Cell Essay

Solar Cell Essay
Solar Cell Practical Report 2011
Aim: To find the amount of power generated from a solar cell with a light bulb by using a multimeter.
Hypothesis: The further you move the solar cell away from the light bulb the less power will be
produced.
Backup statement: I can support my hypothesis through my own given knowledge on power and
electricity. I can comprehend the facts that, if the Light Bulb was generating a large amount of heat
and light, the solar panel would be absorbing a majority of this energy if it were to be extremely
close to the light bulb. Yet if the solar panel was to be drawn away, it would slowly lose that energy
due to the distance of the panel.
Variables:
–Dependant: Power output...show more content...
Thus I believe that the Method was able to deliver a successful process and assist the group in
performing to our maximum effort.
Results (Table):
Distance (cm)Distance (cm)Distance (cm)Distance (cm)
11.8831.32.4479
41.86711.867
81.440.40.576
120.9020.20.1804
160.7020.10.0702Distance (cm)Voltage (V)Current (A)Power
11.4230.30.4269
41.1020.20.2204
80.8010.130.10413
120.6750.090.06075
160.5590.070.03913
Results (Graphs):
Discussion
From the results that were received in the practical, it was learnt that the power produced by the
light bulb decreased, as the solar panel was drawn further and further away. From the hypothesis
that I had created it was learnt that if you move the Solar panel further away from the light bulb,
there will be less power produced. It was interesting comparing the results between the standard
Power vs. Distance practical and the alternative Power vs. Distance Practical with a paper
interruption. During the testing of the Power, there were some slight irregularities in the dramatic
decreases for the practical. This can be highlighted through the distances of 4cm and 8cm on the
standard results, with a drop of almost an entire watt, with the other distances dropping at only at a
normal rate. This may have occurred due to an inaccurate measurement or a faulty Solar Panel.
Hypothesis: If

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The cytoskeleton is the most important organelle. Without it in place, all the other organelles inside
the cell would be randomly floating around with no sense of order. This would make the cell's job
much harder and could create multiple different outcomes, since the cells would not have the same
organelles in the same areas. The cytoskeleton keeps all the other organelles in the cell and in the
proper areas. The cytoskeleton also anchors the cell to its neighboring cell and to the protein network
in which that cell is sitting. This organelle provides the cells shape, which also provides the function
of that particular cell. The cytoskeleton additionally allows the cells to shrink and grow very quickly.
Another function is the assisting of moving materials in and out of the cell. The cytoskeleton
facilitates movement through three main components which are microfilaments,...show more
content...
The cytoskeleton has a very dynamic nature, because it is necessary for cells to change shape and
complete cell division, or migrate. In cell division, the cytoskeleton plays an essential role in equally
distributing the chromosomes into each of the new cells. Each of these self–assembling proteins has
"critical concentration," a characteristic concentration. In which, below is the monomer state and
then above is the polymer state. The concentration favors the building up of filament, and decreasing
the filament deconstruction. The allows the cell to quickly control the cytoskeleton structure.
One third that makes up the cytoskeleton are microfilaments. These are also commonly called actin
filaments. These are filamentous structures which are in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and form
part of the cytoskeleton. When they are in cells which are modified by and also interact with
multiple proteins. Polymers of actin are what mostly make up

Plant And Animal Cells Essay
Plant and Animal Cells
I. Introduction
All organisms in life are composed of at least one or more
cells. Cells are the basic units of life. There are three main
features of a cell. First, all organisms consist of one or more
cells. Second, cells are the smallest units of life and third,
cells arise only from preexisting cells. These three facts are
referred to as the cell theory.
All cells can be categorized into two basic cell types.
They are prokaryotic and eukaryotic. To distinguish where cells
are placed in the two categories, what is inside the cell must
first be looked at. Every cell, either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
all contain basic cell parts. They are: a plasma membrane,
cytoplasm,...show more content...
To complete this we had to make wet–mount slides and
observe them under a light microscope. To prepare a wet–mount
slide you must first obtain your specimen you are going to look
at. You then put the specimen on a clean glass slide in the
middle. Next, you take a medicine dropper and place one drop of
water on the specimen. After that, you hold a clean coverslip
and place the bottom edge of the coverslip in the drop of water.

