Nutrition BasicsChapter 9Essential nutr.docx

Nutrition Basics
Chapter 9
*
Essential nutrients: those we must get
from food
Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water
Macronutrients
Micronutrients
These nutrients are available to the body through digestion
An adequate diet must provide nutrients and energy
Nutritional Requirements: Components of a Healthy Diet
*
Kilocalories (kcal) are the measure of energy in food
2000 kcal per day typically meets a person’s energy needs
Energy is the capacity to do work; calories measure energy
Sources of energy:
Fat = 9 calories per gram
Protein = 4 calories per gram

Carbohydrates = 4 calories per gram
Energy
*
The Six Major Classes of Dietary Components
*
The Digestive System
Proteins form parts of muscle, bone, blood, enzymes, hormones,
and cell membranes
Amino acids: the building blocks of proteins
There are 20 common amino acids
9 are essential
11 are nonessential—meaning the body can produce them
Proteins—
The Basis of Body Structure
*
Complete proteins provide all essential

amino acids
Most animal proteins are complete proteins
Most plant proteins are incomplete proteins
Legumes, nuts
Certain combinations yield complete proteinsRecommended
protein intake:
0.8 gram per kilogram of body weight
AMDR: 10–35% of total daily calorie intake
Proteins—
The Basis of Body Structure
*
Protein Content of Common Food Items
Fats (lipids) are the most concentrated source of energy
Store energy; provide insulation and support
Major fuel during rest and light activity
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are
essentialTriglycerides: most fats in foods
Types: saturated or unsaturated; monounsaturated;
polyunsaturated
Fats—
Essential in Small Amounts
*

Hydrogenation and trans fats
Hydrogenation changes some unsaturated fatty acids in trans
fatty acids
Associated with increased LDL-C (“bad” cholesterol) and
decreased HDL-C (“good” cholesterol)Recommended fat intake
Limit unhealthy fats
AMDR for fats is 25–35% of total daily calories
Fats—
Essential in Small Amounts
Types of Fatty Acids
Carbohydrates supply energy for body cells
Simple carbohydrates
Monosaccharides: single sugar molecule
Glucose, fructose, galactose
Disaccharides: pairs of single sugars
Sucrose, maltose or malt sugar, and lactose
Complex carbohydrates: multiple sugar units
Starches and fiber
During digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose
for absorption
Glycogen: starch stored in liver and muscles
Carbohydrates—
An Ideal Source of Energy
*

Refined carbohydrates versus whole grains
All grains are whole before processing
Inner layer: germ
Middle layer: endosperm
Outer layer: bran
During processing, the germ and bran are removed, leaving just
the starch of the endosperm
These refined carbohydrates are lower in fiber, vitamins,
minerals, and other beneficial compounds
Carbohydrates—
*
The Parts of a Whole Grain Kernel
Glycemic index:
Insulin and glucose levels rise and fall
A quick rise in glucose and insulin levels produces a high
glycemic index
Eating high glycemic index foods
May increase appetite
May increase risk of diabetes and heart disease
Unrefined grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes: relatively low
glycemic index
Carbohydrates—

Recommended carbohydrate intake:
The average American consumes
200–300 grams daily
130 grams are needed to meet the body’s requirements for
essential carbohydrates
AMDR: 45–65% of total daily calories, or
225–325 grams
The USDA recommends that total calories from added sugars
and saturated fats combined be no more than 15% of total daily
caloric intake
Carbohydrates—
Types of fiber:
Dietary fiber: nondigestible carbohydrate that is present
naturally
Soluble (viscous) fiber
Insoluble fiber
Functional fiber: nondigestible carbohydrate that has been
isolated or synthesized
Total fiber is the sum of both
Fiber—A Closer Look
*
Sources of fiber:
All plant substances Recommended fiber intake:

38 grams for adult men
25 grams for adult women
Needs to come from foods, not supplements
Fiber—A Closer Look
*
Vitamins are organic (carbon-containing) substances required in
small amounts to regulate various processes in cells
Thirteen vitamins:
4 fat-soluble: A, D, E, and K
9 water-soluble: C, and the B-complex vitamins thiamin,
riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, folate, vitamin B-12, biotin, and
pantothenic acid
Vitamins—
Organic Micronutrients
*
Functions of vitamins:
Help chemical reactions take place; help unleash energy;
produce red blood cells; maintain nervous, skeletal, and immune
systems; and act as antioxidantsSources of vitamins:
The human body does not manufacture most vitamins
Abundant in fruits, vegetables, and grains
Vitamins—

*
Vitamin deficiencies
Certain vitamin deficiencies are associated with health
risksVitamin excesses
Extra vitamins can be harmful, even toxicKeeping the nutrient
value in food
Store and cook food properly
Vitamins—
Facts about
Vitamins
Help to regulate body functions and release energy, aid in
growth, and maintain body tissues
About 17 essential minerals
Major minerals: 100 milligrams or more/day
Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and
chloride
Trace minerals: minute amounts
Copper, fluoride, iodide, iron, selenium, zinc
Issues may arise if too many or too few
Anemia; osteoporosis
Minerals—
Inorganic Micronutrients

Facts about Selected Minerals
The human body is 50–60% waterHumans can live up to 50 days
without food but only a few days without water
It is used in digestion and the absorption of food and is the
medium in which chemical reactions take place
To maintain hydration, daily:
Men: 3.7 total liters of water, with 3.0 liters
(13 cups) coming from beverages
Women: 2.7 total liters of water, with 2.2
(9 cups) coming from beverages
Water—Vital but Often Ignored
Antioxidants
Reduction in cancers
(free radicals)
Vitamins C and E,
selenium, carotenoids Phytochemicals
Soy foods may help lower cholesterol levels
Cruciferous vegetables render some carcinogenic compounds
harmless
Allyl sulfides (garlic and onions) boost cancer-fighting immune
cells
Other Substances in Food
*

A variety of tools are designed to help:
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
Dietary Guidelines for Americans
MyPlate (formerly MyPyramid)
Nutritional Guidelines:
Planning Your Diet
Standards for nutrient intakes in order to prevent deficiencies
Set of 4 values used for recommended intakes and maximum
safe intakes
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
Adequate Intake (AI)
Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)
Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)
Daily Values: the U.S. Food and Drug Administration uses these
for food labels
Based on a 2000-calorie diet
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
Designed to encourage improved nutrition and physical
activityGeneral guidelines:
Maintain calorie balance over time to achieve and sustain a
healthy weight
Focus on consuming nutrient-dense foods and beveragesEnergy
balance is the key to weight management
*

Foods and food components to reduce:
Reduce daily sodium intake
Limit intake of fat and dietary cholesterol
Reduce the intake of energy from solid fats and added sugars
Limit the consumption of foods that contain refined grains
Consume alcohol in moderation
Top 10 Sources of Energy in the American Diet
Foods and nutrients to increase:
Eat more fruits and vegetables; eat a variety of vegetables
Consume at least half of all grains as whole grains
Increase intake of fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products
Choose a variety of protein foods
Use oils to replace solid fats where possible
Choose foods that provide more potassium, dietary fiber,
calcium, and vitamin D
Building healthy eating patterns
USDA Food Patterns
Vegetarian adaption of USDA Food Patterns
DASH Eating Plan
Mediterranean diet or Mediterranean-style eating pattern
Estimated Daily Calorie Needs

Helping Americans make healthy choices
Individuals need access to healthy foods and safe environments
in which to engage in physical activity
They also need food security
The Dietary Guidelines propose the Social Ecological Model
Individual factors
Environmental settings
Sectors of influence
Social and cultural norms and values
Individual Effort and Public Health Policies
USDA Food Patterns
This USDA graphic shows how to use the five food groups at
each meal
Balance calories: enjoy your food, but eat less; and avoid
oversized portions
Foods to increase:
Make half your plate fruits and vegetables
Make at least half your grains whole grains
Switch to fat-free or low-fat milk
Foods to reduce:
Choose food with lower amounts of sodium
Drink water instead of sugary drinks
USDA’s MyPlate

