Compare Beccaria And Lombroso Essay

Compare Beccaria and Lombroso Essay
Compare 2 Key Thinkers and Their Competing Ideologies.
Criminology is a study of crime, criminals and criminal justice. Ideas about criminal justice and
crime arose in the 18th century during the enlightenment, but criminology as we know it today
developed in the late 19th century. Criminology has been shaped by many different academic
disciplines and has many different approaches. It explores the implications of criminal laws; how
they emerge and work, then how they are violated and what happens to those violators. Laws are
relative and historically shaped; they vary from time to time and from place to place (Carrabine et
al, 2009).
This essay will be comparing the competing ideologies of two key thinkers in criminology; Cesare
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It is better to try and prevent crimes than it is to punish them, this is achieved by good legislation
which guides men to their greatest, or least unhappiness possible (Beccaria, 1767). As mentioned
previously, Beccaria's utilitarian ideology has shaped the justice system in western societies for
many decades. Therefore, Beccaria can be described as a very influential thinker. Without his
contribution we could still have a system of capital punishment, and that is a worrying thought.
However, we now seem fixed with utilitarian justice. It may be argued that it is now time to move
towards restorative justice. There are also those such as Tullock (1974), who argue for a return to
harsher sentencing. Some states in the US still consider the death penalty to be a legitimate
punishment. So it can be said that Beccaria is undoubtedly a key thinker in criminology, but as with
all key thinkers he is not without his critics.
Cesare Lombroso was also Italian but came from a Jewish family and is very different to Beccaria.
He trained as a medical doctor and graduated in 1858. He was a leading contributor in the
development of a positivist criminology which collected and looked into scientific measurements for
the explanation of criminal behaviour and crime (Hayward et al, 2010). Nearly all biological
theories stem from Lombroso and his book 'The Criminal man' published in 1876, although
Lombroso enlarged upon and updated this original publication through five editions
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Eugenics Movement During The Early 1900's
The eugenics movement was a very influential movement in America that was very prevalent during
the early 1900's. The premise of the eugenics movement was that society could be scientifically
improved by classifying ranking members of society and trying to prevent those who were ranked
low from reproducing. The eugenics movement was born out of the desire for the upper and middle
classes of society to try and prove, scientifically, that they were superior to those who were in the
lower classes. The people who typically made up the lower classes were usually immigrants and
those who were of a different race. Eugenics was essentially the method that was used to try and
exert control over the lower classes while validating the idea that those in the upper and middle
classes were superior. The concept of trying to use ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there were definitely a lot of moments where the eugenics movement seemed to be more
concerned with proving past prejudices rather than actually looking for ways to improve future
generations. All of the Craniometry tests and IQ tests seemed to be more concerned with proving
what America already believed: that it was the superior group of people. The idea that these
classifications of people could help produce a better society is the main part of the eugenics
movement that seemed to be the most forward–looking. The Fitter Families contests Selden
discusses are a good example of the eugenics movement attempting to be more focused on the future
(Selden 2005, 221). Even with this focus on the future, it still seemed as though the eugenics
movement was concerned with fixing the mistakes of the past. While the eugenics movement may
have been started under the premise of improving the future, a lot of it seemed to be heavily
influenced by the

The New Science of Pseudoscience
Nineteenth–century America was a tumultuous place, marred by war and suffering the growing
pains of both westward expansion and industrialization. The intellectual world was equally
turbulent, as a great battle of ideas challenged the foundation and morality of the institution of
slavery. Pro–slavery advocates had to find new ways of justifying their beliefs in order to provide a
different perspective from which to view slavery, other than an economic standpoint. Southern
society began to idealize science as an indisputable vehicle of objective truth. The rapid
advancement of scientific knowledge lent scientists a "halo," as they could claim neutrality and
objectiveness. A scientist's word was law and deemed worthy of imitation. Because of the belief that
scientists were unbiased and impartial when conducting research, scientists in the South attempted
to legitimize pro–slavery arguments by providing pseudoscientific evidence proving the superiority
of whites and the inability of blacks to be self–sufficient as freedmen. Dr. Samuel George Morton, a
famous physician and researcher in natural history, provided the South with flawed anthropological
evidence in order to bolster the anti–abolitionist case. His universal acclaim for devotion to
objective data allowed for his research to become popular and widespread throughout the United
States, especially the South. Dr. Morton's study was based on his measurements of human crania.
His collection of skulls was the largest in

