The Basics Health13th editionChapter 14Protecting against.docx

The Basics Health
13th edition
Chapter 14
Protecting against
Infectious Diseases and Sexually Transmitted Infections
Copyright © 2019, 2017, 2015 Pearson Education, Inc. All
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The Process of Infection
Disease-causing agents called pathogens are found in air and
food and on nearly every object or person.
An epidemic is a disease outbreak that affects many people in a
community or region at the same time.
A pandemic is a global epidemic of a disease.
When a pathogen is virulent, it is strong enough to overcome
host resistance and cause disease.
One becomes immunocompromised when the immune system is
impaired.
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Routes of Transmission
Direct contact: kissing or touching an infected person
Indirect contact: touching something that the infected person
has touched

You may also autoinoculate yourself by transmitting a pathogen
from one part of your body to another.
Animal-borne (zoonotic) infections are spread by domestic and
wild animals.
Interspecies transmission is rare but does occur.
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Risk Factors You Can Control
Too much stress
Inadequate nutrition
Low fitness level
Lack of sleep
Misuse or abuse of drugs
Poor personal hygiene
High-risk behaviors
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Routes of Disease Transmission
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Hard to Control Risk Factors
Heredity
Age
Environmental conditions
Organism virulence and resistance
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Your Body's Defenses against Infection
Physical and chemical defenses
Skin
Enzymes in body secretions
Internal linings of the body
Immune system defenses
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The Body's Defenses against Disease- Causing Pathogens
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How the Immune System Works
Immunity: Being able to resist a particular disease by

counteracting the substance that produces the disease
Antigens: Substances capable of triggering an immune response.
Examples include a virus, a bacteria, a fungus, a parasite, a
toxin or tissue from another organism.
Antibodies: Specific responses to antigens
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How the Immune System Works (cont.)
Humoral immune response: The body's major defense against
many bacteria and the poisonous substances, toxins, they
produce
Cell-mediated immunity
Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
Macrophages
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The Cell-Mediated Immune Response
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When the Autoimmune System Misfires
Autoimmune diseases
Sometimes the body makes a mistake and targets its own
tissues.
Common autoimmune disorders are rheumatoid arthritis,
systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type 1 diabetes, celiac
disease, and multiple sclerosis.
Inflammatory response, pain, and fever
Four cardinal signs of inflammation: redness, swelling, pain,
and heat
Fever is another indicator of inflammation.
High temperatures can destroy some disease-causing organisms.
Stimulates more white blood cell production.
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Vaccines Bolster Immunity
Vaccines consist of killed or weakened versions of the disease-
causing microorganism or an antigen that is similar to but less
dangerous than the disease antigen.
Artificially acquired active immunity: Given orally or by
injection
Vaccination schedules have been established for various
population groups
College students are particularly at risk
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Recommended Vaccinations for Teens and College Students
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Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, by Vaccine and
Age Group, 2015
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Types of Pathogens and the Diseases They Cause
Bacteria are single-celled organisms.
Diseases caused by bacteria can be treated with antibiotics.
Staphylococcal infections
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Clostridium difficile
Streptococcal infections
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Tuberculosis (TB)
Tick-borne bacterial diseases
Escherichia coli O157:H7
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Examples of Five Major Types of Pathogens
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Viruses
Viruses are the smallest known pathogens.
Consist of a protein structure that contains either ribonucleic
acid (RNA) or deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Incapable of carrying out any life processes on their own; to
reproduce must invade and inject their own RNA or DNA into a
host cell.
Diagnosis can be difficult because some viruses have incubation
periods (the time from infection to symptoms) that can last
years.
Drugs powerful enough to kill viruses generally kill the host
cells.
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Viruses (cont.)
The common cold
Influenza
Hepatitis: three different types
A (HAV)