How to Eat for Health
Whole and refined grains
Low in fat and rich in complex carbohydrates, dietary fiber,
vitamins, and minerals
6 ounce-equivalents each day—with half from whole grains
Serving size—1 ounce-equivalent
1 slice of bread;1 small muffin (2.5 diameter);
1 cup of ready-to-eat cereal flakes;
a half-cup of cooked cereal, rice, grains, or pasta; 1 6-inch
tortilla
USDA’s MyPlate
Vegetables:
Naturally low in fat
Contain carbohydrates, dietary fiber, carotenoids, vitamin C,
folate, potassium, and other nutrients
2 ½ cups of vegetables a day
Half your plate should be fruits and vegetables
Serving size—1 cup equivalent
1 cup cooked or raw vegetables, 2 cups raw leafy salad greens,
1 cup of vegetable juice
USDA’s MyPlate
Fruits:
Rich in carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and many vitamins
(especially vitamin C)
2 cups of fruit daily
Make half your plate fruits and vegetables
Choose whole fruits over fruit juices

1 cup fresh, canned, or frozen fruit; 1 cup 100% fruit juice;1
small whole fruit; 1/4 cup dried fruit
USDA’s MyPlate
Dairy:
High in protein, carbohydrate, calcium, potassium, riboflavin,
and vitamin D
Should be fat-free or as low-fat as possible
3 cups of milk or the equivalent daily
1 cup milk or yogurt,1/2 cup ricotta cheese,
1 ½ oz. natural cheese, 2 oz. processed cheese
USDA’s MyPlate
Protein foods:
Provide protein, niacin, iron, vitamin B-6, zinc, and thiamin
Animal foods contain B-12
5 ½ ounce-equivalents daily
Serving size—1 ounce equivalent
1 ounce cooked lean meat, poultry, fish;
1/4 cup cooked dry beans or tofu; 1 egg;
1 tablespoon peanut butter; 1/2 ounce nuts or seeds
USDA’s MyPlate
Oils:
Major sources of vitamin E and unsaturated fatty acids,
including essential fatty acids
6 teaspoons (27g) per day
Serving size—1 teaspoon equivalent

1 teaspoon of vegetable oil or soft margarine
1 tablespoon mayonnaise-type salad dressing
USDA’s MyPlate
A small amount of additional calories in the form of solid fats
and added sugars (SoFAS) can be consumed if your diet is
consistently nutrient-richDaily physical activity is important
USDA’s MyPlate
Restrict or exclude foods of animal origin
Vegans
Lacto-vegetarians
Lacto-ovo-vegetarians
Partial vegetarians
Semivegetarians
Pesco-vegetariansA food plan for vegetarians needs to include
vitamin B-12, vitamin D, calcium, iron, and zinc
The Vegetarian Alternative
*
These are foods with added ingredients to improve
healthExamples:
Calcium-fortified orange juice
Margarine enriched with sterols and stanols
Enriched soy milk
Functional Foods
Children and teenagersCollege studentsPregnant and
breastfeeding womenOlder adultsAthletesPeople with special

health concerns
Dietary Challenges for Various Population Groups
The quality and quantity of our diet is changing with
globalization
Increased availability of cheap food
Urbanization
Increased sedentary activitiesIncreases in fats and sugars are
implicated in cardiovascular disease, obesity, and diabetes
Global Nutrition Transitions
Reading food labelsUnderstanding dietary supplements
Can be dangerous when taken in excess
Not authorized or tested by the FDA
Not a substitute for a healthy diet
People who benefit from supplements:
Women capable of getting pregnant—folic acid
People over 50—vitamin B-12
Smokers—vitamin C
Personal Plan: Making Informed Choices About Food
Sample Food Label
Sample Supplement Label
Most foodborne illness is caused by pathogens
Salmonella
Norovirus
Campylobacter jejuni

Toxoplasma
Shigella
Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7
Listeria monocytogenes
Clostridium perfringens
Protecting Yourself Against Foodborne Illness
Preventing and treating foodborne illnesses:
Raw foods are the most common source of foodborne illnesses
Food safety principles:
Clean hands
Separate raw, cooked, and ready-to-eat foods while shopping,
storing, and preparing foods
Cook foods to a safe temperature
Chill (refrigerate) perishable foods promptly
Protecting Yourself Against Foodborne Illness
Organic foods:
These must meet certain criteria to be USDA certified
Whether or not they are more healthy, they
are better for the environmentGuidelines for fish consumption:
Mercury contamination is a concern,
especially for women who are or may become pregnant, nursing
mothers, and children
Organic Foods;
Fish Consumption
Environmental contaminants:
These include minerals, antibiotics, hormones, pesticides,
industrial chemicals, metals, and naturally occurring substances

such as molds
PDBs (polychlorinated biphenyls)
Regulations attempt to limit exposure Other issues:
Additives in food
Food irradiation
Genetically Modified Foods (GM)
Environmental Contaminants and Other Issues
Food allergies:
These are a reaction of the body’s immune system to a food
ingredient
90% of food allergies are due to 8 foods:
Cow’s milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, wheat, fish, and
shellfishFood intolerances:
This problem usually lies with metabolism rather than with the
immune system
Food Allergies and Food Intolerances
USOO6166763A
United States Patent (19) 11 Patent Number: 6,166,763
Rhodes et al. (45) Date of Patent: Dec. 26, 2000
54) VIDEO SECURITY SYSTEM 4-53368 2/1992 Japan.
5-30507 2/1993 Japan.
75 Inventors: Scott Anthony Rhodes, Wanneroo, 5-176217
7/1993 Japan.
Australia; Andrew William Jackson, 3. 18: E. apan.
Las Vegas, Nev. 1370 535 10/1974 United Kingdom.
2 238 926 6/1991 United Kingdom.
73 Assignee: Ultrak, Inc., Lewisville, Tex. 2241 627 9/1991

United Kingdom.
2 251 704 7/1992 United Kingdom.
21 Appl. No.: 09/250,921 2252473A 8/1992 United Kingdom.
WO 94/25324 11/1994 WIPO.
22 Filed: Feb. 12, 1999
OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Related U.S. Application Data
Operating Instructions, TLC1800 Time Lapse Video
62) Division of application No. 09/061.281, Apr. 17, 1998, Pat.
Recorder, by GYYR Closed Circuit Video Equipment, pp.
No. 5,889,551, which is a division of application No. 22–23,
Odetics, Inc. (Mar. 1992).
08/750,921, Jan. 22, 1997, Pat. No. 5,745,166. Time Lapse
Video Recorder Instructions, TLC1800
30 Foreign Application Priority Data w/Time- Date Search
Feature, by GYYR Closed Circuit
Jul. 26, 1994 AU Australia ................................ PMTO83
Video Equipment, Odetics, Inc. (1992).
TLC1800-S12MP 12 Camera Switcher, by GYYR Closed
As .N. Attalia - - - PCFAN. Circuit Video Equipment, Odetics,
Inc. (Jan. 1993).
ul. ZO, AU ustralia ................. / f Model 1608 Video
Loss/Presence Detector, American
51 Int. Cl. ........................... H04N 7/18 Dynamics, Nov. 1992.
52 U.S. Cl. .......................... 348/143; 348/153; 348/154;
348/211 Primary Examiner-Howard Britton

58 Field of Search ..................................... 348-14s. 150.
Attorney, Agent, or Firm--George R. Schultz, Madan,
is 600.5, 70.2.212, is 52. Mossman, Schultz & Sriram
153, 154; 360/5; H04N 7/18 57 ABSTRACT
56) References Cited A video Security System (10) capable of
monitoring and
recording fixed and moving targets and recording manage
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS ment information into a Video
signal Such that the text can
3,105,873 10/1963 Winston et al.. be removed from the video
image produced by the video
3,511,926 5/1970 Lami. signal at playback of the recorded video
signal. The VSS
(10) allows a camera (70b) to Switch (toggle) between two
(List continued on next page.) or more view positions of interest
and to Set the view
FOREIGN PATENT DOCUMENTS positions into memory by
pressing a single Switch. The
cameras (70b) are controlled to move rapidly, but accurately,
O 525 482 A2 2/1993 European Pat. Off.. between the positions
within controlled parameters of Speed
61-273086 12/1986 Japan. and acceleration-including a period
of Substantially Zero
o: 12. E. acceleration between changes in the rate of
acceleration.
2-172371 7/1990 Japan.
3-190382 8/1991 Japan. 13 Claims, 6 Drawing Sheets
---

