non destructive testing equipments

1. Presented by-
Neha Singh
1212200073
CE- 73
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW
INDUSTRIAL TRAINING PRESENTATION @ RDSO

2. The Research Design and Standards Organization (RDSO) is
an ISO 9001 research and development organization under
the Ministry of Railways of India, which functions as a
technical adviser and consultant to the Railway Board, the
Zonal Railways, the Railway Production
Units, RITES and IRCON International in respect of
design and standardization of railway equipment and
problems related to railway construction, operation and
maintenance.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

3. INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
• For inspecting the defects on surface.
• Wide group of analysis techniques used in science &industry.
• Saves both the time &money.
• Use of this N.D.T in specialist high risk areas such as nuclear & sea
shore structures , gas & oil pipelines.
• To understand Strength Assessment Of Concrete By using Non
Destructive Test (NDT)
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

4. What is Non Destructive Testing?
“Non Destructive testing are non invasive techniques to determine the
integrity of a material, component or structure or quantitative
measure some characteristic of an object”
“Non-destructive testing (NDT) is a wide group of analysis
techniques used in science and industry to evaluate the
properties of a material, component or system without causing
damage”
“These methods are aimed at estimation of strength andother
properties; monitoring
and assessing corrosion; measuring crack size and cover; as
sessing grout quality; detecting defects and identifying
relatively
more weak areas in concrete structures.”
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

5. Purpose
 Estimating the in-situ compressive strength
 Estimating the uniformity and homogeneity
 Estimating the quality in relation to standard requirement
 Identifying areas of lower integrity in comparison to other
parts
 Detection of presence of cracks, voids and other imperfections
 Monitoring changes in the structure of the concrete
identification of reinforcement profile and measurement
of cover, bar diameter, etc.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

6. CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

7. NDT FOR STRENGTH ASSESMENT OF CONCRETE
REBOUND HAMMER
PRINCIPLE - It is based on the principle that the rebound of elastic mass
depends on the hardness of the concrete surface against which the mass strikes.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

8. 1
•Rebound Hammer consists of a spring controlled mass that slides on a tubular housing
2
•When the plunger is pressed against the surface of the concrete, the spring controlled
mass rebounds and the extent of such rebound depends upon the surface hardness and,
therefore, the rebound is related to the compressive strength of the concrete.
3
•The rebound value is read along a graduated scale and is designated as the " rebound
number".
4
•The compressive strength can be read directly from the graph provided on the body of the
hammer.
5
•For taking a measurement , the hammer should be held at right angle to the surface of the
structure. the test can thus be conducted horizontally on vertical surfaces or vertically
upwards or downwards on horizontal surfaces .
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

9. Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Meter
PRINCIPLE - It is based on the principle that the velocity of an ultrasonic pulse
through any material depends upon the density, modules of elasticity and
Poisson’s ratio. Comparatively higher velocity is obtained when concrete quality
is good in terms of density, uniformity, homogeneity,
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

10. CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW
Once the ultrasonic pulse impinges on the surface of the
material, the maximum energy is propagated at right angles to
the face of the transmitting transducer, and best results are
therefore obtained when the receiving transducer is placed on
the opposite face of the concrete member. This is called
“Direct Transmission” or “Cross Probing
the two opposite faces of the structural member may not be
accessible for measurements. In such cases, the transmitting
and receiving transducers are placed on the same face of the
concrete member. This is called “Surface Transmission”
Surface transmission” is not so efficient as “Direct
Transmission”, because the signal produced at the receiving
transducer has an amplitude of only 2 to 3 % of that produced
by “Cross Probing”, and the test results may vary from 5 to
20% depending upon the quality of concrete under test.

