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PAST MODALS
1. SPECULATION (p. 146)
• Use should , must, can’t, might, could +
infinitive to make deductions about the
present or future.

They should help more.
Are you kidding? You can’t be serious
He must be Obama when he was a kid.
• Use should , must, can’t, might, could + have
to make deductions about the past.
Who killed Kennedy?
• It must have been a radical.
• It might have been an exlover.
• It couldn’t have been his wife. She was sitting
next to him.
What happened here?

• He may have received a call and he got
distracted.
• He must have been driving too fast.
• He should have been more careful.
Who built these statues?
• They must have been
built by local people
hundreds of years ago.
• They could have been
built by aliens.
• They may have been
built by giant people.
How did they move those big rocks to
build the pyramids?
• They must have
been moved by
slaves.
• They couldn’t have
been transported by
people. They were
too heavy!
YOUR TURN
2. REGRETS (p. 142)
• Use SHOULD’VE/SHOULDN’T HAVE when you
did/didn’t something which you think was a
mistake.
They should’ve done something. They could’ve
saved his life.
• Add comments with COULD’VE/COULDN’T
HAVE, MIGHT’VE, WOULD’VE/WOULDN’T
HAVE.
Is it your birthday? You should’ve said. I
would’ve brought you a present.
Your turn:
What should have this people done?
I missed the bus!
I got a parking ticket!
I feel so full and my stomach
hurts!
She fell when she was running up
the stairs
I didn’t do well in the exam!

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Modals of speculation

  • 2. 1. SPECULATION (p. 146) • Use should , must, can’t, might, could + infinitive to make deductions about the present or future. They should help more. Are you kidding? You can’t be serious He must be Obama when he was a kid.
  • 3. • Use should , must, can’t, might, could + have to make deductions about the past.
  • 4. Who killed Kennedy? • It must have been a radical. • It might have been an exlover. • It couldn’t have been his wife. She was sitting next to him.
  • 5. What happened here? • He may have received a call and he got distracted. • He must have been driving too fast. • He should have been more careful.
  • 6. Who built these statues? • They must have been built by local people hundreds of years ago. • They could have been built by aliens. • They may have been built by giant people.
  • 7. How did they move those big rocks to build the pyramids? • They must have been moved by slaves. • They couldn’t have been transported by people. They were too heavy!
  • 9.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14. 2. REGRETS (p. 142) • Use SHOULD’VE/SHOULDN’T HAVE when you did/didn’t something which you think was a mistake. They should’ve done something. They could’ve saved his life. • Add comments with COULD’VE/COULDN’T HAVE, MIGHT’VE, WOULD’VE/WOULDN’T HAVE. Is it your birthday? You should’ve said. I would’ve brought you a present.
  • 15. Your turn: What should have this people done?
  • 16. I missed the bus!
  • 17. I got a parking ticket!
  • 18. I feel so full and my stomach hurts!
  • 19. She fell when she was running up the stairs
  • 20. I didn’t do well in the exam!