30 - 24
MANY RECORD ALARMS E.
B
26 Nyce Text CONTROL COMPUTER MONTOR 1
PAN TILT CAMERA
— — — .
FIXED CAMERA CHANNEL 1 DYNAMIC EXT 24
20 H 42 SELECTOR EQUALISER INSERTER ---
- ? CHANNEL 2 DYNAMIC TEXT ...
SELECTOR EQUALISER NSERTER MONITOR 2
CHANNEL 3 DYNAMC TEXT
SELECTOR EQUALISER NSERTER =l
STANDBY DYNAMC TEXT - 24
48- 32 WIDEO RECORD EQUALISER NSERTER
INPUTS CAMERA WIDEO FAL DETECTOR e
MONITOR 3
WEDEO SECURITY SYSTEM
10 --> STANDEY WCR
22
WCR REMOTE AND ALARM REMO
COMMUNICATION CONTROL MODULE
18
28

6,166,763
Page 2
U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS 4,779,134 10/1988 Mak.
4,808,992 2/1989 Beyers ...................................... 386/96
3, 12, attal. to pict's 348/143 2 2 2 2 aSall0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SSR E; Benfield et al. ..................... 348/148 4,943,854 7/1990
Shiota et al..
3,848,082 11/1974 Summers ................................ 348/473
4,943,864 7/1990 Elberbaum.
3,900,705 8/1975 Richter. 4,945,367 7/1990 Blackshear
.............................. 348/143
4,001,881 1/1977 Folsom. 4989,084 1/1991 Wetzel.
4,037,250 7/1977 McGahan. 4,991,008 2/1991 Nama.
4,051,524 9/1977 Baxter. 4992,866 2/1991 Morgan.
4,148,062 4/1979 Kamin. 5,019,905 5/1991 Pshtissky et al. .
4,148,069 4/1979 Smiley et al. .......................... 348/707
5,027,104 6/1991 Reid.
4,198,656 4/1980 Mathisen. 5,150,212 9/1992 Han
......................................... 348/705
4,237,483 12/1980 Clever . 5,164,827 11/1992 Paff.
4,244,006 1/1981 Kitahara et al. ........................ 348/213
5,206,732 4/1993 Hudson ................................... 348/207
4,249,206 2/1981 Roscoe. 5,253,070 10/1993 Hong.
4,308,559 12/1981 Schiff. 5,264,929 11/1993 Yamaguchi.
4,507,683 3/1985 Griesshaber et al.. 5,267,039 11/1993
Elberbaum.
4,511,886 4/1985 Rodriguez. 5,287,186 2/1994 Takamori.

4,566,036 1/1986 Kadosawa ............................... 348/213
5,428,390 6/1995 Cooper et al. .......................... 348/240
4,630,110 12/1986 Cotton et al.. 5,526,041 6/1996 Glatt .....
348/143
4,673,974 6/1987 Ito et al.. 5,642,160 6/1997 Bennett 348/156
4,772,945 9/1988 Tagawa et al.. 5,745,166 4/1998 Rhodes.
348/143
4,777,526 10/1988 Saitoh et al.. 5,751,346 5/1998 Dozier
..................................... 348/153
6,166,763 Sheet 1 of 6 Dec. 26, 2000 U.S. Patent
V / (f)]', H.
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- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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U.S. Patent Dec. 26, 2000 Sheet 2 of 6

NORMAL TEXT
IN THE
VIDEO
VIDEO WAVEFORM DISPLAY
HDDEN TEXT
DATA BACK
FIC. 1 B PORCH
VIDEO WAVEFORM DISPLAY
MONITOR DISPLAY
TEXT INSERTED
INTO WIDEO
NORMAL DISPLAY
SELECTION HIDDEN TEXT
6,166,763
CONTROL COMPUTER FIC. 3
s
VIDEO INPUT BUSS
AND MATRIX VIDEO
PICTURE
INSERTER USED
42 IN PLAYBACK

MANY
VIDEO
INPUTS
3
HIDDEN TEXT
INSERTER IN
RECORD MODE
SELECTOR
PLAYBACK WITH TEXT IN THE WIDEO
U.S. Patent Dec. 26, 2000 Sheet 4 of 6 6,166,763
OLD SYSTEM
ONE EQUALISER REQUIRED PER CAMERA
(IE. THIS SYSTEM REQUIRES 32 EQUALISERS)

INPUTS
FIG. 4A
T CONTROL COMPUTER (PRIOR ART)
CONTROL
DAA VIDEO INPUT
BUSS VIDEO
PICTURE
MANY
VIDEO
MONITOR
FIXED
A EQUALISER VIDEO
VIDEO SIGNAL SIGNAL
NEW SYSTEM
ONE EQUALISER REQUIRED PER MONITOR
(IE. THIS SYSTEM REQUIRES ONE ONLY)
HIC. 4B CONTROL COMPUTER
VIDEO NPUT
BUSS
42
VIDEO
PCTURE
AT

CORRECTED
DYNAMC LEVEL
EQUALISER 14 MONITOR
MANY
VIDEO
INPUTS
VIDEO SIGNAL
COAX CABLE LOSS IS PROPORTIONAL TO DISTANCE
SIGNAL

6,166,763 Sheet 6 of 6 Dec. 26, 2000 U.S. Patent
FIC 6
6,166,763
1
VIDEO SECURITY SYSTEM
This is a division of application Ser. No. 09/061,281,
filed Apr. 17, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,889,551 which is a
division of Ser. No. 08/750,921, filed Jan. 22, 1997 now U.S.
Pat. No. 5,745,166.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a Video Security System
particularly, although not exclusively, envisaged for use in
the monitoring of a plurality of locations, Such as, in a
building, for example, a casino.
More particularly the present invention relates to a Video

Security System (VSS) particularly directed at addressing the
difficulties which prior art Security Systems generally
experience, Such as:
1. avoiding text information obliterating important Video
information;
2. Switching repeatedly between two or more views of
interest with a single camera;
3. dealing with equalisation problems between Video
cameras, video monitors and/or VCRs or other video
Signal recording device;
4. Overcoming the problem of tracking an object with a
camera when it approaches a 360 end stop;
5. Overcoming the problem of pan/tilt camera control
when Zoomed out;
6. controlling the camera to move rapidly between two or
more views of interest, and,
7. VCR management issues including: failure of VCRs;
change-Over delay in VCR cassettes, and dealing with
camera failure and replacement.
It is to be kept in mind that the purpose of the video
Security System of the present invention is to provide video
images regarding events pertaining to the Security of a
building or the like and to allow those recorded Video images
to be presentable in a court of law as irrefutable evidence of
the events which took place.
Hereinafter the term “VCR' will be used to denote any
form of Video signal recording and/or playback device

(referred to as a “VRD") and may include a video cassette
recorder, or any optical or digital recording media Suitable
for recording video signals.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. “Text Overlay'-In the field of video security systems
it is known to introduce text into the Video signal to provide
a real time record of the details of the event which is being
monitored. A disadvantage of Such prior art Systems is that
the information is introduced into the video part of the video
Signal and hence over-writes a part of the Video picture
which would have otherwise been recorded.
The present invention overcomes this by inserting the text
into the non-Video part of the video Signal
2. “Toggle'-The Secret to the Success of Switching
between a plurality of fixed locations is to be able to quickly
and easily identify two, or more, Viewing locations “on the
fly'. This is particularly for viewing targets of short term or
temporary interest.
In the context of the present invention “on the fly” means
to be performed whilst the VSS is in its normal mode of
operation and without interrupting the normal operation of
the VSS.
Also, in the context of the present invention the feature of
“switching back and forth between two (or more) viewing
locations is referred to as “toggling between the viewing
locations.
15
25