A Critical Textual Analysis : Feminine Identity And The...
This critical textual analysis will examine feminine identity and the essentialistic ideas of the late
nineteenth century between men and women as elaborated by Kaplan and Rogers in "Essentialisms,
Determinisms. It will include an analysis of theories regarding dichotomies of biological
determinism and cranial classification. Essentialism argues that there are categories of objects and
genres that have essential characteristics, notwithstanding individual variation, and that these
essential characteristics define the objects and genres to an extent that they reveal truth (Kaplan and
Rogers 27). Determinism is a theory or in some cases a doctrine. "Nature" has been the historical
burden women have faced. It is not the only such burden, but it has been the largest and the heaviest.
Psychological and social implications of essentialist beliefs create gender segregation, inequality,
and is often used to excuse gender–based biases in society. These types of ideas are often used as a
justification for misogynistic and essentialistic systems in society.
Kaplan and Rogers examine how determinism takes essentialism a bit further in the way it looks at
the natural world. Dichotomy provides a division or contrast between two things that are or are
represented as being opposed or entirely different, in this case it is the sexes. Kaplan and Rogers
state, "Two related paradigms underscore all such thinking: reductionism and division into
dichotomous categories – black versus

Comparing the Intelligence of Women in Shelley's...
Intelligence of Women in Shelley's Frankenstein and Gould's Women's Brains
Throughout history, women have always aimed for a recognized place in society. Centuries ago,
people looked at the role of women in society as being sociologically inferior. Seeing the revival of
the Feminist movement, which boldly opposes the stereotypical characteristics of women in society,
on one hand, and promotes the elevation of women's status in society, on the other, one would not
find it hard to believe the drastic differences in opinion of people on this issue. What is amazing is
how these differences reflect upon scholarly works in science.
For example, in a play titled Frankenstein, based on a novel by Mary Shelley, ... Show more content
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This shows that Mary Shelley must have been ahead of her time. Probably, it could also mean that if
Elizabeth had been a part of Victor's experiment of creating life, the creature would not have turned
into a destructive monster, thereby preventing the tragedy.
In contrast, Stephen Jay Gould, in "Women's Brains," questions the validity of Paul Broca's study
(1824–80), a professor of clinical surgery at the Faculty of Medicine in Paris, who used unrefined
techniques to prove the lower intelligence of women as compared to men (753). Having been
convinced about the direct link between the intelligence of an individual and the size of brain, Broca
used his knowledge of craniometry, the method of skull measurement, to make a relationship
between the cranial capacity and the development of the brain. As Stephen Gould puts it, Broca
based his arguments on his data, which he collected meticulously "from the autopsies he performed
in four Parisian hospitals." He found the average weight of "292 male brains to be 1,325 grams,
while 140 female brains averaged 1,144 grams, a difference of 14 percent of male brain's weight"
(754). Broca took this to mean that women were born biologically inferior to men, whom nature
endowed with intellectual superiority. According to Gould, this discovery fuelled acrid misogynist
remarks and sarcasms: "The theologians had asked if women had a soul ... some scientists were
ready to refuse them

