2. Neurovascular diseases…Stroke….
Third most common cause of death
Most common reason for disability
Appx. 1 in 4 people die within 1 year
30%–50% do not regain functional
independence
Annual incidence rate of stroke in India
currently is 145 per 100,000 population
10 - 15% occur in < 40 years
WHO estimates suggest that by 2050, 80% stroke
cases in the world would occur in low and middle
income countries mainly India and China
7. ANEURYSMS- basic facts
• Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).
• One in every 20 strokes , at the
prime of ones life (commonly
between 40-50yrs).
• Up to 40-50% patients do not
survive even for a month mostly
because of the rerupture of the
aneurysm
• With proper treatment up to 90%
of patient who reach hospital
before any major damage has
happened will lead an independent
and productive life
Initial CT Scan
Rebleeding after 1 day
8. Clipping vs coiling…
Initially
Surgically inappropriate
Tremendous changes in last 15-yrs
Cerebral Aneurysms-
• Image-guidance (3-D , Dyna-CT)
• Coil, catheter, balloons, stents
• Drugs- aspirin, clopidogrel, abciximab
• Appx. 90% by endovascular
• Intra-arterial vasospasm mgt.
• HELP and Cerecyte studies – mRS 0-2 in
87% (80% in ISAT)
23. Day 6 Confused, slightly weak on right side
CT perfusion for vasospasm mgt
24. Day 7
Continuous intra-arterial dilatation
Continuous Intra-arterial Dilatation With Nimodipine and Milrinone for Refractory Cerebral Vasospasm.
Anand S, Goel G, Gupta V.
J Neurosurg Anesthesiol. 2013 Jun 14. [Epub ahead of print]
25. ISAT Randomized, prospective,
international trial
Clipping vs coiling
9559 patients screened,
2143 randomized
at 1 year, the difference
in the risk of dependency
or death between the two
groups was 6.9% and the
relative risk reduction was
22.6% (in the coiling
group)
ISAT follow-up, Lancet 2009- death at 5 years lower
The Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial
Compared clipping vs coiling in SAH patients.
Poor outcome - 33.7% in clipping vs 23.2% in coiling
26. Guidelines for the Management of Aneurysmal SAH: SpecialWriting
Group of the Stroke Council, ASA/AHA Stroke 2009
Amenable to both endovascular coiling and neurosurgical
clipping, endovascular coiling can be beneficial (Class I, Level
of Evidence B).
Metanalysis
• Stroke 2013
• AJNR 2013
• Ruptured aneurysms- better outcomes
after endovascular management
27. Our protocol
Interventionist part of
neurosurgery team
DSA & if possible
embolization
Neuro labwith 3D, CT
NS ICU monitoring
(TCD/CTP).
Vasospasm- IAVD
N- 540 (Jan 2014)
Embolization
Surgery
91%
9%
Good outcome
FND
Mortality
Mgt. outcome in good grade patients- 90 % mRS 0-2
(Submitted for publication)
32. Patient with recurrent TIAs…..stenting done the
next day
Should be done as soon as
possible…maximum stroke risk in first few
weeks
33. CAS vs CEA- CREST – NEJM 2011
•2502 patients- Outcome largely same
•More MI in surgery ; more minor strokes in CAS
•Stenting better in 70yrs and less age group
•Nerve palsies not included in end-points
•Less than 1% major stroke
ASA/AHA guidelines 2011-
Endarterectomy and stenting are alternatives
(Class I evidence)
Early intervention is advisable
34. Pivotal randomized trials
Issues-
Use of embolic protection devices
Lead in/training phase/experience required
MI as point of evaluation
Cranial nerve injuries and local complications
35. Long-term mortality
after peri-
procedural events:
No association with
minor stroke, but
strong association
of MI
Neurological Residual
Deficit Rates by NIHSS
Associated with Minor
Strokes, Equal at 6 months
37. Treatment protocol at Medanta
Active endovascular (INR)- 50/year- mostly
symptomatic; Cardiology – 20/year
Active endarterectomy (CTVS,VS)- 80-90/many
incidental combined with CABG
We offer both options - thrombus, excessive
tortuosity/kinking, diffuse disease- send to CEA
“It is not the procedure but expertise matters”
38. Intracranial atherosclerosis
Intracranial arterial stenosis is responsible for 6% to
10% of ischemic strokes in whites and 22% to 26% of
ischemic strokes in Asians
SAMPRIS Trial- stenting not to be
done as routine in acute stroke
•Recurrent symptom
•Subocclusive stenosis
39.
40. ISCHAEMIC stroke- brain attack
Intravenous
thrombolysis
*Time limitation-
<3-4.5 hrs
• Not effective in large
vessel occlusion
• Many contraindications
Role of I/A therapy
Chemical thrombolysis
Mechanical
recanalization
42. Issues with IV tPA
Time factor (<4.5 hrs)
C.I. – anti-coagulants, recent surgery, wake-up
strokes….
<10% eligible
Large vessel disease
Time to recanalize
43. •Distal MCA – 44%
•Proximal MCA - 30%
•Terminal ICA - 6%
•Tandem cervical ICA/MCA -27%
•Basilar artery- 30%
Prerecombinant tissue plasminogen activator, National Institutes of
Health Stroke Scale score, systolic blood pressure, glucose, and
Thrombolysis in Brain Ischemia flow grade at the occlusion site were
the negative independent predictors for complete recanalization in the
final model.
44. • 53 studies, 2066 patients
• Sp.- 24%, IV tPA- 46%, IA- 64%, Mechanical- 84%
• Good outcome more in recanalized patients (OR- 4.4)
• Less mortality in recanalized patients
48. •68/M, DM, HTN, CAD, underwent PTCA to
LAD
•Admitted for surgery of aortic
stenosis.
•Double anti-platelets was stopped
•Patient developed acute onset right
side weakness with aphasia.
IV- tPA given, no improvement
49.
50. Procedure time 28-minutes
Patient made complete neurological recovery next day
51. Case 2
41 y.o. male
Stroke in sleep
Left sided weakness with facial palsy
NIHSS 14
Last well seen at 10:30 PM
Presented to emergency at 5:08 AM (six and half hours after)
55. Patient made gradual recovery
Left LL 4/5 and UL 3/5
Improved by 30 day follow up
56.
57.
58. Results
Total No. of patients= 42 (M-19, F- 23)
Time of arrival: 30 min- 840 min (mean 203.8 minutes)
NIHSS at admission: 5-22 (Mean 14.33)
MVO 39, IV tPA- 19
Good recanalization(TICI 2b or 3) in 57.1%
mRS 0-2 =52.3%, 3-5 = 34.4%, 6 = 9.5%)
Recanalization V/s Outcome
59. Mechanical recanalization in acute stroke
LVO, IV tPA C.I./not -effective
Stent retrievers – good recanalization; < 1-hr
Case selection and speed are crucial
Previous trials failed (older devices, delay, case
selection)
IMS III – subanalysis- CTA guided cases-
significant benefit
Many randomized trials going on…..answer in
few years
61. AVM- treatment options
Embolization
Radiosurgery (GK, LINAC, Cyberknife)- Dr Aditya Gupta
Surgery – Dr AN Jha, Dr Aditya Gupta
Embolization
Glue (NBCA) vs Onyx embolization
74. STROKE AND NEUROVASCULAR
INTERVENTIONS FOUNDATION
Newsletter
Interesting case studies via social media
Updates regarding treatment protocols
Stroke training course for physicians
Advanced stroke and neurointervention
simulator courses
You tube channel
Opinion regarding cases via tablets/smart
phones