35
40
45
50
55
60
65
2
However, where the operator is interested in two or more
Specific locations within the viewing region the PTZ camera
must be adjusted manually between these locations. This is
quite laborious and tedious for the perSon operating the PTZ
camera Since it involves adjusting the pan, tilt, Zoom and
focus setting for the PTZ camera.
We have discovered that this can be overcome by record
ing the PTZ camera Settings corresponding to the desired
locations of Viewing into a camera position controller and
Switching between the locations by recalling the Settings for
each of the viewing locations. The PTZ camera then is
controlled by the camera position controller to adjust itself
between the desired locations.
“Preset' PTZ camera viewing locations are known and
are widely used, however, they require the operator to make
Several control operations to Set each Viewing location and
at least two control operations to Switch from one viewing

location to another.
This is particularly inconvenient in a viewing region Such
as in a casino where there are many potential targets, where
there is a requirement to quickly and reliably Set viewing
locations and where it is critical to be able to Switch between
typically two targets. The two targets would typically be a
Suspected felon and a handbag which it is Suspected that the
felon will Steal. Typically, there is an accomplice to be
monitored as well. Usually the accomplice in this Scenario
is a woman who collides briefly with the felon and takes the
handbag once the handbag has been Stolen. Hence, the task
of the operator of the VSS is to first monitor the suspected
felon and the handbag by toggling back and forth between
the two and once the handbag has been Stolen to monitor the
felon and then to monitor a person who may collide with the
felon.
In the present invention we have determined a way to
enable the operator to operate a single control function (Such
as by a control button) to set, update and toggle between two
or more viewing locations. This most reliably and efficiently
allows the operator to monitor the targets.
3. "Signal Equalisation'-Prior art video security systems
have the problem that equalisation of the Video signals must
be provided for each video camera That is, there must be one
equalisation unit for each camera
We have overcome this difficulty by having one equali
sation unit for each Video monitor and automatically adjust
ing the equalisation unit for each Video camera as it is
connected to the monitor. Hence, only a fraction of the
number of equalisation units is required.
4. “Rotation End Stops' Another problem of existing

Video Security Systems is that most of the cameras which
they use are only able to rotate through about 360. Hence,
when following a target the camera can reach its end stops
and have to unwind before it can continue to follow the
target. By the time that the camera has unwound the target
may no longer be in Sight.
We have overcome this problem in an inexpensive way by
using a cable loop wound in a way that it is able to twist 3
to 4 times, and hence the camera can be rotated through an
angle of about 1000. A control unit of the camera then is
programmed to return the camera to about the centre of its
rotation when the camera is not being used to track a target.
Hence, the camera is relatively unlikely to reach its end
Stops during normal uses.
5. “Pan Speed vs Zoom’-Prior art vide cameras have the
further problem that when the lens is Zoomed in (that is
viewing an object at a distance) the rate of pan per degree of
arc is the same as when the lens is Zoomed out. Hence, it
6,166,763
3
becomes difficult to accurately control the pan of the lens
when Zoomed in. Also, it is difficult to observe the image of
the camera during panning when Zoomed in because it is
usually blurred or indistinct due to the pan Speed being too
high.
We have overcome this problem by linking the pan speed
to the Zoom position of the lens So that the rate of pan per
degree of arc decreaseS as the lens is Zoomed in and
increased as the lens is Zoomed out.

6. "Accuracy of Camera Positioning-Conventional
camera position controllers have problems in maintaining
accuracy of positioning of the video camera (for viewing a
target in a predetermined location) whilst seeking maximum
Speed of movement of the Video camera. That is, in the race
for maximum speed, So that one camera can be used to
monitor two or more locations, the position controller is not
able to keep accurate record of the location of the camera.
This is primarily due to problems encountered in rapid
changes in acceleration.
We have overcome this problem by designing a camera
position controller which ensures that there is a minimum
period of Substantially Zero acceleration before any change
in acceleration direction. This thus avoids large changes in
momentum introduced when Switching abruptly from accel
eration to deceleration.
7. “Non-Recording Time' Another problem of prior art
Video Security Systems is that during the times referred to in
item 7 of the Field of the invention no recording can occur.
Hence, the Video Security System can not record all extents
which its cameras See. For example, in a video Security
system having 125 VCRs there would be a minimum record
ing time loSS of 2 hours per day due only to the time taken
to change over tapes (assuming the operation takes 30
Seconds and each tape records for 8 hours). There is further
loss of recording when an operator deliberately takes a VCR
off-line in order to review one of the tapes. In order to
overcome these periods of lost recording we have designed
a VSS to automatically manage the VCRS and cameras So as
to ensure that each target is monitored continuously and each
Video signal is recorded continuously. This is achieved by
using backup Video cameras and backup VCRS and by
providing a log of the camera and VCR associated with each

Viewed target.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Therefore it is an object of the present invention to
provide a video Security System to overcome the above
identified problems.
1. It is an object of the present invention to provide a text
insertion System which enables Storage of text other than in
the part of the Video signal which corresponds to the Video
image.
In accordance with another aspect of the present invention
there is provided a text insertion System for a Video Security
System having a video camera and a Video monitor and/or a
VRD capable of operation in a record mode, the text
insertion System comprising:
a text insertion means connected between the Video
camera and the video monitor and/or VRD for inserting
a text Signal into a Video Signal received from the Video
camera for display on the Video monitor and/or recordal
by the VRD, the insertion of the text signal being timed
within the back porch of the video signal so that the text
Signal does not alter the Visible part of the Video frame
of the video signal;
a control means connected to the text insertion means, the
control means generating the text signal and Sending
the text signal to the text insertion means, and,
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a playback means operatively associated with the text
insertion means and the control means, the playback
means responding to the text signal portion of the Video
Signal, the playback means having a text signal display
means for rendering the text signal visible on the Video
monitor, and a text signal hiding means for rendering
the text signal non-visible on the Video monitor, the text
Signal display means and the text signal hiding means
being operable by a perSon using the text insertion
System to allow alternating between showing text cor
responding to the text signal on the video monitor and
showing on the Video monitor that part of the Video
frame which would otherwise be obscured by the text,
and the playback mains being able to make the text
Signal visible or hidden during both recording and
playback modes of operation of the VRD.
2. Therefore, it is an object of the present invention to
provide a PTZ camera for a video security system which is
capable of being controlled by an operator to toggle between

a plurality of desired camera viewing locations.
In accordance with one aspect of the present invention
there is provided a PTZ camera for viewing a plurality of
targets within a region surrounding the PTZ camera, the PTZ
camera comprising:
a Video lens and camera for viewing the targets and
Sending a Video Signal to a Video monitor and for a
VRD;
a Zoom control means for controlling the Video lens for
Viewing the targets;
a focus control means for focusing the Video lens for
Viewing the targets;
a pan control means for panning the Video lens and
camera for viewing the targets;
a tilt control means for tilting the video lens and camera
for Viewing the targets, and,
a camera position control means for controlling the Video
lens, the Zoom control means, the focus control means,
the pan control means and the tilt control means, the
camera position control means having a first current
position means for Storing the Settings corresponding to
the location of one of the targets, and a Second current
position means for Storing the Settings corresponding to
the location of another one of the targets, the camera
position control means being operable to Switch control
between the first current position means and the Second
current position means for allowing viewing to Switch
between two targets of present interest, wherein the first
current position means and the Second current position

means are operable to Set, update and toggle the view
on the video monitor between the two locations of the
targets.
3. It is an object of the present invention to provide a
transmission cable equalisation System for a video Security
System having a plurality of Video cameras and a video
monitor and/or a VRD capable of operation in a record
mode, the transmission cable equalisation System compris
ing:
a Selector means connected between the Video cameras
and the video monitor and/or VRD for selecting video
Signals from the Video cameras to be directed to the
video monitor and/or VRD so that the video signal from
one video camera is display on the Video monitor
and/or recorded on the VRD at a time;
an equaliser means connected between the Selector means
and the video monitor and/or VRD for equalising the
Video signal from losses caused by the nature of the
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connection between each of the Video cameras and the
Selector means, and,
a control means connected to the equaliser means and the
Selector means, the control means having a reference
means having data quantifying the losses between each
Video camera and the Selector means, and the control
means controlling the equaliser means to compensate
for the losses associated with each Video camera as its

