1. WORKSHOP: Learning Lessons andWORKSHOP: Learning Lessons and
Development of Sustainable WUAsDevelopment of Sustainable WUAs
and WUA Federations in the Centraland WUA Federations in the Central
Asia and CaucasusAsia and Caucasus
Bishkek, 1-5 October 2007Bishkek, 1-5 October 2007
Experience in WUA Formation andExperience in WUA Formation and
Development in the Republic ofDevelopment in the Republic of
TajikistanTajikistan
2.
3. Land Resources and Its UseLand Resources and Its Use
• Total Area: 143.1 thousand square kmTotal Area: 143.1 thousand square km;;
• Total Available Land: 4 million ha includingTotal Available Land: 4 million ha including ::
• PasturePasture – 78%– 78%
• Arable LandArable Land – 17,8%– 17,8%
• Perennial PlantingsPerennial Plantings – 2,4%– 2,4%
• Deposits and HayfieldsDeposits and Hayfields – 0,9%– 0,9%
• Irrigable LandsIrrigable Lands – 1,57– 1,57 million hamillion ha
• Irrigated Area -Irrigated Area - 741741 thousand hathousand ha
4. • In the Republic of Tajikistan there are 741,200In the Republic of Tajikistan there are 741,200
ha of irrigated area, including 260,870 ha toha of irrigated area, including 260,870 ha to
grow such strategic crop as cotton, 90,178 ha forgrow such strategic crop as cotton, 90,178 ha for
homestead lands of population, 36,016 ha tohomestead lands of population, 36,016 ha to
organize part-time farms and 350,630 ha oforganize part-time farms and 350,630 ha of
other lands to grow agricultural cropsother lands to grow agricultural crops..
Irrigated LandsIrrigated Lands
7. Concept of Water Resources Rational Use and ProtectionConcept of Water Resources Rational Use and Protection
in the Republic of Tajikistanin the Republic of Tajikistan
• Ensure gradual transition to system method of managementEnsure gradual transition to system method of management
within hydrographical borders, not administrative unitswithin hydrographical borders, not administrative units;;
• Speed up all-round establishment of Water Users AssociationsSpeed up all-round establishment of Water Users Associations;;
• Introduce water demand managementIntroduce water demand management;;
• Ensure differentiation of water fees and delivery, depending onEnsure differentiation of water fees and delivery, depending on
certain conditionscertain conditions;;
• Develop different forms of private, collective and joint-stockDevelop different forms of private, collective and joint-stock
water consumption based on market water technologieswater consumption based on market water technologies;;
• Introduction of water-saving technologies, especially, in lift-Introduction of water-saving technologies, especially, in lift-
irrigated areas;irrigated areas;
8. Agricultural ReformsAgricultural Reforms
Agricultural reforms started in 1996 after the President of the RepublicAgricultural reforms started in 1996 after the President of the Republic
of Tajikistan passed a Resolution to distribute 50,000 ha of irrigatedof Tajikistan passed a Resolution to distribute 50,000 ha of irrigated
lands to dekhkans (farmers) to cultivate agricultural crops, later on, forlands to dekhkans (farmers) to cultivate agricultural crops, later on, for
such purposes other 25,000 ha of irrigated lands were allocated insuch purposes other 25,000 ha of irrigated lands were allocated in
additionaddition..
In 2000 the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan developedIn 2000 the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan developed
Agricultural Production Reorganization Program providing forAgricultural Production Reorganization Program providing for
formation of dekhkan farms, instead of former state and collectiveformation of dekhkan farms, instead of former state and collective
farms.farms.