Biological And Scientific Racism In The 19th Century
Racism is an issue that has been prevalent in the majority of human existence, one that so many
have sought to understand, explain, enforce and destroy. Some of the earliest views of ethnic and
racial differences to date stem from Ancient Egypt and their dichotomy of the darker group "the evil
race of Ish" and the lighter group "the pale degraded race of Arvad" (Gossett, 1997). As scientists
developed a deeper understanding of natural history, societies became increasingly fascinated in
further classifying human groups with the exploration of many theories such as biological and social
constructions of racism and scientific racism, all of which participated and encouraged the growth
and magnification of ideological racism within Europe and ... Show more content on
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Scientific racism continued to draw from the likings of anthropology, which eventually led to
implementations of eugenics, compulsory sterilization, anti–miscegenation laws, and immigration
restrictions in Europe and the United States after the Second World War in 1939. Hitler and the Nazi
party made people see the dark side of eugenics after Hitler took things into his own hands believing
that the Germanic race was the most superior; the master race, suitable for expulsion, enslavement
or extermination and therefore needed to be selectively bred and 'improved'. He enthusiastically
started sterilization laws and restricted immigration. Six million people were killed under the Nazi
regime on eugenic ground in attempt to justify eugenics and genocide on the grounds of inferiority.
Eugenics became a global embarrassment and created a large re–think within society, discrediting
scientific racism in academia as they were outraged by one of histories most horrific mass murder
being justified because of a desired inequality between races, however racist legislation based upon
scientific racism remain prevalent in some countries until the late

Study2 Essay
History 229: History of Race, Science, and Medicine in the U.S.
Professor Helena M. Pycior
STUDY GUIDE FOR PRELIMINARY EXAM 2–October 14, 2014, 9:00–9:50 a.m., in LUB S151
Directions:
The following are study questions for the examination. The examination will be a closed–book
examination.
On the examination you will be required to respond to one of two essay questions. The essay
questions on the examination will test essentially the same ideas as these study questions. Parts of
study questions may be combined to form an essay appearing on the examination. More typically, a
shortened or edited version of a study question will appear as an essay question on the examination.
In answering a given essay question, you are not ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Morton as trying to state he was objective, and was being honest. The two major different pieces
that support the thesis that Morton tried to be objective is his use of lead shot instead of mustrard
seed and his openness with all his data. When Morton realized that his Mustard seed technique was
unstable and presented varied results he quickly changed to a lead shot which was more accurate.
Morton was very open when it came to displaying his data. He published results which included
numbers, not just explainations.
Select any two of the "general categories" of "fudging and finagling" that Gould has identified in
Morton's work except that of "miscalculations and convenient omissions." For each of the two
selected categories, briefly explain the category in your own words. Carefully sketch Gould's major
specific example of the category. Explain explicitly how the example fits the category into which
Gould has put it, state which of Morton's publication(s) the example comes from, state the racial
groups and/or subgroups featured in the example, and (following Gould) explain the effects of the
finagling on Morton's conclusions about racial ranking.
1.Favorable inconsistencies and shifting criteria. Morton often liked to include or delete large
subsamples inorder to match his previous expectations and results.
2.Subjectivity directed toward

The Current Idea Of Intelligence
Paper 1
Intelligence has been identified in many different ways throughout history and varies between
different cultures. The current idea of intelligence consists of intangible properties that include, but
are not limited to, knowledge–based thinking, apprehending, adaptive purposeful striving, fluid–
analytic reasoning, mental playfulness, and idiosyncratic learning (Krishnamurthy, 2015).
Progression of Intelligence Testing Through the Ages
The notion that Caucasians were superior to other races (e.g., African Americans, Native Americans,
etc.) was a well accepted notion that preceded, and even influenced, early intelligence testing
(Gould, 1996). Research conducted by Samuel Morton on human skulls began in the 1820's
attempted to set up a scientifically based racial–ranking system of intelligence through the use of
Craniometry. However, Morton's research was heavily biased, although it appeared his biases were
unintentional and lacked "conscious manipulation" (p. 101). Even though data from Morton's
research acknowledged that brain size was relative to body size, he "failed to correct for differences
in sex or body size" (p. 94). Morton also made errors that favored his prejudices which included
inaccurate measurements (e.g., unequal rounding cranial circumference measurements, "over–
packing" skulls) and sampling biases (e.g., including unequal female to male ratios in particular
samples, over–representing certain groups samples) (p. 86–101).
Furthermore, scientists such