Video signal is displayed on the Video monitor and/or
recorded on the VRD So that the condition of the video
signal at the video monitor and/or VRD is equalised
Substantially independent of the characteristics of the
connection between the Video camera and the Selector
means So that only one equalisation means is required
per video monitor and/or VRD instead of one equali
sation means per Video camera.
Video camera which is controllable to rotate through a fixed
angle which is greater than 360.
In accordance with a Still further aspect of the present
invention there is provided a Video camera for a video
Security System, the Video camera comprising:
a Video lens for viewing a target and Sending a Video
signal to a video monitor and/or a VRD;
a transport mechanism upon which the Video lens is
mounted, the transport mechanism being rotatable
through a fixed azimuth range of greater than 360 So
that the Video lens cam view targets which move
through an azimuth range of greater than 360; and,
a loop of electrical cables arranged to be able to twist
through an azimuth range of greater than 360.
Video camera which is controllable to pan at a Speed which
changes corresponding the Zoom Setting of the camera.
In accordance with yet another aspect of the present
invention there is provided a Video camera comprising:

a Video lens for viewing a target and Sending a Video
signal to a video monitor and or a VRD;
a Zoom control means for controlling the Video lens to See
targets at varying ranges from the Video camera;
a pan control means for panning the Video lens, and,
a control means for controlling the Speed at which the
Video lens is panned, the control means being able to
Set a relatively slow pan Speed when the Zoom control
means controls the Video lens to view a target which is
relatively far from the video lens and to set a relatively
high pan Speed when the Zoom control means controls
the Video lens to view a target which is relatively close
to the Video lens So that both distant and close targets
can be panned over at Substantially the same Speed.
camera transport mechanism which has a camera position
control System for moving a camera rapidly between a
plurality of viewing positions.
In accordance with a further aspect of the present inven
tion there is provided a camera transport mechanism for
moving a Video camera between a plurality of viewing
positions, the camera transport mechanism comprising:
a platform for carrying a Video camera;
a vertical axis drive unit attached to the platform for
moving platform about a vertical axis,
a horizontal axis drive unit attached to the platform for
moving the platform about a horizontal axis, and,
a camera position control System for recording the loca

tion of a plurality of Viewing positions and for control
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ling the movement of the platform between said view
ing positions, the camera position control System being
configured control the movement of the platform So as
to provide a minimum period during which there is
Substantially Zero acceleration between changes in
acceleration of the platform from acceleration to decel
eration So as to reduce the amount of rate of change of
momentum experienced by the platform and thus
improve the accuracy of determination of the position
of the platform So as to more accurately control the
movement of the platform and hence the Video camera
between the viewing positions.
Video camera Substitution System for ensuring that Video

images are always available to be reviewed and/or recorded
even in the event of the failure of a video.
invention there is provided a Video camera Substitution
System for a Video Security System having a fixed video
camera for viewing a target area, a pan-tilt Video camera
capable of orientation to Substantially view the Said target
area and a video monitor and/or VCR capable of operation
in a record mode, the video camera Substitution System
compriSIng:
a failure detection means for detecting failure of the fixed
Video camera;
a camera preset means having data concerning the posi
tion of the target area with respect to the pan-tilt Video
camera; and,
a control means in operative association with the failure
detection means, the camera preset means and the
pan-tilt Video camera, the control means being capable
of controlling the pan-tilt Video camera for moving and
Setting the pan-tilt Video camera to monitor the target
area when the failure detection means detects failure of
the fixed video camera So that the target area is moni
tored Substantially continuously.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a Video
recorder Substitution System for ensuring that Video images
and always recorded even in the event of the failure of a
Video recorder including failure to record due to change
over of recording media and taking the Video recorder out of
Service.

invention there is provided a video recorder substitution
System for a Video Security System comprising:
a first VRD for recording a Video signal corresponding to
a target area,
a Second VRD also capable of recording the Video signal
corresponding to Said target area;
a record failure detection means for detecting failure of
the first VRD to record said video signal, including
failure due to change-Over of recording media and due
to taking the Video recorder out of record its mode of
operation; and,
a control means in operative association with the record
failure detection means, with the first VRD and with the
second VRD, the control means being capable of
controlling the second VRD to set the second VRD to
record Said Video signal in the event that the record
failure detection means detects failure of the first VRD
So that the Video signal corresponding to the target area
is recorded Substantially continuously.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
An exemplary embodiment of the present invention will
now be described with reference to the accompanying
drawings in which:
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FIG. 1A is block diagram of a video security system in
accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 1B is a set of waveforms showing the nature of
insertion of a signal corresponding to text into the Video
Signal;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an automatic VCR manage
ment System in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 3 is block diagram of a text insertion system in
accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 4a is a block diagram of a prior art transmission
cable equalisaion System;
FIG. 4b is a block diagram of a transmission cable
equalisation System in accordance within the present inven
tion;
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a video camera substitution
System in accordance with the present invention; and,
FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a PTZ camera in accor
dance with the present invention, shown with part of its
housing shown in phantom.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE
PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
Video Security System
In FIG. 1 there is shown a Video Security System (VSS)
10 comprising an Automatic VCR Management System
(AVCRMS) 12, a Text Insertion System (TIS) 14, a Trans
mission Cable Equalisation System (TCES) 16 and a Video
Camera Substitution System (VCSS) 18.

The VSS 10 also comprises a plurality of fixed position
cameras 20, a plurality of pan-tilt cameras 22, a plurality of
video monitors 24, a plurality of VCRs 26, one or more
standby VCRs 28 and a printer 30.
Typically, the VSS 10 is embodied in a computer system
programmed to effect various routines equivalent to the
systems 12, 14, 16 and 18 described herein.
Automatic VCR Management System
As shown in FIG. 2 the AVCRMS 12 comprises a
controller 40 and a selector 42.
Typically the controller 40 is in the form of a computer
programmed to effect certain control functions as described
herein. The controller 40 is connected to a remote control
input 44 of each of the plurality of VCRs 26 and 28 and to
an alarm output 46 of each of the VCRs 26 and 28. The
controller 40 being capable of operating each of the VCRs
26 and 28 via the remote control inputs 44 and also being
capable of Sensing an alarm condition in each of the VCRS
26 and 28 via the alarm outputs 46. The controller 40
disabling any one of the VCRs 26 and 28 upon the occur
rence of an alarm signal at the alarm output 46 of that VCR
26 or 28. The alarm condition becomes active when the VCR
26 or 28 is no longer in a record mode of operation. This can
happen due to failure of the VCR 26 or 28, the VCR 26 or
28 being taken out of Service Such as to change a recording
tape or to review a recorded tape or for repairs or the like.
The selector 42 is typically in the form of a matrix video
Switch in which any of its inputs 48 can be connected to any
of its outputs 50, 52 and 54. The output 50 is connected to
one of the monitors 24, and the outputs 52 and 54 are

connected to record input 56 of two standby VCRs 28. Each
of the VCRs 26 and 28 has a play output 58 which is
connected to one of the Video inputs of the Selector 42 So that
any video signal on any of the VCRs 26 or 28 can be
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displayed on the monitor 24. The selector 42 is also con
nected via its inputs 48 to a plurality a Video camera outputs
60.
Typically, when one of the VCRs is detected as no longer
being in a record mode of operation the controller 40 causes
an audible tone to be generated and an alarm message is
caused to be displayed on the monitor 24. The message
identifies which one of the VCRs 26 and 28 requires
attention. The controller 40 simultaneously selects the next
available one of the standby VCRs 28 and sets it to a record
mode of operation via the remote control input 44 and

controls the selector 42 to direct the video signal from the
relevant video camera output 60 to that VCR 28 for recordal.
The controller 40 also displays the identity of the video
camera and the VCR 28 onto which the video signal is now
being recorded. Simultaneously, this information, along with
the time and date and any other Special messages, are printed
out on the printer 30.
Text Insertion System
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 the text inserter 14 is
connected between the camera outputs 60 and the inputs 56
of the VCRs 26. The text inserter 14 is controlled by the
controller 40 for the generation of text to be inserted into the
video signal being recorded onto the VCR 26. The controller
40 controls the insertion of the text into the video signal at
a location which is not ordinarily part of the visible part of
the Video Screen once displayed. Typically, the text data is
inserted into the horizontal line interval portion of the video
Signal (known as the “back porch” of the Video signal).
The text inserter 14, particularly as shown in FIG. 3,
inserts the text generated by the controller 40 into the video
Signal and is recorded onto the VCR 26 during recording
Due to the positioning of the text into the Video Signal the
text does not overly the normal viewable portion of the video
signal. During playback of the video signal from the VCR 26
the text inserter extracts the text from the horizontal line
interval of the video signal and reinserts it into the visible
portion of the Video Signal So that the text can be seen on the
monitor 24.
In the event that the text masks important parts of the
video image on the monitor 24 the text inserter 14 can be
controlled by the controller 40 to remove the text signal from
the visible part of the video signal. Hence, the text recorded

with the Video image from the Video cameras can be
removed from the Video image Seen on the monitor in the
event that it masks important parts of the Video image.
It is important to note that the text is a data Stream and not
a Video Stream.
The recorded information can include time, date, Source,
equalisation, operator identification number, VCR identifi
cation number (since each VCR has its own effective
“fingerprint”) and the like. This information is important in
the Scheme of irrefutably proving that the images recorded
by the VCRs are the events which actually took place.
Transmission Cable Equalisation System
As shown in FIGS. 1, 4a and 4b the transmission cable
equaliser 16 is connected between the Video camera output
60 and the text inserter 14 and is controlled by the controller
40.
The controller 40 has a conditioning signal (Such as data)
which characterises the nature of the connection between
each of a plurality of video cameras 70 and the selector 42.
This conditioning Signal takes into account any losses in the
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connection between the camera 70 and the selector 42 due
to the nature of a connecting cable including its transmission
characteristics and its length The conditioning Signal is
applied to the equaliser 16 So as to alter the gain of the
equaliser 16 to allow for the losses inherent in the cable of
each of the cameras 70.