9. Legal Aspects of WUA Establishment in the Republic of TajikistanLegal Aspects of WUA Establishment in the Republic of Tajikistan
• At present the legal basis of WUA established is provided by the Law of theAt present the legal basis of WUA established is provided by the Law of the
Republic of Tajikistan “About Water Users Associations”, Water Code ofRepublic of Tajikistan “About Water Users Associations”, Water Code of
the Republic of Tajikistan, Civil Code of the Republic of Tajikistan,the Republic of Tajikistan, Civil Code of the Republic of Tajikistan,
Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan No.Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan No. 281281 dd.dd. 2525
JuneJune 19961996 “About Approval of Regulations on Order of Fees Collection for“About Approval of Regulations on Order of Fees Collection for
Water Supply Services from government-owned irrigation systems” andWater Supply Services from government-owned irrigation systems” and
other standard and legal actsother standard and legal acts
• New Water Code passed by the Parliament of the Republic of Tajikistan –New Water Code passed by the Parliament of the Republic of Tajikistan –
the Majilisi Namoyandagon – and approved by the Upper Chamber of thethe Majilisi Namoyandagon – and approved by the Upper Chamber of the
Majilisi Namoyandagon of the Republic of Tajikistan on 20 November 2000Majilisi Namoyandagon of the Republic of Tajikistan on 20 November 2000
has extended legal frameworks of WUA establishment regulating relationshas extended legal frameworks of WUA establishment regulating relations
between government-owned water organizations-water suppliers and WUAsbetween government-owned water organizations-water suppliers and WUAs
and created an opportunity to transfer rights to manage water schemes toand created an opportunity to transfer rights to manage water schemes to
special organizations (WUAs)special organizations (WUAs)..
10. • Civil Code of the Republic of Tajikistan regulates order ofCivil Code of the Republic of Tajikistan regulates order of
establishment of non-governmental public organizations.establishment of non-governmental public organizations.
WUAs are established within its provisionsWUAs are established within its provisions..
• Resolution of the Government of the Republic of TajikistanResolution of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan
No. 281 dd. 25 June 1996 “About Approval of RegulationsNo. 281 dd. 25 June 1996 “About Approval of Regulations
on Order of Fees Collection for Water Supply Services fromon Order of Fees Collection for Water Supply Services from
government-owned irrigation systems” regulates economicgovernment-owned irrigation systems” regulates economic
relations between water organizations and water usersrelations between water organizations and water users..
• At the beginning of November 2006 the Parliament of theAt the beginning of November 2006 the Parliament of the
Republic of Tajikistan passed the Law of the Republic ofRepublic of Tajikistan passed the Law of the Republic of
Tajikistan “About Water Users Associations” to regulate legalTajikistan “About Water Users Associations” to regulate legal
frameworks of organization, activity and management offrameworks of organization, activity and management of
WUAs like non-commercial organization to operate andWUAs like non-commercial organization to operate and
maintain irrigation systems in public interestsmaintain irrigation systems in public interests..
11. Order of WUA Organization and LegalizationOrder of WUA Organization and Legalization
• First experience of WUA organization showed that in current public andFirst experience of WUA organization showed that in current public and
economic conditions WUAs shall be organized step-by-step. Best results will beeconomic conditions WUAs shall be organized step-by-step. Best results will be
achieved when farmers themselves initiate WUA establishment. First of all,achieved when farmers themselves initiate WUA establishment. First of all,
farmers-water users need to form an Initiative Group consisting of Waterfarmers-water users need to form an Initiative Group consisting of Water
Management Specialist, Economic and other educated and experienced specialistsManagement Specialist, Economic and other educated and experienced specialists
at one of the meetingsat one of the meetings..
• Upon studying experience of establishment of other WUAs, literature and otherUpon studying experience of establishment of other WUAs, literature and other
sources, consulting with specialists, the Initiative Group will develop draftsources, consulting with specialists, the Initiative Group will develop draft
documents necessary to establish WUAs. After preparation work the Initiativedocuments necessary to establish WUAs. After preparation work the Initiative
Group will convene a General Meeting of water usersGroup will convene a General Meeting of water users..
• At the first General Meeting of water users the following shall be doneAt the first General Meeting of water users the following shall be done::
1. Review and Adoption of the Minutes containing decision to organize a WUA1. Review and Adoption of the Minutes containing decision to organize a WUA
and indicating dekhkan farms-founders, and Approval of the WUA nameand indicating dekhkan farms-founders, and Approval of the WUA name;;
2. Review and Adoption of the WUA Charter and Structure2. Review and Adoption of the WUA Charter and Structure;;
3. Election of WUA Board members, Chairman and members of the Audit3. Election of WUA Board members, Chairman and members of the Audit
Commission.Commission.