How It Feels To Be Colored Me Essay
AP English Language and Composition Summer Reading Project Table of Contents Title Page 1.
"How You Became You" #1, 2, & 4 1 2. "The Declaration of Independence" #1, 2, & 4 2 3.
"Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" # 1–4 3–4 4. "Men Women, Sex, and Darwin" #1–4 5
5. "Women's Brains" # 1–4 6–7 6. "Letter from Birmingham Jail" #1–4 8 7. "How it Feels to Be
Colored Me" #1–4 9 8. "Clashing Civilizations" #1–4 10 9. "A Clack of Tin my ass Sparks:
Remembrances of a Gay Boyhood" #1–4 11 10. "Me Talk Pretty One Day" #1, 2, & 4 12–13 11.
"Beauty: When the Other Dancer is the Self" #1, 2, & 4 14 12. "Never Just Pictures" #1, 2, & 4 15
13. "The Insufficiency of Honesty" #1, 2, & 4 16–17 14. "The Death of the Moth" #1, 2, & 4 18–21
15. "Death of a Moth" #1–4 22–24 "How You Became You" Bill Bryson (93) 1. According to
Bryson, what are the three different processes that resulted in your existence? Where in the essay
does Bryson discuss each? According to Bryson, the three different processes that resulted in human
existence are the assembly of atoms, process of change, and ... Show more content on
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Read Gould's essay in light of Elizabeth Cady Stantion's "Declaration of Sentiments and
Resolutions" (p.400). Pay particular attention to the quotations by Broca, Topinard, and Le Bon in
Gould's essay. In what ways does the "Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions" (written in 1848)
anticipate the attitude toward women expressed by these men several decades later? How might
Stanton respond to what they say? How might Stanton respond to what they say? How might have
they reacted to her declaration? 4. Do you believe whatever differences might exist between the
genders are due to nature or to nurture– to biology or to socialization? Use yourself as an example:
are you the way you are because you were born that way or because you were raised to be that

Theories Of Criminology And Criminal Behavior
In the early to mid–1800s there were a few perspectives introduced regarding how to determine
which individuals were more likely to commit criminal behavior. These perspectives were made to
identify and separate the more "superior" individuals from the "inferior" individuals. One of the first
examples of this belief was brought forth by craniometry. Craniometry is the belief that the size of a
person's brain and the skull can tell a person's superiority or inferiority in relation to certain racial
groups. During that time it was believed that the size of a person's skull directly reflected the size of
a person's brain. The larger the brain the more intelligent or "superior" the person was. Many of the
studies done by Craniometrists showed that people of White European descent were "superior" to
people of other ethnic or racial groups. These studies were deemed biased and unethical because the
researcher's knew which brains and skulls belonged to which racial groups before the measurements
were taken.
During the mid to late 1800's Cesare Lombroso based his scientific theories of criminology on
Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection. Charles Darwin suggested that humans evolved from
primitive beings and that humans later evolved based on their ability to adapt to their environment.
The humans that are unable to adapt to their environment die off or become inferior. Lombroso
believed that certain individuals or groups of people were born to commit crime. In terms of

Does Hereditary Influence Iq Scores? Essay
Does Hereditary Influence IQ Scores? Stephen Gould's monograph, The Mismeasure of Man,
examines and denounces the belief of biological determinism. In Chapter 5, titled "The Hereditarian
Theory of IQ", Gould addresses the idea that the average intelligence quotient (IQ) of an individual
is strictly based on their hereditary. Gould condemns the belief of hereditarianism through
reconstructing and finding inaccuracies in the experiments that leading scientists and researchers in
the field, such as H. Goddard, L. Terman, and R. Yerkes, made while supporting the idea of
biological determinism. Gould articulates how scientists, who allow their own personal prejudices
and bias seep into their data, have inaccurately mismeasured man from the beginning of time.
Scientists, who publish bias data in their work, even if not a supporter of hereditarianism and
biological determinism, cause the general public to be misinformed about important social issues.
Chapter 5 allows readers to understand why these inaccuracies happened and how the data from the
experiments conducted impacted society as a whole.
Alfred Binet, once a pioneer of craniometry, came to the conclusion that he allowed bias to
influence the results of his experiments on human intelligence. In 1905, Binet created the Binet–
Simon Scale, a scale that sought to discover the measurement of a human's intelligence without
bringing brain size into the equation. However, IQ testing did not become popular outside of Binet's
native