Hence, only one equaliser 16 is required per monitor 24
rather than one equaliser 16 per camera 70. In the event that
a new camera 70 is added to the video security system 10 the
equalising requirements for that camera 70 are input into the
controller 40 for controlling the equaliser 16 when video
signals from that camera 70 are being viewed on the monitor
24.
Video Camera Substitution System
The cameras 70 in the video security system 10 include
fixed position cameras 70a and pan/tilt cameras 70b (herein
referred to as PTZ cameras 70b). Typically, a plurality of the
fixed position cameras 70a are directed at fixed targets in an
area and a lesser number of the PTZ cameras 70b are spread
out amongst the fixed position cameras 70a So that the PTZ
cameras 70b can substantially view the same field as the
plurality of fixed position cameras 70a and to be used to
View moving targets.
The video camera substitution system 18 is a part of the
controller 40 and has information concerning the relative
positions of the PTZ cameras 70b and the fixed position
cameras 70a. The information includes which of the PTZ
cameras 70b are capable of covering the viewing areas of
each of the fixed position cameras 70a. The controller 40 is
connected to the PTZ cameras 70b via a communication
control module 74 so that in the event that a particular one
of the fixed position cameras 70a ceases to operate the
controller can automatically determine which one of the
PTZ cameras 70b can be used in its place and then control
the PTZ camera 70b via its controller 76 to pan, tilt, Zoom
and focus to view the target viewed by the camera 70a which
failed.

The VCSS 18 also has a keyboard 78 connected to the
controller 40 for allowing manual operation of the PTZ
cameras 70b to view targets at the will of an operator of the
keyboard 78. For this purpose the keyboard 78 conveniently
includes a joy stick 80.
Multiple Rotation Video Camera
The PTZ cameras 70b comprise a conventional camera
100 set on a transport mechanism 102 which is capable of
rotating greater than 360 such as about 1000.
The camera 100 has a lens 110 which has a Zoom facility
and whose iris can be adjusted for changes in lighting levels.
The transport mechanism 102 has a housing 120, a frame
122, a vertical axis drive unit 124, a horizontal axis drive
unit 126 and control unit 128.
The housing 120 comprises a ceiling mount 140, a camera
mask 142 and a transparent cover 144.
The ceiling mount 140 is typically fixed into a ceiling of
a building (although it could be fixed to a wall or the like)
So that the camera mask 142 and the transparent cover 144
are disposed below the ceiling for allowing the camera 100
Viewing within a room under the ceiling. The ceiling mount
140 is typically made from anodised aluminium and is
typically cylindrical in cross-section.
The camera mask 142 is attached to the frame 122 and
hence is able to rotate with respect to the ceiling mount 140.
The camera mask 142 has a slot 150 which is dimensioned
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to allow the lens 110 to have a clear uninterrupted view
through it. The slot 150 extends substantially from a hori
Zontal position with respect to the lens 110 to a vertically
downward position with respect to the lens 110. Hence, the
lens can be moved from a horizontal viewing position to a
vertically downward viewing position in the slot 150. The
camera mask 142 has a plurality of lugs 152 for use in
releasably attaching the camera mask 142 to clips 154 of two
mask mounts 156 (one of which is shown) of the frame 122.
Typically, the camera mask 142 is coloured black So as to
avoid reflecting light from, it. The purpose of the camera
mask 142 is to rotate with the camera 100 to mask obser
vation of the viewing position of the camera 100. We have
discovered that due to the darkness of the camera mask 142
the viewing position of the camera 100 is substantially
unobservable.
The transparent cover 144 is attached to the ceiling mount

140 and located outside of the camera mask 142. The
purpose of the transparent cover 144 is to Shield the camera
100 and the interior of the transport mechanism 102 from the
elements. In this manner the cover 144 can be hermetically
sealed to the ceiling mount 140 and the PTZ camera 70b can
be located out doors.
The frame 122 comprises a top plate 160, two brackets
162 and 164 and a moveable platform 166. The top plate 160
is disposed horizontally and is able to rotate inside the
housing 120. The brackets 162 and 164 are fixed to the top
plate 160 and disposed vertically downwardly therefrom.
The platform 166 is conveniently substantially U-shaped
and pivotably attached to lower ends of the brackets 162 and
164. The pivotable attachment is via a pivot bolt 170 located
through the bracket 162 and a pivot axle 172 located through
the bracket 164 The platform 166 has a plurality of fixing
slots 176 for mounting the camera 100 onto it. The fixing
slots 176 are typically disposed parallel to the brackets 162
and 164.
The vertical axis drive unit 124 comprises a drive motor
180 with a drive cog 112, a toothed cog 184 and a toothed
belt 186. The toothed cog 184 is releasably secured to the
ceiling plate 140, such as by holes (not shown) in a top 188
of the toothed cog 184. The drive motor 180 is attached to
the top plate 160 of the frame 122. The drive motor 180 is
driven by electrical signals from the control unit 128 for
producing rotation of the drive cog 182. Since the toothed
cog 184 is stationary with respect to the ceiling mount 140
rotation of the drive cog 182 causes the frame 122 to rotate
within the housing 120. The speed of rotation of the frame
122 is dependent upon the speed of the drive cog 182 and the
angle of rotation is dependent upon the time for which the
drive motor 180 receives signals from the control unit 128.
The horizontal axis drive unit 126 comprises a drive

motor 200 with a drive cog 202, a toothed cog 204 and a
toothed belt 206. The toothed cog 204 is fixed to the
platform 166 so that rotation of the toothed cog 204 pro
duces pivoting of the platform 166. The drive motor 200 is
mounted onto the bracket 164 and the drive cog 202 drives
the tooth belt 206 for driving the toothed cog 204. The
toothed cog 204 has a stop 210 located in it for limiting the
pivotable travel of the platform 166 so as to protect the
camera 100 from damage which may otherwise occur. The
drive motor 200 is controlled by signals from the control unit
128 for pivoting the lens 110 of the camera 100 in the slot
150 of the camera mask 142 as indicated by arrow 212.
Typically, the horizontal drive unit 126 allows pivoting of
the platform 166 from Substantially horizontal to substan
tially vertical.
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The control unit 128 has a horizontal control unit and a
vertical control unit. Each of the horizontal and vertical
control units has a position Sensor device for determining the
position of the toothed cogs 204 and 184 respectively.
Typically, the position Sensor device is a hole located in the
toothed cog 184, 204 and the control unit are able to count
up and down from the position of the holes for determining
the movement of the cogs 184,204.
We have discovered that in order to quickly move the
camera 100 from one viewing position to another, and to
keep accurate count of the actual position of the camera 100
there are Some physical constraints which must be allowed
for. Principally this involves controlling the drive motors