12. • At the 2At the 2ndnd
Stage the WUA Board prepares and submits allStage the WUA Board prepares and submits all
required documents provided by current rules ofrequired documents provided by current rules of
registration to legalize WUA with the authorized Stateregistration to legalize WUA with the authorized State
agency. For legal registration these documents areagency. For legal registration these documents are
submitted to the Ministry of Justice of the Republic ofsubmitted to the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of
Tajikistan if the latter locates in the republican subordinateTajikistan if the latter locates in the republican subordinate
rayons (RSR) and to the Oblast Departments of therayons (RSR) and to the Oblast Departments of the
Ministry of Justice of the Republic of TajikistanMinistry of Justice of the Republic of Tajikistan..
• After permission of the Ministry of Justice of the RepublicAfter permission of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic
of Tajikistan is received WUA is registered with the Rayonof Tajikistan is received WUA is registered with the Rayon
Notary’s Office, State Statistics Agency, Rayon TaxNotary’s Office, State Statistics Agency, Rayon Tax
Inspectorate, Pension Fund and gets permission fromInspectorate, Pension Fund and gets permission from
agencies of interior affairs to produce its seal and opens aagencies of interior affairs to produce its seal and opens a
bank accountbank account..
• After all, WUAs become fully legalized organizations andAfter all, WUAs become fully legalized organizations and
start carrying out its activitiesstart carrying out its activities..
13. Development of WUA Charter and Basic DocumentsDevelopment of WUA Charter and Basic Documents
to operate in the Republic of Tajikistanto operate in the Republic of Tajikistan
• In 1999 specialists of the Republican Centre of FarmsIn 1999 specialists of the Republican Centre of Farms
Privatization Support (RCFPS), jointly with specialists of thePrivatization Support (RCFPS), jointly with specialists of the
Ministry of Melioration and Water Resources, developed modelMinistry of Melioration and Water Resources, developed model
WUA Charter reviewed and approved by the Government of theWUA Charter reviewed and approved by the Government of the
Republic of TajikistanRepublic of Tajikistan..
• In order to speed up WUA establishment process theIn order to speed up WUA establishment process the
Government of the Republic of Tajikistan has charged theGovernment of the Republic of Tajikistan has charged the
Ministry of Melioration and Water Resources with disseminatingMinistry of Melioration and Water Resources with disseminating
Model WUA Charter in the rayons of the country. Based on theModel WUA Charter in the rayons of the country. Based on the
Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan theResolution of the Government of the Republic of Tajikistan the
Ministry of Melioration and Water Resources of the Republic ofMinistry of Melioration and Water Resources of the Republic of
Tajikistan and Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic ofTajikistan and Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of
Tajikistan issued joint Decree (No.Tajikistan issued joint Decree (No. 86/3486/34 dd. 20 Aprildd. 20 April 2000)2000)
««About Approval Model WUA CharterAbout Approval Model WUA Charter».».
14. • The following procedures have been revised and developed whileThe following procedures have been revised and developed while
preparing the basic documents for WUAs to function by specialists andpreparing the basic documents for WUAs to function by specialists and
consultants of the Republican Centre of Farms Privatization Supportconsultants of the Republican Centre of Farms Privatization Support
under the World bank-funded Farms Privatization Project, considering theunder the World bank-funded Farms Privatization Project, considering the
current legislation of the Republic of Tajikistancurrent legislation of the Republic of Tajikistan::
• Organization of preparation work prior to WUA establishmentOrganization of preparation work prior to WUA establishment;;
• Holding Constituent AssembliesHolding Constituent Assemblies;;
• Legalization of established WUAsLegalization of established WUAs;;
• Development of WUA budgetDevelopment of WUA budget;;
• Entering water delivery contracts with the farmersEntering water delivery contracts with the farmers;;
• Disputes resolutionDisputes resolution;;
• Monitoring of WUA activitiesMonitoring of WUA activities..
Summary results of 2001-2002 are developed recommendations on establishmentSummary results of 2001-2002 are developed recommendations on establishment
and functioning of WUAs in current economic and legal conditions in theand functioning of WUAs in current economic and legal conditions in the
Republic of TajikistanRepublic of Tajikistan
15. Main WUA TasksMain WUA Tasks::
• Reliable operation of irrigation and drainage systems,Reliable operation of irrigation and drainage systems,
pumping stations and other irrigation infrastructurepumping stations and other irrigation infrastructure;;
• Planning and carrying out repair and reconstructionPlanning and carrying out repair and reconstruction
worksworks;;
• Providing for equitable distribution of water amongProviding for equitable distribution of water among
water userswater users;;
• Entering contracts to abstract water from rayonEntering contracts to abstract water from rayon
irrigation systems and deliver to the farmersirrigation systems and deliver to the farmers;;
• Collection of financial funds from water users to ensureCollection of financial funds from water users to ensure
sustainable operation of overall irrigation systemsustainable operation of overall irrigation system..