Next, slowly lower the rest of the coverslip so that there are no
air bubbles, onto the remaining part of the specimen. By putting
specimens into wet–mount slides it saves a lot of time and energy
instead of putting them into set slides. Also, a wet–mount slide
can be cleaned and re–used.
We put onion cells, cheek cells, and Elodeo cells into wet–
mount slides. After we made slides for each one we observe them
under the microscope. For some of the cells, we had to apply a
dye to have make the cell more visible under the microscope.
Methylene blue was applied to the cheek cells and iodine to the
onion cells. To see the cheek cells, we had to reduce the amount
of light coming into the microscope. We had to do this because
when we reduced the amount of light, we could see the cells more
clear. Elodeo cells were observed as a wet–mount slide and also
with salt water. To apply a die to a previously made wet–mount
slide, an edge of the coverslip

An Outline of the Cell Theory Essay
Chapter 2 IB Biology
2.1 Cell Theory
2.1.1 Outline the cell theory (2).
All organisms are composed of one or more cells
Cells are the smallest units of life
All cells come from preexisting cells
TOK: cell theory replaces the former ideas of spontaneous generation or abiogenesis in which
inanimate matter assembles itself into living forms Exception: muscle cells– more than 1 nucleus,
very long; (fungal cells) hyphae roots– not a single unit; protoctista– not specialized to single
function; subcellular things like organelles 2.1.2 Discuss the evidence for the cell theory (3).
Robert Hooke first described cells in 1665 while observing cork with a microscope he built. Coined
the term "cell" Antoine van Leeuwenhoek...show more content...
As organisms grow, cells divide. 2 small cells are more efficient than one. Alveoli in lungs maximize
surface for gas exchange.
2.1.7 State that multicellular organisms show emergent properties (1). Different things come
together to make process
Cells–tissues–organs–etc.
Ability to reproduce themselves. Allows possibility of growth and for replacement of damaged or
dead cells. 2.1.8 Explain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized
functions by expressing some of their genes but not others (3). Start out as single cell that reproduces
at a rapid rate then the resulting cells go through a differentiation (different cells– different
functions– to run an organism) process to produce all required cell types that are necessary for
organism. Every cell in a multicellular organism contains all the genes of that organism. However,
the genes that are activated vary from cell to cell. Differentiation– when we break something
complex into its component pieces, they each appear to be simple. Combined, they can perform a
whole new function. Cells within a multi cellular organism specialize their function. Examples:
muscles cells, cardiac cells
This differentiation process is the result of the expression of certain specific genes but not others
Genes allow for the production of all different cells in the organism Each cell contains all the genetic
info for the production of the complete organism Each

Essay on Cells and their parts
Cells are some of the smallest organisms around. All living things consist of cells, and yet they are
invisible to the naked eye. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of life. Cells are made
up of many different parts which allow them to function properly.
All cells are separated from their surrounding by a cell membrane. The cell membrane regulates what
enters and leaves the cell and also aids in the protection and support of the cell. A cell membrane is
similar to the walls surrounding your house.
In plants the cell membrane is surrounded by a cell wall. The cell wall is outside the cell
membrane, and its purpose is to help the membrane protect and support the cell. Since the cell wall
is very porous, water, oxygen,...show more content...
Chromosomes contain the genetic information that must be passed to each new generation of cells.
Chromosomes are what you pass on to your children to make them who they are, it's the DNA of a
cell.
The cytoplasm is the area between the nucleus and the cell membrane. The cytoplasm contains many
important structures. This area is basically the main place where you will find structures that help
the cells stay alive.
Mitochondrion is an importance structure that lies in the cytoplasm area. Mitochondrion is the
plural word for mitochondria, which is the key organelle that converts energy from one form to
another. Mitochondria changes the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more
convenient for the cell to use. The mitochondrion contains two special membranes. The outer
membrane surrounds the organelle, and the inner membrane has many folds that increase the surface
area of the mitochondrion.
Ribosomes are the structures in which proteins are made. Cells that are active in protein synthesis
are often crowded with ribosomes. Ribosomes are composed of RNA and protein. Some ribosomes
are attached to the membranes, and some are free in the cytoplasm. Ribosomes are among the
smallest of organelles. They are no larger than 25 nanometers in diameter. A nanometer is equal to
one billionth of a meter.
Many cells are filled with a complex network of tube like things known as the endoplasmic
reticulum. The endoplasmic