Women's Brains By Stephen Jay Gould Summary
Stephen Jay Gould analyses Paul Broca's data of inferior women to superior men through the study
of Craniometry in his piece, Women's Brains. While Broca claims women are unintelligent when
compared to men through thorough measurement of the brain; Gould realizes the accusations are
false due to their combination of science to social correlation and beliefs. Gould argues that women
are not inferior; they are only baring the brunt of unfair scientific research conducted to prove
society beliefs. Even the most reliable scientific data and research is not valid within the study of
social norms and accepted society stereotypes.
The accuracy of scientific data collection in relation to social ideas sex, or race is an inevitably
unreliable system. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As groups continue to use science against one another, stereotypes are taking over the world and
creating negativity within society. As women are being told they are not smart, African Americans
are being told they are unequal, and Muslims are being told they are all terroristic by nature based
on the science that claims their inferiority and stereotypes; peace cannot prevail and war cannot
contain. Scientific research and social correlations are not viewable through the same ideas, or else
stereotypes continue to rampage on claiming proof through science; and ultimately groups will
continue to prove their stereotypes wrong through violent and hysteric means. Inaccurate scientific
research is encouraging the social beliefs of the inferiority of certain groups, and creating an unjust
and socially biased

The Age Of New Imperialism
The 'Age of New Imperialism' in Britain was a time of prosperity and total domination. Compared to
previous years of imperialism, this period was focused primarily on benefitting the colonial power,
Britain, instead of establishing new settlements. Even though the British imperialism of the late 19th
century/early 20th century brought great wealth, knowledge, and technological advancements to the
country, it was at the expense of many 'other' people in the empire. Britain, and Europe as a whole,
had to find a way to justify their 'superiority' over these other countries subsequently leading
scientists decided to use their background and knowledge to create disciplines that had racist
ideologies at the root. These pseudo–sciences were constructed to rationalize the imperialism during
the 19th century. This paper will discuss some of the most influential sciences produced during the
late 19th century, including social Darwinism, eugenics, and phrenology, that were used to justify
British Imperialism and how they supported imperialism.
White is the supreme race, non–White people are inferior, White people are the ones with all the
achievements in the world – these ideologies and theories, though formally constructed in the late
1800s, were created from discussions long before. The idea of race superiority has existed since the
15th and 16th centuries, early days of African slavery, but at that time it was supported by religion
and God. In the early 16th century, a Swiss

Intro to Physical Anthropology Chap 1,2,3
Chapter One–Introduction Anthropology: the study of humans in all times, situations, and places.
Physical Anthropology: the scientific study of humans as biological organisms, in an evolutionary
context. Branches of Physical Anthropology: Human evolution: the study of how and why our
human ancestors changed over millions of years. Genetics: the mechanics of inheritance and how
evolutionary change works. Paleoanthropology: the study of the fossil record of ancestral humans
and their primate relatives. Anthropometry: measurement of the human body, particularly the
skeleton, e.g. craniometry. Medical Anthropology: the study of health, illness, and healing from a
cultural and/or cross–cultural perspective. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Jean–Baptiste Lamarck– 19th century). Evolution is not about orthogenesis, the belief that
evolution is moving in a straight direction due to a driving force. Philosophical Stances and
Evolution Theistic Evolution– acceptance of evolution combined with a belief in an involvement of
a divine creator. Science and religion as complementary to each other, not opposed. Atheistic
Evolution– acceptance of evolution combined with a belief that there is no divine creator, or no
God. More scientists likely adopt this position( e.g Richard Dawkins) with a tendency to see science
as right and religion as wrong. Creation Science (Intelligent Design)– complex living systems must
have been designed supernaturally( e.g. the human brain or the human eye). Concept of irreducible
complexity( an attempt to be scientific) Ex. 'X' is a complicated system made up of interconnected
parts. If you take any of the parts away, 'X' won't work. Therefore, 'X' could not have evolved from a
simpler state, as anything less than the full set of parts work not work. –Nothing intermediate can
exist. Natural Selection Species typically produce more offspring than their environment can
sustain. Individuals that are better fit within that environment will survive. They will produce
offspring with a good chance of inheriting the favorable traits. There is a better chance of the traits
being passed on when sexual selection is at