16. Information on WUAs established under various programsInformation on WUAs established under various programs
and projects funded by foreign investmentsand projects funded by foreign investments
NoNo Name of the Program or ProjectName of the Program or Project DonorDonor WUA Location (rayon)WUA Location (rayon)
Year ofYear of
RegistrationRegistration
Nos. ofNos. of
WUAsWUAs
IrrigatedIrrigated
Area, haArea, ha
1.1. Rural Infrastructure Reconstruction ProjectRural Infrastructure Reconstruction Project
andand
Farms Privatization ProjectFarms Privatization Project
World BankWorld Bank Kolkhzabadsky, Khuroson,Kolkhzabadsky, Khuroson,
Yavansky, Zafarabadsky,Yavansky, Zafarabadsky,
Matchinsky, Rudaki.Matchinsky, Rudaki.
Shakhrinavsky, GissarskyShakhrinavsky, Gissarsky
2000-20062000-2006 5050 106623106623
2.2. Agriculture RestorationAgriculture Restoration
in the Republic of Tajikistanin the Republic of Tajikistan
Asian Development BankAsian Development Bank Rasulovsky, Gafurovsky,Rasulovsky, Gafurovsky,
Bokhtarsky, Vakhshsky,Bokhtarsky, Vakhshsky,
Voseysky,Voseysky,
2004-20072004-2007 2020 4901549015
3.3. Irrigation Rehabilitation ProjectIrrigation Rehabilitation Project
in the Republic of Tajikistanin the Republic of Tajikistan
Asian Development BankAsian Development Bank Ashtsky, Rushansky,Ashtsky, Rushansky,
Vakhdatsky, Farkhorsky,Vakhdatsky, Farkhorsky,
Pjandjsky, HamadoniPjandjsky, Hamadoni
20072007 2525 3110831108
4.4. WUA Support ProgramWUA Support Program USAIDUSAID Shaartuzky, Kabodiansky,Shaartuzky, Kabodiansky,
RudakiRudaki
20052005 2424 1220812208
5.5. German Agro ActionGerman Agro Action European CommissionEuropean Commission Pendjikentsky, Aininsky,Pendjikentsky, Aininsky,
Gornaya Matcha, BadjuvanskyGornaya Matcha, Badjuvansky
2005-20062005-2006 2020 986986
6.6. AktedAkted European CommissionEuropean Commission Kanibadamsky, Vakhshsky,Kanibadamsky, Vakhshsky,
ChomiChomi
20052005 44 51925192
7.7. Integrated Water Resources ManagementIntegrated Water Resources Management
in the Ferghana Valleyin the Ferghana Valley
Swiss InternationalSwiss International
Co-Operation AgencyCo-Operation Agency RasulovskyRasulovsky
20032003 11 10501050
TotalTotal 123123 175074175074
17. Performance Indicators of Water Users Associations under Farms Privatization ProjectPerformance Indicators of Water Users Associations under Farms Privatization Project
as of 31 December 2003as of 31 December 2003
18. Irrigation Service FeeIrrigation Service Fee
The Ministry of Melioration and Water Resources hasThe Ministry of Melioration and Water Resources has
established actual cost of water delivery to the gates ofestablished actual cost of water delivery to the gates of
farmers’ (dekhkans) farms and other water users,farmers’ (dekhkans) farms and other water users,
considering sustainable operation of irrigation systemsconsidering sustainable operation of irrigation systems
in the country ranging from 2 to 6 Diram/m3in the country ranging from 2 to 6 Diram/m3
However, according to the Resolution of the MinistryHowever, according to the Resolution of the Ministry
of Economic Development and Trade of the Republicof Economic Development and Trade of the Republic
of Tajikistan No. 10 dd. 14 June 2007, the Irrigationof Tajikistan No. 10 dd. 14 June 2007, the Irrigation
Service Fee has been established as followsService Fee has been established as follows::
0,780,78 Diram/m3 in gravity-irrigated areasDiram/m3 in gravity-irrigated areas
1,1,2255 Diram/m3 in lift-irrigated areas (6 rayons of theDiram/m3 in lift-irrigated areas (6 rayons of the
Sogd Oblast)Sogd Oblast)
19. 19
WUA SU Mobilizer.