180 and 200 So as not to exceed maximum rates of accel
eration and deceleration and not to exceed a maximum
Speed. Also, and most importantly, we have discovered that
the drive motors 180 and 200 need to be controlled so as to
have a period of Substantially Zero acceleration between
periods of acceleration and deceleration. This is required
because otherwise there is a very large change in the
momentum of the transport mechanism 102 required in
Switching from acceleration to deceleration. The result of
Such abrupt changes in the acceleration of the transport
mechanism is the control unit 128 looses count of the
position of the toothed cogs 184 and 204 and thus inaccu
racies in the location of the camera 100 are experienced.
Hence, the control unit 128 is programmed to limit the
maximum rate of acceleration, and deceleration of the drive
motors 180 and 200 and to provide a minimum period of
Substantially Zero acceleration between periods of accelera
tion and deceleration. The control unit 128 then uses these
limits to drive the transport mechanism 102 between view
ing locations whilst accurately reaching those viewing loca
tions.
The PTZ camera 70b is, in one embodiment, connected to
the remainder of the video security system 10 by a plurality
of cables. The cables carry Video signals, control Signals and
electrical power. In order to allow the transport mechanism
102 to rotate through greater than 360 the cables are
arranged in a loop So that they can be twisted three or four
times without damage. This allows the vertical axis drive
unit 124 to rotate the platform 166 through a total angle of
about 1000.
The control unit 128 has a counter to count up and down
depending upon the position and motion of the drive motor
180. Typically, the counter increments the count by 4000 for

each 360 of rotation. By such counting the control unit 128
can be aware of how far the transport mechanism 102 is
away from its ultimate end of travel. The control unit 128 is
programmed Such that when the camera 100 is not engaged
in tracking a moving event it unwinds to proximate the
middle of its 1000 of angular travel. In this way the changes
of the transport mechanism 102 reaching its ultimate angular
travel is greatly reduced.
In another embodiment slip rings are used for each cable,
which then allows the vertical axis drive unit 124 to rotate
the platform 166 through an infinite angle of rotation.
Hence, the PTZ camera 70b can be used to follow a target
even where the target travels through an angle of greater
than 360 and hence the chances of the PTZ camera 70b
being run up against its limits of rotation are greatly reduced
and the ability to follow a target as it moves through an area
is greatly enhanced
SWITCHING BETWEEN VIEWING LOCATIONS
The controller 40 controls the PTZ cameras 70b to move
back and forth between a plurality of Viewing locations. So
that the camera can monitor a plurality of fixed locations.
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The PTZ camera 70b comprises a video lens 110 and
camera 100, a Zoom control, a focus control, a pan control,
a tilt control and a camera position controller (included in
the controller unit 128-FIG. 6).
The Video lens and camera is Settable to view a target. For
example, the target could be a perSon at a gaming table in a
casino. The Video lens has a machine readable Signal cor
responding to its Zoom and focus Setting. The Zoom and
focus controls allow adjustment of the Zoom and focus of the
Video lens and camera.
The pan and tilt controls control the pan and tilt of the
Video lens and camera about Substantially vertical and
horizontal axes for viewing targets typically in a region of
360 about the PTZ camera. The pan and tilt controls each
have a machine readable signal corresponding to their
Settings.
The camera position controller is coupled to respond to
the machine readable signals from the Video lens and
camera, the Zoom and focus controls and the pan and tilt
controls. The camera position controller controls the Settings
of the Video lens, the Zoom and focus controls and the pan
and tilt controls for viewing the targets within the viewing
region automatically under the instruction of an operator.

The camera position controller has a first memory register
(Such as located in a computer) to store the values of the
machine readable Signals corresponding to the Settings of the
Video lens and camera, the Zoom and focus controls and the
pan and tilt controls. The first memory register Stores the
values of the Settings corresponding to a first location of
temporary interest, Such as the location of a handbag. The
camera position controller also has a Second memory reg
ister for Storing the values corresponding to a Second loca
tion of temporary interest, Such as the location of a Suspected
felon who is believed to be about to steal the handbag.
The camera position controller has a toggle button which
is operable to cause the values of the Settings of the Video
lens and camera corresponding to the Second location 110 be
recalled from the Second memory register and loaded into
the Video lens and camera whilst the values corresponding to
the first location are removed from the video lens and
camera and Stored into the first memory register. The toggle
button is also operable to cause the values of the Settings to
be updated in the event that one of the targets moves or the
operator chooses a new target of temporary interest. The
toggle button also allows for Switching viewing between the
two locations of temporary interest. By So doing the camera
position controller can control the Video lens and camera to
view between two (or more) desired locations without
continual manual re-adjustment of the Video lens, the Zoom
and focus controls or the pan and tilt controls.
In use, an operator can Set a desired location of temporary
interest to be monitored by the video lens and camera. The
video lens 110 and camera 100 can then be manually moved
to view another location of temporary interest and the Video
lens 110 and camera 100 can then by toggled between the
two viewing locations by the operation of the toggle button.

To achieve this the operator first manually pans and tilts
the video lens 110 and camera 100 to view a first target at
a first location of temporary interest. Then the operator
manually adjust the Zoom and focus of the video lens 110
and camera 100 for the target. The operator then presses the
toggle button to Store the values of the Settings of the Zoom
and focus controls and the pan and tilt controls into the first
memory register. The operator can then manually control the
Zoom and focus controls and the pan and tilt controls for
setting the video lens 110 and camera 100 to view a second
6,166,763
13
target at a Second location of temporary interest. When the
operator again presses the toggle button the values of the
Settings corresponding to the Second location are Stored into
the Second memory register and the values of the Settings
corresponding to the first viewing location are recalled from
the first memory register and used to control the Video lens
110 and camera 100. Once the values are exchanged the
camera position controller controls fie Zoom and focus
controls and the pan and tilt controls to reposition the
viewing location of the video lens 110 and camera 100.
The location of the targets can be updated by manually
adjusting the Zoom and focus controls and the pan and tilt
controls for the video lens 110 and camera 100 and pressing
the toggle button again to update the values Stored in the
relevant memory register. That is, when no manual adjust
ments are made to the settings of the video lens 110 and
camera 100 the toggle button causes toggling between the
two locations of temporary interest, but when manual adjust

ments are made to the settings of the video lens 110 and
camera 100 the toggle button causes updating of the values
of the Settings.
Thus a PTZ camera can be used to monitor two fixed
locations within a viewing area, as well as to operate under
fully manual control. Hence, the PTZ camera of the present
invention is the equivalent of two fixed position cameras
which can be set to view locations of temporary interest and
which can be set to new locations of temporary interest as
desired by an operator. That is, the PTZ camera function as
the equivalent of two dynamically positioned fixed cameras.
Also, the change time in changing between the two viewing
locations is about the same as the time involved in changing
viewing between two fixed cameras (that is, less than 1
Second).
Typically, the camera position controller is configured to
Set the last viewing position as being any position at which
the operator Stopped for greater than, Say, 1 Second.
This facility could be configured into a logical data Stack
So that the last, Say 10, Viewing positions could be Stored in
memory are recalled Sequentially (this feature is herein
referred to as “back up’).
Modifications and variations Such as would be apparent to
a skill addressee are considered within the Scope of the
present invention. For example, the camera position con
troller could have a Single Switch to control toggling
between two camera locations. Also, the iris Setting of the
Video lens and camera could also be controlled.
What is claimed is:
1. A video camera Substitution System comprising;
a. a fixed position video camera System, capable of

generating a failure Signal, aimed at a target area;
b. a variable position camera System capable of generating
position coordinate data;
c. a memory Storing coordinate data corresponding to the
position of the variable position camera while aimed at
the target area of the fixed position Video camera
System; and
15
25
35
40
45
50
55
14
d. a controller which recalls the data from the memory and
moves the variable position camera System to the
position Specified on receipt of the failure Signal.
2. The video camera substitution system of claim 1
wherein the position coordinate data includes pan and tilt
information.
3. The camera Substitution system of claim 1 wherein the
fixed position Video camera System comprises a video
camera and a failure detection circuit.

4. The camera substitution system of claim 1 wherein the
variable position camera System includes a position encoder
circuit to monitor tilt and pan positions and a video camera.
variable position camera System further includes an encoder
circuit to monitor the camera lens position.
movement of the variable position camera System takes
place Substantially simultaneously to receipt of the failure
Signal.
memory can be loaded with position data by user input to the
controller.
8. A video Surveillance System comprising:
a remotely targetable video Source;
... a plurality of Video recorders,
a memory holding target coordinates,
... a controller operatively connected to the memory, the
Video Source and the Video recorders, which can target
the Video Source according to the coordinates in
memory and route video output signals from the Video
Source to one or more of the video recorders, and
e. a non-remotely targetable video Source covering an
C.
9. The video Surveillance System of claim 2 wherein the
non-remotely targetable video Source generates a failure
Signal upon occurrence of a failure condition.

