3. Light rays coming from infinity (sun, stars,
galaxy) are parallel.
All other light rays that originate from object
(TV, ball, book) are divergent.
Eye doctor consider a distance of 6 meter or
more as infinity.
7. The lens is able to change its shape.
The stimulus is a blur image.
The near task (reading ) – lens thickness
increases – power increases called
accommodation.
9. A fault in the mechanism of refraction.
Produce a blur image on retina.
Can be for far (>6m) as well as for near (<6m).
10. Presbyopia
An age related phenomena.
Weakness in ciliary muscle.
Lens cant accommodate properly.
Thus cant focus for near objects.
Become worse with advancing age.
11.
12. All error are defined with following condition.
1. Light rays are parallel (coming from distance)
2. The eye is at rest (no accommodation)
3. The error is defined where the light focuses.
front- myopia.
behind – hypermetropia.
14. Common name: near-sightedness
Causes: long eyeball or overly curved cornea
Diagram:
Why can myopic individuals see close objects better?
Because light from close objects diverges more / needs
more refraction or greater distance to properly hit the
retina
15. Correction:
Concave corrective lenses / contacts
magnify the image (make the light diverge more),
before it enters the eye
Lasik surgery to flatten cornea
makes the light focus less so it can properly reach the
retina.
17. Common name: farsightedness
Causes: short eyeball or a lens that does not bulge
enough
Diagram:
Why can hyperopic individuals see distant objects better?
Because light from distant objects is parallel, requiring less
refraction or less distance to properly hit the retina
18. Correction:
Convex corrective lenses / contacts
Cornea surgery to make the cornea more rounded
Both focus the light more so that it properly reaches retina
19. A-stigma = not a point (light focuses unevenly on
retina)
Causes:
Diagram:
20. A-stigma = not a point (light focuses unevenly on
retina)
Causes: Irregularly shaped cornea or lens
Diagram:
21. Signs of astigmatism:
Fine details are blurry – whether near or far
“Halo”effects or glare from lights
22. Correction
Corrective lenses or contacts
Shape of lens /contact varies across the surface to
counteract irregular shape of the eye
Contact lenses are often weighted so that they align
properly with the eye
Ortho-K / cornea surgery
Reshape cornea with special
contact lenses worn at night
or with laser surgery