City Cell Vs Plant Cell Essay
There are many different ways in which a cell can be compared to something else. You can compare
a cell to a factory, a school, or even a city. When comparing a cell to a city each organelle acts as
different part of the city. One example of an organelle comparing to a part of a city is the cell
membrane. The cell membrane can be compared to the boundaries of a city. Just like how the cell
membrane keeps all of the organelles inside, the boundaries of a city determine what is or is not
within city limits. In a city the most important building is the city hall. This is where all city's
government officials work. City hall is very much like the nucleus in a cell. The nucleus holds and
protects all the cell's genetic information just like how city hall holds all the records...show more
content...
Just like the ribosomes factory workers are responsible for building and producing items that the
city needs. Next is the endoplasmic reticulum which is what molecules inside the cell travel
along. This obviously compares to the roads which people in a city travel along to get from place
to place. In a plant cell there is a "reservoir" that stores water for that it might need later. City's
need to store water too and to do this they use water towers. These two are almost exact because
they both only have one responsibility which is to just store water for later usage. Now although
their are many other organelles in a cell these are just a few that can relate well to the different
parts of a city. Cells are a huge part of biology and even though we just compare them to different
things in a city just to get a better understanding of what they do, a cell itself really is just like one
tiny city inside our bodies. Because without every organelles doing its job we wouldn't be able to
function the way we do. And the same is with a city in real life. If every part of the city isn't running
smoothly then it just wouldn't be able to work

Cell As A System Analysis
Spenser Grasse
1/20/16
Block A
Cell As A System Essay Imagine being able to see the inside of your body at action, the blood
flowing through your body, or even your heart beating. If you could, what would you compare their
jobs to? A supermarket? How about a factory? There are so many things you could compare them
to, like a car they all have to work together in order for the vehicle to run.
What i'm going to compare their jobs to is a supermarket, Hannaford. Like the nucleolus, the CEO
is the big rig of the company. He makes sure that everything is running properly, and smoothly. He
also controls the jobs within the company and makes sure people are executing their jobs. He also
tells the people incorporate what they should do which then...show more content...
They all do the same job as one another, which can keep the supermarket running smoothly or
keeping the body alive. Now next time you go into a factory or supermarket just think of how the
cells in your body are doing exactly what the equipment in the store does

Eukaryotic Cells Essay
Eukaryotic Cells The cell may be regarded as the basic unit of an organism, it carries out the
essential processes that make the organism a living entity. All cells share certain structural and
functional features and they are of almost universal occurrence in living organisms. Biologists have
devoted a great deal of attention to its structure and the processes that go on inside it. They have
recognised a major distinction between two types of cells, Eukaryotic cells that have a nucleus and
Prokaryotic cells that do not have a nucleus. There are many other differences between these two
cells, in particular eukaryotic cells have a full complement of membrane...show more content...
The formation of the proteins and phospholipids is called the lipid bylayer. The proteins take the
form of globules dotted about in a mosaic pattern with some being attached to the urface of the
membrane while others penetrate into it to varying extents. Some of these proteins act as enzyme
catalysing chemical reactions within the membrane and also as pumps and channels transporting
molecules into and out of the cell. The plasma membrane is perforated by pores and allows
substances to pass in and out of the cell by Diffusion Active Transport, osmosis, Endocytosis and
Exocytosis. The external cell membrane contains lipids and proteins combined with sugar
molecules called Glycolipids and Glycoproteins. The sugar molecules only attach to the outside of
the cell membrane and form what is known as the Glycocalyx or cell coat. The Glycocalyx is
sticky and enables animal cells to adhere to each other. In the development of organisms cells must
migrate from one region to another and recognise what kind of cells are their proper neighbours and
what kinds are not. This recognition ability appears to lie within the Glycocalyx.
The endoplasmic reticulum is found in the cytoplasm of the cell and like the plasma membrane is
composed of phospholipids and protein. ER is an intracellular transport system moving materials
from one