Biological Determinism And Social And Economic Differences...
Question 1. Biological determinism as stated by Gould, states "that shared behavioral norms, and the
social and economic differences between human groups–primarily races, classes, and sexes–arise
from inherited, inborn distinctions and that society, in this sense, is an accurate reflection of
biology" (Gould, p.52). He explains this idea further through his explanation of how biological
determinism can be measured or assigned based on the craniometry, which is the size of the skull,
for at the time it was believed that the larger the skull, the more intelligent that individual was. This
explanation became one of the earliest works connected to scientific racism. Gould, believed that
during this time many scientists used their own prejudices, and bias's when concluding their
research, such as the work of French anthropologist, Paul Broca, who stated that "the small brains of
women" concluded that men were to be regarded as more intelligent, as well as, above women,
however, although women did prove this prejudice to be wrong with "their talents and their
diplomas", they were still "opposed by numbers" (Gould, p. 58). "Biological determinism is, in its
essence, a theory of limits" for it states that people who are at the bottom are basically biologically
inferior, which is reflected in their social status (Gould, p. 60). Both Darwin and Mendel contributed
to biological determinism and scientific racism, is that both opened the doors to new anthropological
scientific

Essay Disputing the Canon
Disputing the Canon
I was in the best of settings when I realized that Shakespeare was indeed great. My freshman year in
high school, I had English class with an esteemed teacher, Mr. Broza–hailed as the Paul D.
Schreiber High School Shakespeare aficionado, founder of Schreiber's Annual Shakespeare Day,
and, perhaps most heart–warming of all, a self–proclaimed Shakespeare lover whose posters of The
Bard could be found as wallpaper in his small office. How lucky I thought I was. Indeed, if I wanted
to appreciate Hamlet, I was in the right hands.
But how misled I actually was–at least, in Walker Percy's eyes. In his essay, "The Loss of the
Creature," Percy recalls a scene from The Heart Is a Lonely Hunter:
...the girl hides in the bushes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After sitting by a tree and reading the text front–to–back, perhaps then I would be able to "see"
Shakespeare in Percy's sense of the word.
Percy's noble task is to open our minds to the possibility that we are not the masters of what we
know–that, in part, what we know and what we see, when approached passively, have a lot more to
do with "preformed symbolic complex" than with ourselves (512). Percy's exploration achieves one
of the main goals of all philosophy–to change the way we think about things. He changes the
meaning of many concepts human beings tend to take for granted. Sight is no longer the mere act of
seeing, but "a struggle," an act of understanding and appreciation (523). "Sovereignty," in relation to
things, is no longer some abstract concept of "power," but an ability to interpret for oneself (517).
Education–or perhaps more specifically, its dynamic–is reshaped, for it is no longer a passive act
(i.e. "being taught to") but an action that relies much more upon the student, who "may have the
greatest difficulty in salvaging the creature itself from the educational package in which it is
presented" (519). These concept–alterations are thus meant to alter our reality; they aim to help us
rediscover in art what he calls in his opening paragraph an island, "Formosa." This previously
untouched island is beautiful to its discoverer

