granulation,tablet punching,coating

1. MAKE BY:-
UMESH
KUMAR
B-PHARMACY
7thSEM
Industrial training project

2. Tablet section
● GRANULATION AREA
● COMPRESSION AREA
● COATING AREA
● PACKING AREA

3. Granulation area
Formation of granules takeplace in
this area
Types of granulation
(1)wet granulation
(2)dry granulation

4. It is type of granulation in which water,
slurry of preservative are used for
formation of granules
● Example of preservative:- sodium
benzoate
. Example of binder:-
starch,polyvinylpyrrolidone(pvp),geleti

5. ● It is a type of granulation in which
mixing of powder of
preservative,expieant and active
ingredient for formation of granules
● Many aspirin,vitamine and beta lectum
formulation for tableting by compression
granulation/slugging and deslugging
granulation

6. Instruments for granulation:-
● Paste kettle
● RMG/Rapid mixing granulator
● Fluid bed dryer
● Multimill
● Sifter
● Blander

7. Paste kettle
it is used for
formation of paste
by using starch
and slurry of
preservative like
sodium benzoate

8. RMG
(Rapid mixture granulator)
Make:-kevin
It is used for formation
of granules by mixing
of excipiant and some
actve ingredient

9. PRINCIPLE OF RMG
It works on the principle of mixing and
cutting of materials by impeller and
chopper
Speed of impeller:- max min
160 50
Speed of chopper:-max min
3200 1600

10. PARTS OF RMG
● Body of RMG
● loading port
● View panel
● Impeller
● Chopper
● Discharge port

11. Stage of granulation
(a)Loading of material
(b)Dry mixing
(c)wet mixing with addition of binder
solution
(d)Unloading of granules

12. Role of impeller
(a)It involves in mixing of dry powder
mixture uniformaly
(b)It also involves in mixing of dry
powder mixture with binder
solution and prepared wet mass
Role of chopper
To convet wet mass into granules

13. STRUCTURE OF RMG

14. Fluid bed dryer
● It is a types of dryer which are
used for removal of moisture from
the granules
PRINCIPLE:-
● It works on the principle of
fluidisation

15. FBD

16. Fluidisation:-
● Air is allowed to flow throgh a bad of
solid powdered material in the upward
direction with the velocity greater than
the settling rate of the particles of the
solid.
● The particle blown up and become
suspended in the air stream

17. Parts of FBD:-
● Plenum chamber
● Gas distributor
● Vessel and chamber
● Drying chamber
● Filter bag
● Dust collector

18. Advantage of FBD:-
● It is suitable for heat sensitive
product
● The handling of fluid bad dryer is
easy and less labor intensive
● It has low maintenance cost
● It is able to homogenous drying

19. Disadvantage of FBD:-
● A possibility of product loss
● It has chance of electrostatic bluid
up may be high
● Drying of sticky material is quite
difficult

20. Minimum and maximum
temperature in FBD during
drying process
Min= 30°C max=80°C
Example:- montelukast sodium
and levocitrizine are dried at 50 to
55°C

21. Multi mill:-
Make by:-- kevin
RPM:-slow speed=720
Medium speed=1440
Fast speed= 2480
it is widely used for wet and dry
granulation in pharmaceutical industry

22. Principle of multi mill:-
● It works on the principle of size
reduction with the help of knife and
hammer
● It help in breakdown of large
particles of the granules into
smaller size

23. Parts of multi mill:-
● Inlet hopper
● Milling chember
● Discharge chute
● Mechanical chember
● Electrical chember

24. Sifter :-
Make by-kevin
It is a equipment which are used fin
pharmaceutical industry for
separation of coarser material from
fine particles
It is used for sifting of raw materials

25. Principle of sifter:-
It works on the principle of gyratory
motion ie circular motion or spiral
motion
Capacity of sifter:-
It depand on the nature of materials to
be sifted

26. Example
● Magesium stearate take more time then
starch becouse manesium stearate is
more sticky
● Measurment of sieve size:-
○ it can be measure by using ss,scale
and manifying glass
○ Number of pore per linear inches ie
known as mesh size

27. Number of pore present in per liner
linch of the scale is known as mesh
size
Size of mesh:-
● 12# 30#
● 18# 36#
● 20# 48#
● 24# 72#

28. Parts of sifter:-
● Bottom
● Vibrating motor
● Vibrating body
● Accentated plate
● Punched plate
● Jumping ball
● Top hammer

29. Octagonal blender:-
● Make by:-kevin
● It is a slow tumbling machine to
perform mixing and lubrication of
dry powder and granules for tablets
and capsules
● Magnesium stearate mixed with
other material after 10minutes of it

