources
K, L
Source A

7. RR/AWS/2016
CITATION MATRIX
No. Original Source Paraphrasing/Summarising In-text
Citation
Reference
1. “Children of
alcoholic parents
are less likely to
find themselves
in healthy, loving
adult
relationships.”
Belkins et al. (2007)
claimed that, children of
alcoholic parents are
likely to be in unhealthy
relationships with their
parents.
Belkins et
al. (2007)
Belkins, S., DeFone, R., Cruz,
S., & Smith, D. (2007).
Messing up our kids. Journal
of Child Psychology and
Medicine, 3 (17), 23-9.
Retrieved from
www.jstor.org/jcpm/3_17/2007.