ASHT-1
WUA SU Mobilizer,
Dj. Rasulovsky Rayon
WUA Su Mobilizer, B.
Gafurovsky Rayon
WUA SU Mobilizer,
Kanibadamsky Rayon
WUA Su Mobilizer,
Farkhor Rayon
WUA SU Mobilizer,
Vakhsh Rayon
WUA SU Mobilizer,
Voseysky Rayon
WUA SU Mobilizer,
Vakhdatsky Rayon
WUA SU Mobilizer,
Rudaki Rayon
WUA Support Unit within the MMWR RT
MMWR
Minister
Central WUA SU
WUA SU Sector
in the Sugd
Oblast
WUA SU Sector in
the Hatlon Oblast
WUA SU
Sector in the
GBAO
PIU
WUA SU Mobilizer,
Pjandj Rayon
WUA SU Mobilizer,
Rushansky RAYOn
20. WUA SU TasksWUA SU Tasks
Carry out its activities under the direction of the MinisterCarry out its activities under the direction of the Minister
Prepare WUA SU General StrategyPrepare WUA SU General Strategy
Develop WUA SU long-term and annual plansDevelop WUA SU long-term and annual plans
Develop and assist with implementation of WUA SupportDevelop and assist with implementation of WUA Support
Program of the MMWR, considering all investment projectsProgram of the MMWR, considering all investment projects
and NGOand NGO
Principles and Guidelines on WUA Establishment andPrinciples and Guidelines on WUA Establishment and
DevelopmentDevelopment
Co-ordinate activities to implement the WUA Law toCo-ordinate activities to implement the WUA Law to
establish and develop WUAsestablish and develop WUAs
21. • Central Support Unit, total 5 staff membersCentral Support Unit, total 5 staff members
HeadHead
Chief SpecialistChief Specialist
SpecialistSpecialist
DriverDriver
SecretarySecretary
• Oblast Support Unit, total 2 staff membersOblast Support Unit, total 2 staff members
HeadHead
Leading SpecialistLeading Specialist
• Rayon Support Unit, total 1 staff memberRayon Support Unit, total 1 staff member
• Leading Specialist (Mobilizer)Leading Specialist (Mobilizer)
21
WUA SU StaffWUA SU Staff
22. • Salary of Central, Oblast and Rayon WUA SU staff members is paid out ofSalary of Central, Oblast and Rayon WUA SU staff members is paid out of
collected ISFcollected ISF
• Machinery and equipment are also procured out of funds of collected ISFMachinery and equipment are also procured out of funds of collected ISF
22
WUA SU FundingWUA SU Funding
23. Experience inExperience in
WUA Federations EstablishmentWUA Federations Establishment
• In accordance with the WUA Law, WUAs, in order to co-ordinate fulfillmentIn accordance with the WUA Law, WUAs, in order to co-ordinate fulfillment
of its Charter obligations, have the right to establish WUA Federations to actof its Charter obligations, have the right to establish WUA Federations to act
in accordance with the approved Charterin accordance with the approved Charter..
• In 2006 Zafarob WUA Federation was established in the Zafarabad Rayon ofIn 2006 Zafarob WUA Federation was established in the Zafarabad Rayon of
the Sogd Oblast and consists of 16 WUAs, total irrigated area 27,283 ha, ofthe Sogd Oblast and consists of 16 WUAs, total irrigated area 27,283 ha, of
which 7 WUAs were established as pilot under WB-funded Farmswhich 7 WUAs were established as pilot under WB-funded Farms
Privatization Project and Rural Infrastructure Reconstruction ProjectPrivatization Project and Rural Infrastructure Reconstruction Project..
• Main tasks of WUA Federation is to co-ordinate WUA-managed irrigationMain tasks of WUA Federation is to co-ordinate WUA-managed irrigation
services and timely ensure water delivery to dekhkans farms, part-time farmsservices and timely ensure water delivery to dekhkans farms, part-time farms
from main canals, and organize strict control between WUAs for equitablefrom main canals, and organize strict control between WUAs for equitable
water distribution within large main canals and separatewater distribution within large main canals and separate djamoatsdjamoats..