Functions Of Function Of Cells Essay
Introduction
All living organisms are composed of very important building blocks called cells. Cells are
composed of genomes that identify an organism's traits found in the cell's nucleus. In plants,
genomes are found in chloroplasts. Cells are continuously working to reproduce new identical cells
during a process called, Mitosis. This progression consists of two phases; Interphase and the
Mitotic Phase. Mitosis consists of four major phases; Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and
Telophase. Towards the end of the four phases, DNA has been duplicated and divided during a
process called, Cytokinesis which occurs in the mitotic phase. Not only does this cell cycle occur
in both plants and animals but also includes prokaryotes such as bacteria. Bacteria, however, does
not have a membrane surrounding its DNA, therefore it does not go through mitosis like plants and
animals but through a process called, binary fission (Hay). Slightly different process yielding the
same end results (O'Grady and Cashmore, 107).
Interphase, also known as the, "resting stage" is the key phase of the cell cycle. This is where
normal cell function and cell preparation begin. Cells will spend approximately 16 to 18 hours in
this phase (Hay). It is sectioned into 3 phases: Gap 1 (G1), Synthesis (S), and Gap 2 (G2). During
the Gap 1 phase, the cell resumes normal cell functions and growth. During the Synthesis phase, the
chromosomes are replicated and sister chromatids are formed. During the Gap 2 phase,

Cancer Stem-Cell Theory Essay
The cancer stem cell theory hypothesizes that tumors or cancers arise from mutations or epigenetic
changes in normal stem cells. These mutated or genetically altered stem cells possess the properties
of the normal stem cells such as the ability to self–renew, differentiate into any type of body cell, and
resist apoptosis. Hence, the cancer stem cells (CSC) are named so. It is also suggested that because
of the above–mentioned properties of the cancer stem cells, the current anti–cancer therapies are not
entirely successful (Gil et al, 2008). Despite surgery and other therapies, even if very few of these
cancer stem cells survive, they can continue to act as a source for more tumors, even though the
therapies eliminate all visible signs...show more content...
Some strategies that can be used to target the cancer stem cells:
1)Stem cells possess markers that are different from the differentiated cells. One method can be to
develop treatments that target only the cancer stem cells and not the healthy differentiated cells.
2)Investigate to find markers that distinguish between cancer stem cells and healthy stem cells.
3)Prevent self–renewal of the stem cells within the tumor mass: Targeting proteins that regulate the
cell cycle in the cells of the tumor mass can be a potential strategy to prevent the self–renewal of the
cancer stem cells. Bao et al (2006) reported that proteins involved in regulating cell cycle, especially
at the checkpoints play an important role in determining the CSC resistance to radiotherapy. This is
because radiotherapy leads to DNA damage, which activates the checkpoint proteins and increases
their expression. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that inhibition of checkpoint proteins such
as Chk1 and Chk2 decrease the radiotherapy resistance ability of the brain stem cells that were
previously radiotherapy resistant (Gil et al, 2008). This strategy coupled with radiotherapy and/or
elimination of the tumor mass by surgery can potentially prevent relapse of cancer.
Tumor progression or cancer development in humans takes decades to develop because this process
requires multiple insults like mutations and epigenetic changes in the DNA. These changes

An Introduction Of Cell Biology
Introduction to Cell Biology
A Cell is the smallest structural and functional unit of an organism and consists of cytoplasm and a
nucleus enclosed in a membrane
A Prokaryotic Cell are cells without a membrane–bound nucleus. An example of a prokaryotic cell is
bacteria.
A Eukaryotic Cell does have a membrane–bound nucleus, making it different from a Prokaryotic
Cell. The Nucleus contains genetic material and is surrounded by a nuclear envelope. An example is
an animal cell.
Both types of cells contain organelles, each with a specific function. Plant and animals cells both
contain a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria. What defines the two cells is the
plant cell also contains a rigid cell wall, a permanent vacuole and chloroplasts. The Nucleus contains
genetic material and controls how the cell operates. The Cell surface membrane, or plasma,
surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves. Membranes are said to divide up the
cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. The Cytoskeleton, which is made up of microtubules and
microfilaments, moves the cytoplasm during cell migrations. Mitochondria is where aerobic
respiration is performed. Protein synthesis happens in the Ribosomes. In terms of the plant cell, the
Rigid Cell Wall strengthens the cell and helps maintain the structure. The Chloroplasts contain
chlorophyll, which absorbs light for a plant to perform photosynthesis. The Permanent Vacuole is
filled with sap and keeps the cell turgid.
A Eukaryotic cell has

