1. Task 1:
Option a: Select an authentic piece of written English text of about 200-300 words and then
analyse its lexico-grammatical cohesion and genre features.
OAKS
Oaks are some of the most important and interesting trees on Earth. They can live for more than
200 years. In fact, the oldest oak tree is believed to be more than 1,000 years old. Oak trees are a
type of deciduous tree. This means that all their leaves fall off once each year. Over their
lifetime, most oaks grow 30 to 35 meters tall and 9 to 12 meters round.
Long ago, people used to worship oak trees. Some believed that oaks were the first kind of tree,
and their fruit, called acorns, were people’s first food. They thought catching a falling oak leaf
would bring good luck. For centuries, the English Oak was the most commonly found tree in
England’s forests. Old English coins had pictures of its leaves on their sides. Englishmen used
oak wood to build boats, houses, churches, and wine barrels.
Today, we value oak wood because it is hard and tough. Oak is the most important type of wood
for building houses. Oak wood is also very beautiful. Carpenters use it for doors and furniture. In
addition, we can use oak leaves and bark for some kinds of medicine. Scientists, howerver, have
been worried recently about a new disease that is killing many oak trees. They are working hard
to find a cure. If they don’t succeed, these great trees might someday become extinct.
I. ANALYSIS OF LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL COHESION
1. Lexical cohesion:
Reiteration
a. Repetition:
- Oak(s): line (1), (2), (4), (5), (6), (7), (9), (10), (11), (12), (13)
- Tree(s): line (1), (2), (3), (5), (7), (13), (14)
- Year(s): line (2), (3)
- Important: line (1), (10)
- Leaf(ves): line (3), (6), (8), (12)
- Meters:line (4)
- People: line (5), (6)
- Wood: line (9), (10), (11)
- Build: line (9), (11)
- Kind(s): line (5), (12)
- Houses: line (9), (11)
- Type: line (3), (10)
- Old(est): line (2), (8)
- Use(d): line (5), (8), (11), (12)
2. - Find, found: line (7), (14)
b. Synonymy:
- Type (3, 10) = kind (5, 12)
- Live (l) = lifetime (4)
- Oak(s): = the most important and interesting trees on Earth (1)
= a type of deciduous tree (2&3)
= the first kind of tree (5)
= the most commonly found tree in England’s forests (7&8)
= the most important type of wood for building houses (10&11)
= these great trees (14)
c. Hyponymy (Superordinate):
- Trees (oaks)
- Fruits (acorms)
- People (Englishmen, carpenters, scientist)
d. General words:
- Tree(s)
- People
- Fruit
- Food
- Forests
- Pictures
- Wood
- Boats
- Houses
- Churches
- Carpenters
- Doors
- Furniture
- Medicine
- Scientists
- Disease
Collocation:
- Oak(s): dediduous tree, leaves, fruit (acorns), food, England’s forests, Old
English coins, wood, bark, medicine, disease.
- Medicine, disease, kill, cure, scientists
- Wood, houses, build, carpenters, doors, furniture, boats
2. Grammatical devices:
a) Reference:
3. - Personals: they, their, its, we, it, people’s first food, England’s forests
- Demonstratives: this, these
- Define article: the
- Comperatives: also, new
Endophoric:
Exophoric:
b) Substitution:
- Nominal substitution: this (this means that...), some (some believed that...),
that (that is killing many oak trees)
- Verbal substitution: can (we can use oak leaves...)
- Clausal substitution:
c) Ellipsis:
- Nominal ellipsis:long ago
- Verbal ellipsis:
- Clausal ellipsis:
d) Conjunctions:
- Temporal: today, for centuries, recently, someday, over their lifetime
- Additive: and, in additon, also
- Adversative: however, infact
- Causal: because