11. Windsor Probe
PRINCIPLE- The principle of Windsor probe is like
that of rebound hammer .The penetration of the
probe reflects the precise compressive strength in
area of concern. There is a graph provided between
the penetration length and the compressive strength
by which compressive strength can be known.
Windsor probe
• Test
measurement
in depth
Rebound
Hammer
• Test
measurement
on surface
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

12. 1
•This equipment consists of a power-activated gun or driver unit, hardened alloy
probe, loaded art-ridge and a measuring instrument such as depth gauge etc. The
probes are 6.35mm in diameter and 79.5mm in length.
•Larger diameter probes (7.94mm) are also available for testing lightweight
concrete.
2
•Probe is threaded in to the probe-driving head and fired into the concrete using a
template.
3
•The driver utilizes a standard power cartridge. The power level can be reduced
when testing low strength concrete by locating the probe at a fixed position within
the driver barrel.
4
•. Two types of templates are provided with the equipment e.g. single probe
template and a three probe triangular template. Exposed length of probe is
correlated to the compressive strength of concrete.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

13. Core Cutter Machine
PRINCIPLE- A core is
usually cut by means of
rotary cutting tool with
diamond bit . Water
supply is also very
necessary to lubricate the
cutter. The core which is
extracted from existing
structure is used for
various testing's like
compressive strength,
crack depth, water
absorption etc.
•It is used for estimation of physical
characteristics of masonry /
concrete by extracting core samples
from the structure.
•The maximum depth of the core
which can be cut is 430 mm. The
diameter of cutters are 52mm and
78mm.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

14. A core size of 50mm or 70mm dia. is taken
out from the member using diamond bits.
The length to core dia. ratio shall be normally
between 1.0 to 2.0 (preferably 2.0).
The core dia. shall be at least three times the
nominal maximum size of the aggregate.
The location for taking out the sample should
be decided so that it does not have any
reinforcement
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

15. Permeability Tester PRINCIPLE- Permeability
tests measure the ease
with which liquids, ions
and gases can penetrate
into the concrete. In situ
tests are available for
assessing the ease with
which water, gas and
deleterious matter such as
chloride ions can
penetrate into the
concrete
Main Uses
Used to locate cracks, porosity, and other defects
that break the surface of a material and have
enough volume to trap and hold the penetrate
material. Liquid penetrate testing is used to
inspect large areas very efficiently and will work
on most nonporous materials. CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

16. It operates under vacuum and can be used at the
building site and also in the laboratory
The essential features of the method of measurement are a
two chamber vacuum cell and pressure regulator which
ensures an air flow at right angles to the surface and into
the inner chamber.
Dry surface without cracks should be selected for test
.It should we ensured that inner chambers should not
be located above the reinforcement bar
Pressure loss is calibrated from time to time and after a large
change in temperature and pressure. 3 to 6 measurements of
electrical resistance of the concrete and its mean value is taken
for the measurement of coefficient of permeability .
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

17. Video Borescope
PRINCIPLE- It’s simple
principle is to illuminate the
test specimen with light
examine the specimen with
the eye and magnifying the
defects which can not be
detected by the unaided eye
This instrument is used to
monitor the internal
condition of the concrete
structure.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

18. CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW
1
• Capturing still photos and video from Borescope
inspection allow permanent archival of the inspection
results during the non –destructive inspection
2
• Materials and process aspects of the Borescope
application should be known to applicant
3
• We can conduct Borescope inspection on metal anchors
hidden inside the voids of lintels, dentils and other units
in roofed structures to check for corrosion.

19. NDT FOR CORROSION ASSESSMENT
Corrosion Analyzer
PRINCIPLE- Corrosion analyzer is
based on electro chemical process
to detect corrosion in the
reinforcement bar of the structure.
The instrument measures the
potential and the electrical
resistance between the
reinforcement and the surface to
evaluate the corrosion activity
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

20. .
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW
The instrument measures the potential and the electrical
resistance between the reinforcement and the surface to
evaluate the corrosion activity as well as the actual condition for
the cover layer during testing.
The electrical activity of the steel reinforcement and concrete
leads them to be considered as one half of weak battery cell
with the steel acting as one electrode and concrete as
electrolyte.
The name half cell surveying derives from the fact that the
one half of the battery cell is considered to be the steel
reinforcing bar and the surrounding concrete.
This risk of corrosion is evaluated by means of the
potential gradient obtained. The higher the gradient,
the higher risk of corrosion. ASTM C – 876 prescribes a
half potential method for detection of reinforcement
corrosion. The results can be interpreted based on the
following table.

21. CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW
Half-cell potential (mV) relative
to copper-copper sulphate
electrode
% chance of corrosion activity
< -200 mV Initial Phase – There is a greater than 90%
probability that corrosion activity not taking
place
-200mV to – 350mV Transient Phase – corrosion activity
uncertain

22. Resistivity Meter
PRINCIPLE- It is based on the
principle that the corrosion of
steel in concrete is an electro-
chemical process, which
generates a flow of current and
can dissolve metals.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW
•The lower the electrical resistance, the more
readily the corrosion current flows through the
concrete and the greater is the probability of
corrosion
•This instrument is used to measure the
electrical resistance of concrete cover for
corrosion status of reinforced bars. Lower the
electrical resistance, the more is the
probability of corrosion of metal.

23. NDT FOR DETAILS OF REINFORCEMENT STEEL
Profometer
PRINCIPLE : The principle is based
upon the measurement of change
of an electromagnetic field caused
by steel embedded in the
concrete.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW
It is used to measure the concrete
cover and bar diameter in existing
RCC structures.
The equipment is useful for
investigating the structures where
drawings are not available .
the equipment consist of data
logger , diameter probe and
calibration blocks.
The equipment has sufficient
memory store the scanned data.
The meter needle is zeroed and the
probe moved over the concrete
surface and rotated to obtain a
maximum reading and this position
correspond to the location of
reinforcement bar.
It is used for (a) measuring concrete
cover (b) detecting reinforcing bar (c)
determine bar size and direction .


24. NDT FOR LOCATING CRACK AND ITS GROWTH
•It is a portable type of instrument
which detects the width of the
crack on the surface of structure
•. Used extensively to record the
extent of crack widths on existing
piers and abutments which are
distressed.
•This is the pocket size equipment
used crack width measurement of
concrete member, masonry and
other type of structures.
•Depth of crack can be measured
either by Pulse Velocity Technique
(ASTM C-597) OR by taking cores
from concrete.
Crack Detection Microscopes
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

25. Eddy Current Meter
•Eddy current metre to
predominantly used in
detecting the cracks in the
metal structures.
•availability of cracks disrupt
the flow of eddy current.
•Availability of cracks disrupt
the flow of eddy current this
disruption is measured to
know the Flaws/Cracks/Voids
etc.
•Eddy current meter can be
used in the field for detection
of Flaws/Cracks/Voids in the
metal structures i.e. Steel
girder bridges, FOB's etc. in
the field.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW
PRINCIPLE- It is based on the principle of
electromagnetism and particularly on
inductive properties of alternating
current

26. Infrared Thermal Imager
PRINCIPLE : It is based on the principle that the materials with subsurface
anomalies, such as voids caused by corrosion of reinforcing steel in a material,
affect heat flow through that material.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

27. 1
• Switch on the camera.
• Insert the 2gb memory card, allows users to save more than 3000
screen images or 1200 IR fusion images.
2
• Focus the lens at target by manually rotating lens until the image is
in focus.
• Press the level and span button to automatically set the cameras
temperatures level and span.
3
• Press the same button again to properly scale the image .Press and
hold the same button until the IR fusion blend level control box
appears on the display screen.
• Tap the trigger button to retain settings.
• Tap the trigger button once to pause the live image. Press and hold
the trigger button for 2 seconds to save the image.
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

28. CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW
ACOUSTIC EMISSION TECHNIQUE
Nondestructive Testing During
Manufacturing Processes:
· Material processing
· Phase transformation in
metals and alloys (martensitic
transformation)
· Detection of defects such as
pores, quenching cracks,
inclusions, etc.
· Fabrication
· Deforming processes;
rolling, forging, extruding
· Welding and brazing;
detects detection (inclusions,
cracks, lack of penetration)
· TIG, MIG, spot, electron
beam, etc.
· Weld monitoring for process
control

29. CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW
Acoustic
Emission
Capabilities
Testing with
Insulation/High-
Temperature
Processes
Global Monitoring -
100% Inspection of
the Structure
Rapid
Inspection
Acoustic
Emission In
Field Testing
Permanent
Recording of
Test
Defect
Location
Cost
Reduction

30. CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW

31. CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
SRMCEM , LUCKNOW