Explain Why A Cell Is Like A City
A Cell is like a City A cell membrane regulates what enters and leaves the cell. It is like a gate in a
city because it regulates who comes in and goes out of the city. A nucleus is the control center of
the cell. It is like a police department because the police control how everyone and everything acts. A
ribosome synthesizes proteins for the cell. A ribosome is like a factory that produces stuff for
construction workers. The ER synthesizes lipid membranes and proteins and transports stuff. It is
like a manufacturing plant because it makes stuff just like the ER. The golgi packages and
modifies proteins. The golgi is like Post Office because the post office packages mail and sends it
places. The lysosome digests and gets rid of wastes. It

The Theory Of The Cell Theory Essay
Introduction
The cell theory is composed of three ideas from three different German scientists. In 1838, scientist
Mattias Schlieden said that all plants were made from cells. One year later in 1839, scientist
Theodor Schwann said that all animals were made from cells. In 1855, scientist Rudolf Virchow
said that all cells come from other cells. These three ideas were put together to form the cell theory.
The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic units of structure
and function in living things, and all cells are produced from other cells (McGinnis, 2011).
Prokaryotic cells are the simplest systems that exhibit all of the signs of life. They reproduce by
binary fission, a process where the DNA is duplicated and the cell splits in two. They are the
smallest types of cell, and have a large array of abilities. Some prokaryotes live in the absence of
oxygen, some in extreme cold or heat, and some at the bottoms of oceans. These extremist
prokaryotes are known as archaebacteria. The most common prokaryotes are eubacteria, and are
found nearly everywhere on Earth (Blamire, 2001).
Prokaryotic cells can vary in their structure depending on where they reside, but all prokaryotic
cells have certain features in common. All prokaryotic cells have a cell wall; a cell wall gives
structure and shape to the cell while providing a place for the flagella to anchor. They have a
plasma membrane, which is just inside the cell and serves as a

Essay about Plant Cell
Plant Cell
Plant cells have many different parts that are need to work together and function as a whole. These
parts are the cell membrane which can be compared to a "Condom" due to the fact that is a very thin
protective layer that lets certain substances to pass through. Cell wall is a thicker rougher membrane,
which gives the plant most of its structure and support, the cell wall also bond with other cell walls
to form the structure of the plant. Centrosome may be also referred to as the "Microtubule
organizing center" it's looks like a small body near the nucleus having a dense center and radiating
tubules, here in the centrosome is where the microtubules are made. Chloroplast is a CD shaped
organelle that holds the plants...show more content...
Smoother ER moves newly made proteins and lipids to the Golgi apparatus. Vacuole is a large
membrane–bound space within the plant cell that is filled with fluid, within the fluid often is stored
materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Animal Cell The animal cell like the plant cell has many different organelles but each one is need
to work as a whole. Here are the organelles and their functions, Cell membrane is a thin layer of
protection which can be viewed as a "Condom" which is made for a payer of protein and fats, the
membrane allows some substance to pass though but not others. Centrosome is a rather small
organelle located near the nucleus, it has a rather dense center and radiating tubules. Here is where
microtubules are made. Cytoplasm is a jell like material that surrounds the nucleus which is where
the organelles are located. Golgi body is a flat, layered organelles that looks like a stack of
pancakes, it produces the membrane that surround the lysosomes. The Golgi body packages protein
and carbohydrates to be sent out of the cell.
Lysosome also called vesicles sphere shaped organelles surrounded by a membrane, contain digestive
enzymes. This is where the digestion of nutrients takes place. Mitochondrion is a sphere shaped rod
like organelles with two membrane, the mitochondrion converts the