10. The video Surveillance system of claim 9 wherein the
controller repositions the remotely targetable video Source to
the area upon receipt of the failure Signal.
11. A video Surveillance System comprising:
a. a remotely targetable video Source;
b. a plurality of Video recorders,
c. a memory holding target coordinates, and
d. a controller operatively connected to the memory, the
Video Source and the Video recorders, which can target
the Video Source according to the coordinates in
memory and route video output signals from the Video
Source to one or more of the video recorders,
wherein the controller inserts data into the Video output
Signal before routing the Signal to the Video recorders.
12. The video surveillance system of claim 11 wherein the
data is inserted into an unused portion of the Video output
Signal.
13. The video surveillance system of claim 12 wherein the
unused portion is a horizontal line interval of the Video
Signal.
UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION
PATENT NO. : 6,166,763 Page I of 1
DATED : December 26, 2000
INVENTOR(S) : Rhodes et al.

It is certified that error appears in the above-identified patent
and that said Letters Patent is
hereby corrected as shown below:
Title page,
Item 62 Division of application No. 09/061,281, Apr. 17, 1998,
Pat No. "5,889,551
-- 5.923,364 --, which is a division of application No.
08/750,921, Jan. 22, 1997, Pat.
No. 5,745,166.
Signed and Sealed this
Twenty-sixth Day of March, 2002
JAMES E. ROGAN
Attesting Officer Director of the United States Patent and
Trademark Office
1
Ensure correct title or header page
Ensure that you write and cite
Remember the assignment requirements are the minimum, not
the maximum
Ensure that you write error-free
Ensure that you subtitle all questions
Ensure you cite in each paragraph to support your work
Ensure you use both parenthetical and signal phrase citing
formats
Ensure each paragraph has at least four complete sentences
Ensure there is no contractions in your work
Do not use conjunctions to start a sentence

Ensure initial discussion thread is written in the third person
Use minimal personal pronouns in discussion responses
Do not ask for permission to apply your responses
Assignment guidelines
2
You are the new Compliance and Accountability Manager for
the mid-size company. During the first two weeks on the job,
you have conducted several inspections on the alarm, intrusion,
and video technology systems. The findings from your
investigations provided overwhelming evidence that these
systems are either not operating efficiently, or they are not in
compliance with governmental requirements. For this
assignment, write a two-page double space memo to the
company administrator addressing the following
3
The significance of equipment and system overhaul
Application and the importance of an effective alarm system
and its components
Getting the systems certified
An efficient video system
The lenses and illumination
Cameras
Recorders
Monitors
Ideas from the required reading assignment, as well as a biblical
integration, must all be integrated into the memo. This memo
should be error-free, citations should be presented to support
your work, each section must have a sub-header, and your
plagiarism score should not be more than 30 percent.
Assignment Requirement

Chapter 10
Alarms: Intrusion Detection Systems
Components of Alarm Systems
Perimeter Protection
Area/Spare Protection
Application
Object/Spot Detection
Alarm Control
Alarm Transmission/Signaling
Alarm Deter Crime
False Alarms
‹#›
Chapter 10
Alarms: Intrusion Detection Systems
Cont.
Alarm Equipment Overhaul
Additional Resources
Conclusion
‹#›
Chapter 11
Video Technology Overview
Overview
Video System
The Role of Light and Reflection
Lens Function

Camera Function
Transmission Function
Monitor Function
Recording Function
Scene Illumination
Natural Light
‹#›
Chapter 11
Cont.
Scene Characteristics
Target Size
Reflectivity
Effects of Motion
Scene Temperature
Lenses
FFL lens
Zoom Lens
Varifocal Lens
‹#›
Chapter 11
Cont.
Panoramic 360 Lens
Covert Pinhole Lens

Special Lenses
Cameras
The Scanning Process
Solid-State Cameras
LLL-Intensified Camera
Thermal Imaging Camera
Panoramic 360 Camera
‹#›
Chapter 11
Cont.
Transmission
Hard-Wired
Wireless
Fiber Optics
Switches
Standard
Microprocessor Controlled
Quads And Multiplexers
‹#›
Chapter 11
Cont.
Monitors

Monochrome
Color
CRT, LCD, Plasma, Displays
Audio/Video
Recorders
VCR
DVR
Optical Disk
‹#›
Chapter 11
Cont.
Hard-Copy Video Printers
Ancillary Equipment
Camera Housings
Pan/Tilt Mounts
VMD
Screen Splitter
Camera Video Annotation
Image Reversal
Summary
‹#›

2/27/2020 Forum: Discussion #3 – 202010 Spring: Personal
Health (991)
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Forum: Discussion #3202010 Spring: Personal Health (991)
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MyPyramid
Group
Serving Sizes and Equivalents

Portion Sizes Guide
Grains 1 oz equivalents =
• 1 slice of bread
• 1 small muffin
• 1 cup ready-to-eat cereal flakes
• 1/2 cup cooked cereal, rice, grains, or
pasta
• 1 6-inch tortilla
• 1/2 cup of rice = an ice cream scoop
or one-third of a soda can
• 1 cup pasta = a small fist or a tennis
ball
• 1–2 oz muffin or roll = plum or large
egg
• 1 oz bagel = hockey puck or yo-yo
• 1 tortilla = diameter of a small plate
Vegetable 1/2 cup or equivalent (1 serving) =
• 1/2 cup raw or cooked vegetables
• 1 cup raw leafy salad greens
• 1/2 cup vegetable juice

• 1/2 cup cooked vegetables = an ice
cream scoop or one-third of a soda
can
• 1/2 cup juice = one-third of a soda
can
• 1 medium potato = computer mouse
?
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Matthew Clanton 86
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Health (991)
The following count as 1 cup:
3 broccoli spears, 1 large tomato,
1 ear of corn, 12 baby carrots,
2 large celery stalks, 1 medium potato
Fruit 1/2 cup or equivalent (1 serving) =
• 1/2 cup fresh, canned, or frozen fruit
• 1/2 cup fruit juice
• 1 small whole fruit
• 1/4 cup dried fruit
• 1 medium fruit = baseball
• 1/2 cup fruit = an ice cream scoop or
one-third of a soda can
• 1/2 cup juice = one-third of a soda can
The following count as 1 cup: 1 large
banana, 8 strawberries, 32 grapes,
12 melon balls, 1/4 medium cantaloupe
Milk 1 cup or equivalent =

• 1 cup milk or yogurt
• 1-1/2 oz natural cheese
• 2 oz processed cheese
• 1 oz cheese = your thumb, 4 dice, or
an ice cube
Lean Meat
and Beans
1 oz equivalents =
• 1 ounce cooked lean meat, poultry,
or fish
• 1/4 cup cooked dry beans or tofu
• 1 egg
• 1 tablespoon peanut butter
• 1/2 ounce nuts or seeds
• 3 oz chicken or meat = deck of cards
or an audiocassette tape
• 1/2 cup cooked beans = an ice cream
scoop or one-third of a soda can
• 2 tablespoons peanut butter = a Ping-
Pong ball or large marshmallow
• 1/4 cup seeds = golf ball

Oils
1 teaspoon or equivalent =
• 1 teaspoon vegetable oil or soft
margarine
• 1 tablespoon salad dressing
or light mayonnaise
• 1 teaspoon margarine = tip of thumb
Looking at the chart above, discuss what part of this food
pryamid is
di�cult for you to follow the most and the easiest? Use your
required
reading to help you write in your post
a detailed explanation of why the areas chosen are a weakness
and
strength of yours.
Follow the rubric guidelines that are provided in course
syllabus. I have included
below example of proper APA citing and reference of book. You
are required to
use APA style.
1. Minimum of 500 words that you type in the text box. Do not
submit as an
attachment. Attachment will receive a 0.

Health (991)
2. Must have direct quote from your required readings to
support your answer
and at end of your post reference the book.
3. Answer your question with proper grammarwritten for higher
education
academia
Within text citation requirement and correct APA format for
class. This is a
requirement for all assignments. Below are APA style
requirements for course.
Example of required citation to support what you have written:
"Wellness is a fairly new concept" (Insel & Roth, 2013, p. 3).
Reference at end of all assignments & discussion, this is a
requirement for all
assignments.
Insel, P. M. & Roth, W. T. (2013). Connect Core Concepts in
Health, 13th ed. McGraw
Hill
*Make sure you use word count, before you submit this
discussion posting.
*This is due by Sunday listed at 11:59 PM. You can submit this

earlier. Failure to
do your posting during the required week, will result in a 0.
You can not make
up any missed discussions at any time during the semester.
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