The Cultural History Behind Racial Science
"Race" is a fictional notion fashioned by debunked scientists in order to justify their cruelties and
enhance their perceived superiority. Just as religion was once used to justify the horrors of the
Crusades (Lindqvist, pg. 161), science would be the means to pardon the brutalities of imperialism,
manifest destiny, and the white man's burden. Constrained by binary thinking, Western thought
pinned the illusory "civilized" against the "primitive" using metaphors attached to scientific
reasoning (Stepan, pg. 362). Because of Africans' supposed likeness to apes, they were not fully
human; skull measurements, despite being inaccurate, were used to rank the races of Mongoloid,
Negro, and Caucasian (Gould, pg. 103). Through some omissions and statistical finagling,
Caucasians wound up with the highest cranial capacities. Consequently, small and ape–like became
synonyms for inferior and stupid. In this paper, I will draw upon our class readings to explicate the
cultural history behind racial science, and how science artificially constructed race by ignoring
outliers and probing for racial differences.
Science was born deeply intertwined within the Western cultural realm. It developed snuggly with
ideas of European grandeur through the "grace and favor of Almighty God" (Lindqvist, pg.11). "The
cultural conditioning these [scientists] had absorbed early in their careers influenced more than their
writing: it skewed their research (Freedman). Coinciding with scientific inquiries of

Racial Disparities In Health Care Essay
In this world and society many people are not treated with the right type of respect in the healthcare
field. While they are not treated with respect it causes more problems in their daily lives because
they are not getting the right treatment for their health problem. I believe that people shouldn't be
treated differently when it comes to healthcare conditions. Just because they are less educate, poor,
and their race/culture is different shouldn't mean anything.
The lower the level of education found within a specific minority group the more racial disparities
will affect their ability to receive quality healthcare and the worse their healthcare outcome will be.
Statistics shows that in 2008, the percentage of people with health insurance was about one–third
lower for people with less than a high school education than for people with at least some college
education (56.9% compared with 89.0%). (Source 3) Education doesn't really have to tie into what
you know, but it also relates to your how much insurance you have. Not everyone has the same
educational opportunities, so why should that matter. According to a Hispanic ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Racial segregated healthcare is not new in America it can be traced back to beginning of slavery.
"The emergence of theories such as polygenism, and movement such as anthropometry, phrenology,
and craniometry in the early 1800's as early as the Jim Crow laws enacted between 1876 and 1965
only helped to reinforce these disparities." (Source 3) Also between 1876 and 1965 laws are created
equal facilities for minority's black and white creating it prohibited for minority physicians to follow
or receive education in white facilities. (Source 3) In 2011 reports on healthcare quality and
disparities, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) finds that low–income
individuals and people of color experience more barriers to care and receive poor quality care.
(Source

Sex, Gender, And Gender
When a child is born, the most common question asked is what is the baby's sex? This question is
asked because, sex is biologically determined, from the second we come out of the womb, by our
chromosomes, genitalia, reproductive organs, and hormones. People often group sex and gender
together as if they are the same thing, but really they are two separate categories. Gender is a
category that splits bodies into a binary system of women and men. Ultimately the two terms
intertwine because, one's biologically determined sex is assigned a gender role to play. The main
difference between the two is that gender excludes biology. Sex represents the body's anatomy and
physiological workings and gender represents social forces that mold behavior. Historically, science
has played a major role in constructing and reinforcing sex as either male or female. Many scientists
looked at the bodies as a whole and skeletons to make the distinction of only male and female sexes.
When developing theories many anatomists and anthropologist looked at mainly males and their
bodies. This was only the beginning of science creating a value of men over women. In craniometry
studies, scientist found woman had smaller skull sizes, which then suggested that they had smaller
brains. This conclusion resulted in the linking of women to children and animals, while men were of
a higher classification. Camper's studies show "the skulls highlighted were predominantly male. The
only female skull Camper

Compare Beccaria And Lombroso Essay

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