Eukaryotic Cell Lab Report
With the use of a light microscope and an electron microscope, scientists discovered that
organelles in a eukaryotic cell do not actually float around freely. They discovered the
cytoskeleton, which is key towards a cell's structure and activity. (112) It is extremely dynamic and
important for the cells, as provides a secure hold on many organelles and cytosolic enzyme
molecules. In addition, it can bend the plasma membrane inward to form either food or other
phagocytic vesicles. It is also involved with cell motility with its interaction with motor proteins.
This correlates towards movements and changes in a cell's location. This is the result of the
cytoskeleton working with motor proteins by using it as "feet" to walk to a different location. It is a
network of fibers that is composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. (113)
Out of the fibers it is composed of, microtubules are the thickest, microfilaments are the thinnest and
intermediate filaments are diameters in a middle range. Microfilaments maintains cell shape,
changes in shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility and division for animal
cells. (113) Microfilaments are made through a twisted double chain...show more content...
Within the plasma membrane, they form a 3D network to support the cell's shape. (Chapter 6
slide) Therefore, it helps support the cell shape with this network by keeping the organelles in
place and then assists in its movement. In addition, its direct role is to bear tension via pulling
forces. This whole network gives the cortex (outer cytoplasmic layer) a semisolid form rather than
a fluidity structure. In addition, in some animal cells the microfilament make up the core of
microvilli that increase a cell's surface area. (117) Therefore, this filament is essential towards
maintenance of cell shapes as it helps support it and, in some cases, make up the surface

Essay about The Cell
The cell is the fundamental structural unit of all living organisms. Some cells are complete
organisms, such as the unicellular bacteria and protozoa; others, such as nerve, liver, and muscle
cells, are specialized components of multi–cellular organisms. Cells range in size from the smallest
bacteria–like mycoplasmas, which are 0.1 micrometer in diameter, to the egg yolks of ostriches,
which are about 8 cm (about 3 in) in diameter. Although they may differ widely in appearance and
function, all cells have a surrounding membrane and an internal, water–rich substance called the
cytoplasm, the composition of which differs significantly from the external environment of the cell.
Within the cell is genetic material, deoxyribonucleic acid...show more content...
All cells are dynamic at some stage of their life cycle, in the sense that they use energy to perform a
variety of cell functions: movement, growth, maintenance and repair of cell structure, reproduction
of the cell, and manufacture of specialized cell products such as enzymes and hormones. These
functions are also the result of interactions of organic molecules.
Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane, a continuous double layer of phospholipid molecules 75 to 100 angstroms
thick, constitutes the boundary between the cell and its external environment. In addition to lipids,
the plasma membrane has protein components (polypeptides) that are associated with either the
outer or inner surfaces of its layers or are buried within them. The structure as a whole is selectively
permeable, or semipermeable; that is, it permits the exchange of water and selected atoms and
molecules between the cell exterior and interior. This is vital to the cell because while the plasma
membrane helps maintain high local concentrations of organic molecules within the cell, it also
allows interaction between the cell and its external environment.
The plasma membrane mediates such interactions in various ways. The exchange of mineral ions
and small nutrient molecules is controlled by plasma membrane proteins that act as pumps, carriers,
and channels. The plasma membrane also participates in the exchange of larger molecules through
phagocytosis, the

Stem Cell Research : Stem Cells
Stem Cells Stem cells are cells that are found throughout the human body. They reproduce over a
long period of time without changing. Stem cells can produce specialized cells, such as brain,
muscle or lung cells. Stem cells in the last few years have recently made a big debut because
medical professionals have discovered so many unique qualities to stem cells. They are on the
cutting edge of medicine because of all their uses and the qualities that make them so unique from
any other cell in the body. Stem cells have the power to make so many breakthroughs in the
medical world. Medical researchers have all ready found so many ways that stem cells can be used
for the better of so many people. Genes play an important role in determining what genetic traits or
mutations we receive. Researching stem cells can help determine this. Stem cell research is useful for
learning many things about human development and about how the body has the power to repair
itself. Researchers are finding new ways each day that stem cells can be used and the possibilities
that they find for stem cells could be endless. A few ways they can be used to treat diseases, be
used as graphs for burn victims or surgical use, and even to correct birth defects. The pros of stem
cells are limitless.
Stem Cells have recently have caught the eye of many medical professionals because of their
unique properties, so what exactly are Stem Cells? Stem Cells are different from any other cell in
the body. They