30. Principle of octagonal blender:-
● It works on the principle of mixing
of solid with other solid powder
● Due to their shape it is known as
octagonal blender
● The working volumetric capacity of
blender is generally 30℅to70℅ of
the total volumetric capacity

31. Parts of octagonal blender:-
● Pneumatic
valve
● Electric motor
● Gear box
● Bufles
● Host

33. Compression area
Instrumants in compression area:-
● Compression machine
● Weighing balance
● Sodium vapour light
● Bernear
● Heardness checker

34. Compression machine
Make by:-accura press-2
Station:- 37
It is an equipment which
are used in
pharmaceutical industry
for formulation of tablets

35. Principle of compression
● It works on the principle of
hydraulic pressure
● Pressure exert on the both upper
and lower punche by
compression roller is about 4 to 5
tons

36. Parts of compression machine
● Hopper
● Fedder
● Turret
● Punches
● Die
● Compression
roller

37. (1)Filling:- formation of overfilled at
the compressing station
(2)Matering:- overfilled is removed
(3)Compression:- tablet is formed by
pressure of punches with die
(4)Ejection die:- tablet is ejected
from die

38. Problem associated with
tablets compression:-
(1)The defects ralatad to tableting process
● Capping:-it is partial or complete
separation of the top or bottom of tablet
due to air entrapment in the granular
material

39. ● Lamination:-it is separation of tablet into
two or more layer due to air entrupment
in the granular material
● Cracking:- it is due to rapid expension of
tablets when deep concave punches are
used

40. (2) The defect related to excipient:
a. Chipping:-it occurs due to very dry
granules
b. Sticking:- it occurs due to the adhesion
of granulation material to the die
c. Picking:- it occurs due to removal of
material from the surface of tablet and its
adherance to the face of punch
d. Binding:-more amount of binder added

41. (3)The defect related to more than one
factor:-
a. Mottling:- it occurs due to improper
mixing of granular material,dirt in
granular material or punche faces,oil
spots by using only lubricants the
colour of tablets will be changes

42. (4) The defect related to machine:-
a. Double impression:-it occurs due to
free rotation of the punches which
have some engraving on the punch
faces

43. Sodium vopour light:-
● It is used in granulation,compression
and coating area becouse stability of
tablets
● In other light the stability of tablets
become disturb.

44. Weighing balance:-
● It is used in
pharnaceutical
industry,laboratorie
s for weight
measuring of the
tablets and
materials

45. Burnear:-
● It is a equipment which are used for
measuring lenght,thickness and width
of the tablets

46. Hardness tester:-
It is used for checking hardness of the
tablets

47. TABLET
Tablet:-it is compressed solid dosage
form of medicaments with suitable
excipieant to treatment of various disease

48. Types of tablet
The various types of tablets are described
as follows
(1)Tablet ingested by orally:-
a. compressed tablet
Example- paracetamol tablets
b. Multiple compressed tablet
c. Delayed release tablet
Example- Enteric coeated tablets

49. d. sugar coated tablet
Example:- multivitamine tablets
e. Film coated tablet
Example:- metronidazole
f. Chewable tablet
Example:- antacid tablets

50. (2)Tablets used in oral cavity:-
a. buccal tablet
Example:- vitamine tablets
b. Sublingual tablet
Example:- vicks menthol tab
c. Troches or lozenges
d. Dental cone

51. (3) Tablets used to administered by
other route:-
a.Implantation tablet
Example:-
b. Vaginal tablet
Example:- clotrimazole

52. (4)Tablets used to prepare solution:-
a. Effervescent tablet
Example:- dispirin
tablets(dispirin)
b. Dispensing tablet
Example:- enzyme
tablets(digiplex)
c. Hypodermic tablet

53. ● Advantage of tablet
(1)Their costis lowest of all oral dosage forms
(2)They are the lightest and most compact of all oral
dosage forms
(3)They are batter suited to large scale production
than other unit dosage forms
(4)They have best combined properties of
chemical,mechanical and microbiologic stability of
all the oral forms

54. ● Disadvantage of tablet
(1)Some drugs resist compression into
dense compact,owing to their
amorphus nature or flucculent,low
density character
(2)Drug with poor wetting,slow
dissolution properties
(3)Bitter testing drugs, drug with an

55. ● Properties of tablet
(1)shape and size:- it determine by
batch production
(2)Thickness:- it determine by gap
between upper and lower punch
(3)Hardness:- it determine by thickness
of tablets
(4)Friability:- it determine hardness

57. ● Disintegration time
● It is a time period in which tablets
absorbs water from our alimentary
canal duto this swelling of tablets
takeplace so that they broken
down into its constituent
● It can be checked by disintegration
tester

58. Disintegration tester:-
● Make by:- Electrolab
● It is automatic
equipment which are
used for testing time
interval at which tablets
and capsule
completely breaks