• In the rayon there are more than 2,000 dekhkans farms. WUA Federation hasIn the rayon there are more than 2,000 dekhkans farms. WUA Federation has
20 staff members including 2 Senor Mirabs responsible for 2 large main20 staff members including 2 Senor Mirabs responsible for 2 large main
canals, namely, TM-1 and TM-2. One should note that WUA Federationcanals, namely, TM-1 and TM-2. One should note that WUA Federation
needs technical supportneeds technical support..
24.
25. Building of Zafarob WUA Federation,Building of Zafarob WUA Federation,
Zafarabad RayonZafarabad Rayon
26. N. Akhmedov, Mirab, Zafarob WUA Federation,N. Akhmedov, Mirab, Zafarob WUA Federation,
TM-1 Main Canal, Zafarabad RayonTM-1 Main Canal, Zafarabad Rayon
27. Proposals on WUA Development in theProposals on WUA Development in the
Republic of TajikistanRepublic of Tajikistan
Experience in WUA establishment in the Republic of Tajikistan shows that the followingExperience in WUA establishment in the Republic of Tajikistan shows that the following
is needed to ensure its sustainable operationis needed to ensure its sustainable operation::
1.1. On the basis of the Water Code, develop normative documents to transfer and sellOn the basis of the Water Code, develop normative documents to transfer and sell
water users’ rights so that create water marketwater users’ rights so that create water market..
2.2. During first years of newly established WUAs, ensure government support to beDuring first years of newly established WUAs, ensure government support to be
provided in the form of tax remissions and technical support.provided in the form of tax remissions and technical support.
3.3. Improve water price formation system. Water prices should be differentiated,Improve water price formation system. Water prices should be differentiated,
depending on delivery costs, water quality, water supply and benefits from water usedepending on delivery costs, water quality, water supply and benefits from water use..
4.4. Ensure rapid reformation of collective farms, and establish on their basis dekhkansEnsure rapid reformation of collective farms, and establish on their basis dekhkans
farms with an area ensuring application of modern efficient technologies; establishfarms with an area ensuring application of modern efficient technologies; establish
on-the-site rental agencies for dekhkans farms and WUAs to rent agricultural andon-the-site rental agencies for dekhkans farms and WUAs to rent agricultural and
reclamation machinery and provide them with accessible low-percentage bankreclamation machinery and provide them with accessible low-percentage bank
creditscredits..
28. • 5. Develop research work aimed at development of optimum models of dekhkans5. Develop research work aimed at development of optimum models of dekhkans
farms and WUAs ensuring efficient use of water and land resources. At that, one needfarms and WUAs ensuring efficient use of water and land resources. At that, one need
to consider nature and climate conditions in the regions, mentality of rural population,to consider nature and climate conditions in the regions, mentality of rural population,
peculiarities of production of various agricultural products on irrigated lands,peculiarities of production of various agricultural products on irrigated lands,
application of intensive technologies to cultivate agricultural crops and its maximumapplication of intensive technologies to cultivate agricultural crops and its maximum
processing on-the-site, factor of land users’ family and relationshipprocessing on-the-site, factor of land users’ family and relationship..
• 6. Develop and introduce system of training of the farmers, WUA specialists, water6. Develop and introduce system of training of the farmers, WUA specialists, water
and agricultural sector on methods of WUA sustainable functioning, ration waterand agricultural sector on methods of WUA sustainable functioning, ration water
management, organization of repair works, water recording, entering contracts to havemanagement, organization of repair works, water recording, entering contracts to have
various services to be rendered (such as water delivery, credit, research activities andvarious services to be rendered (such as water delivery, credit, research activities and
consulting, etc)consulting, etc)..
• 7. Develop and arrange production of and make cheap water recording devices and7. Develop and arrange production of and make cheap water recording devices and
efficient models of irrigation systems affordable by dekhkans, considering irrigatedefficient models of irrigation systems affordable by dekhkans, considering irrigated
areas, cultivated crops and requirements of scientific and technological progress inareas, cultivated crops and requirements of scientific and technological progress in
agricultureagriculture..