Cell Biology : An Introduction Of The Cell
Cell Biology
An introduction to the cell
The cell is the smallest unit able to sustain life, and they are often referred to as the building
blocks of life. There are two primary types of cell, which are categorized according to the way their
genetic material is packaged, rather than size or shape. These are:
1.Prokaryote cells – bacteria and archeans. They are single celled organisms, where the DNA is not
separate from the cytoplasm. These prokaryote cells formed the earliest and most primitive life on
earth.
2.Eukaryotic cells – found in animals, plants and fungi. In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is sectioned off
from the cytoplasm in its own membrane compartment called the nucleus.
Cells share many common features but have adapted over billions of years in a wide array of
environments, to provide a variety of functional roles.
The structures and functions of a cell.
In order for cells and organisms to "live" they need to perform certain tasks such as produce energy
through respiration, send messages, maintenance and reproduction. To enable the cell to do so, it
contains within small structures called organelles, each organelle is different and carries out a
specific function.Pic 1: (biology.about.com)
The

Cell Theory
1.Cell theory just give a description of a cells. Like all living things are made up of cells
individually. Also describes how cells can reproduce and metabolize by themselves; which means
that they are living small organisms. Germ theory just clarifies on how these microbes are
responsible for the infectious diseases that enter the body.
2.Acellular microbe is not a living cell, so its not able to reproduce or metabolize. The acellular
microbe is grown within a host (human). It can be identified as a viru, virion, and prion. Its really
small compared to a cellular microbe since it is around the size of a organelle and a large molecule.
While the cellular microbe is bigger and can be spotted better on microscope. A cellular microbe is
living....show more content...
Unlike the gram negative wall, which has two. Beneath the glycocalyx there's the first layer called
the peptidoglycan for the gram positive cell wall. As for the gram negative cell wall is a lot more
complex. It has plasma membrane on the bottom of the glycocalyx. This plasma membrane has a
toxin (endotoxin) that can cause very fatal symptoms to a patient; even shock can occur. Right under
this toxin wall there's the peptidoglycan.
4.During sporulation can occur when one cell can construct one spore. The way this formation
works is by when the cell that this bacteria is in a chemical environment in which it is stressed that
it'll form spores within the cell. The spore itself doesn't not have a metabolism. Although it does put
a battle whenever WBC (white blood cells) and any type of disinfectants try to get rid of it. The
bacterial endospore is made out of a dense keratin outer coat and a chromosome that does contain
genetic material.
5.The plasmid is a extra piece of genetic information of DNA that lies within the bacterial cell. It
results that there is a 2 sources of genomic material in the bacteria within the cell. On the other hand
transposon are combined to the genetic material of the cell that was already there Resulting that
there still is one source of genetic information in the

Cell Theory
1.Cell Theory is an explanation that says everything is made of cells. It continues on to say that
those cells came from preexisting cells. Cell Theory is a theory because it is a frame–worked
explanation of an observation made by many biologists like Anar Van Leeuwenhoek. Van
Leeuwenoek studied plant stems, pond water, and gathered a conclusion that generally, all of those
things are made of cells. Other biologists like Louis Pasteur added onto this idea that all organisms
are composed of cells. Atheory is also composed of two components; a sequence of patterns in the
world and the thing or catalyst that is responsible for the pattern. The sequence of the pattern in Cell
theory is that every organism in the world are made up of cells....show more content...
The fatal flaw in my experiment of cloning a single plant, creating a population of 100 plants that are
genetically identical, and raising these plants in identical environments with no variation in traits is
that there is no variation to show any difference(s) in the experiment.
3.A salt crystal dropped into a beaker of water becomes smaller and eventually seems to disappear.
However, the same salt crystal remains intact at the bottom of a beaker of octane because Sodium
Chloride is ionic and would get attracted to the water. The octane is hydrophobic and has nothing
for the salt crystal to bond with. The water is polar and hydrophobic, which gives the salt the ability
for the oxygen atoms in the water to be attracted to the Sodium ion, and the hydrogen atoms to the
chloride ion.
4.Molecules with carbon–carbon bonds have more potential energy and lower entropy than carbon
dioxide because the carbon to carbon bonds are held together loosely. Because the carbon to carbon
bonds are held loosely together, the bond has low entropy, high potential energy, and more usable
energy. The Carbon dioxide is held tightly together, has high entropy, and will have low potential
energy because the charges will be attracted to the oxygen. This results in the carbon dioxide to have
less usable

Cell Essay

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