59. Coating Area
Instruments present in coating area:-
● Automatic coating machine
● Colloid mill
● Stir vessel
● Sodium vapour lamp

60. Automatic coating machine
● Make by:- Neocota
● It is used for
coatting of the
tablets
● It provide stability
of the tablets

61. Principle of coating machine
● It works on the principle of
moving bed of tablets and
removing rapidly the solvent
using a current of hot air
● Angle baffles are also fiited into
the at 45°

62. Parts of coating machine:-

63. Types of coating
Types DT
● Film coating 30 minutes
● Sugar coating 60 minutes
● Enteric coating 120minutes
● Drug coating ~120minutes
Example of drug
coating tablets

64. Film coating:-
● It is a single process,which involves
spraying a coating solution
● The solution is sprayed into a rotating
tablet bed followed by drying,which
facilitates the removal of the solvent
leaving behind the deposition of thin film
of coating materials around each tablets

65. Film coating materials:-
● Isopropyle alcohal ( solvent)
● Novamax gel ( white colour)
● Titanium oxide ( white colour)
● Dichoromethane
Temperature during coating:-
It depand on the nature of the tablets
but generally it is 40 to 45°C in coating
Pan

66. Enteric coating:-
It is a types of coating which are
involved in protection of the tablet
core from disintegration in the acidic
environment of the stomach by
action of HCL

67. Enteric coating material:-
● Instacoat sol
● Isopropyle alcohal

68. Sugar coating:-
● It is the most conventional multistep
coating process
● Step:-
○ Sealing/seal coating
○ Sub coating
○ Smoothing
○ Polishing
○ Printing

69. Sugar coating material:-
● Sugar:- glucose,lactose
● Binder:- Acacia geletin,pvp
● Colouring:- water soluble(dyes),
water insoluble (lakes)
● Anti-Adherents:- talcum colloidal
silica
● Polishing agent:- beewax,paraffin

70. Advantage of sugar coating:-
● Cheap,safe coating materials
● It require cheap coating machine
● It has good patient compliance
● It can be reprocessed
● It require less hardness core

71. Disadvantage of S.C
● It is time consuming process
● It has weight grain
● Increase in package and shipping
● Required trained personnel
● It has imprinting problem

72. Coating Defects
(a) Chipping:- it involves increases the
brittleness of tablets
● It occurs due to low amount of
polymer and excessive use of filler
and pigments

73. Sticking & picking:-
● It involves sticking of the tablet with
each other & with pan walls
● Picking is the aftermath case of the
sticking involves adhering of same
portion of coated layer to pan or to
another tablet at the point of
contact

74. It occurs due to high rate of application of
coating solution inefficient drying
(3) Roughness:-
● It involves presence of previously
dried sprayed coating solution

75. It occurs due to dry of coating solution before
reaching the surface of tablet during spraying

76. (C) Cracking:-
● The coating crackes when the internal
stress exceeds the tensile strenght of
tablets
● It occurs due to absorption of moisture
and excessive coating material
concentration

77. (d) Twinning:-
● Two or more tablet that
sticking togather
● It occurs due to inefficient
drying & high rate of
application of coating
solution

78. (e) Blooming/Hazing:-
● The polish of product to take on a
fogged appearence
● It occurs due to high temperature
during formulation & exposure to
high humidity condition

79. (f)Bridging and filling:-

80. (g) Blistering:-
● An un smooth coated surface
showes a number of uneven spots
called blister
● It occurs due to effect of
temperature on the strenght
elasticity

81. (h) Orange peel effect:-
● The coating texture that resembles
the surface of an orange
● Before drying causes a bumpy or
orange peel

82. (i) Colour variation:-
● Variation in the preposed colour for
coating
● It occurs due to improper mixing
uneven spray pattern & in sufficient
coating

83. Coating Defects:-

84. Colloidal mill:-● Make by:- bectochem
● It is a machine that is used to reduce
the particle size of a solid in
suspension in a liquid
● Principle:- it works on the principle of rotor
stator
● A rotor turns at high speed about 2000 to
18000 rpm than resultting high leval of
hydraulic shear

85. Parts of colloidal mill:-
● Hopper
● Circulatory tube
● Cool water inlet/outlet
● Handle
● Adjuster
● Discharge port
● Motor
● Base

87. Advantage of colloidal mill:-
● It has a wide range of use including
comminution of slurry fluid material
● Ther are no pressure is required for
ionisation
● The machine is simply constructed
● It can be easily adjusted

88. Disadvantage of colloidal mill:-
● It has no wide application
● Wear of the rotating plates
● It unable to perform fine grinding
● Cosumers energy through still
dependent on same factor

89. Usage of colloidal mill:-
● Pharmaceutical industry
● Cosmetic industry
● Paint industry
● Textile industry
● Paper industry
● Food industry