B (HBV)
C (HCV)
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Other Pathogens
Fungi
Candidiasis
Ringworm
Jock itch
Toenail fungus
Protozoans
Giardia
Parasitic worms
Pinworms to large tapeworms
Prions
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE—mad cow disease)
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Emerging and Resurgent Diseases
Measles and mumps
The most well-known symptom for mumps is swollen salivary
glands. It can cause hearing loss or male sterility.
Measles is known for high fever, and itchy red rash. It is
increasingly common, particularly on college campuses. Many
have not been vaccinated against measles.
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ABC News Video: A Brief History: Measles in America
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Emerging and Resurgent Diseases (cont.)
West Nile virus
Several thousand cases occur each year. Symptoms are flu-like.
Avian (bird) flu
As of March, 2016, there were 859 cases of bird flu in humans,
with 453 deaths.
Swine (pig) flu A (H1N1)
2009-10, 60 million cases of a variant of the H1N1 virus in the
United States, killing nearly 12.5 thousand people.
Contains combined elements of a human flu virus and the pig
virus
Powassan virus
Viral disease related to West Nile
Attacks the brain of those bitten, causing encephalitis.
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ABC News Video: CDC Issuing New Alert on MERS
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Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
Every year, there are at least 20 million new cases of sexually
transmitted infections (STIs),
Many go unreported due to lack of symptoms
Left untreated, some STIs can cause sterility, blindness, central
nervous system destruction, disfigurement, and death.
What's your risk?
The more sexual partners you have, the higher your risk for an
STI.
Casual attitude toward sex in spite of infection
Ignorance about infections/symptoms
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Continuum of Disease Risk for Various Sexual Behaviors
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Routes of Transmission
Intimate sexual contact
Mouth-to-mouth contact
Contact with fluids from body sores
STI pathogens have both a pathogen-specific incubation period
and periods of
communicability—times during which transmission is most
likely.

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Chlamydia
In 2015, there were just over 1.5 million reported cases.
Many people display no symptoms, but men may experience
painful and difficult urination and penile discharge. Women are
more likely to be asymptomatic.
Complications can lead to injury to the prostate gland, seminal
vesicles, bulbourethral glands; inflammatory damage to the
blood vessels and heart, and arthritis-like symptoms in men.
In women, damage to the cervix or fallopian tubes can cause
sterility and lead to pelvic inflammatory disease.
Chlamydia may be responsible for one type of conjunctivitis, an
eye infection.
If detected early, it is easily treatable with antibiotics.
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Gonorrhea
Gonorrhea, surpassed only by chlamydia, is one of the most
common bacterial STIs in the United States.
Nearly 400,000 new infections each year.
Symptoms in men are white, milky discharge and painful
urination.
Most women do not experience symptoms, but occasionally
vaginal discharge and a burning sensation occur while urinating.
Complications, if not treated, include scarring resulting in PID

and sterility.
May (through blood) infect the joints, heart valves, or brain.
During delivery, possibly transmitted to baby
If detected early, it is easily treatable with antibiotics but, as
with other diseases, is becoming resistant
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Gonorrhea
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Syphilis
Syphilis is caused by a bacterium called Treponema pallidum.
Known as the "great imitator" because symptoms often resemble
other STIs.
Sometimes there are no symptoms.
nearly 75,000 reported new cases of syphilis in 2014, up
significantly from the 17,375 cases in 2013
Four stages of syphilis
Primary: Chancre develops and then disappears in 3–6 weeks.
Secondary: A rash or white patches appear on the skin or
mucous membranes.
Latent: Invades the organs and causes lesions called gummas.
Tertiary/late: Heart and central nervous system damage, along
with loss of senses and motor ability.
Easily treated with antibiotics, except in the late stage.

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Syphilis
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Herpes
The herpes family of diseases is not transmitted exclusively by
sexual contact.
Genital herpes (HSV-2) affects about 16 percent of the
population
HSV-1 affects about half the population with mouth cold sores
Infection begins with burning sensation and redness at site and
then turns into a blister full of the virus.
In blistering stage, there it is possible to spread the virus
through autoinoculation.
If left undisturbed, the site will clear and the virus will go
dormant, but can reoccur during periods throughout life.
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Herpes (cont.)

Herpes can be spread from mother to child during birth.
There is no cure for herpes, but there are drugs that can treat
symptoms and reduce viral shedding.
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Herpes
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) and Genital Warts
Over 150 different types of HPV
People infected with low-risk HPV may develop genital warts.
HPV can cause cervical cancer; cancer of the vulva, penis, anus,
vagina, back of the throat, and tongue.
Complications
Dysplasia: Change in cells that may lead to a precancerous
condition
Treatment
Available only for the low-risk forms of HPV
Most warts can be treated with topical medication or can be
frozen.
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Genital Warts
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Sexually Transmitted Infections (cont.)
Candidiasis (moniliasis) or yeast infection
Caused by a yeast-like fungus
Symptoms include severe itching, burning, and swelling.
Antifungal drugs can cure candidiasis in just a few days.
Trichomoniasis
Caused by a protozoan
Symptoms in women include an unpleasant-smelling discharge
accompanied by a burning sensation, itching, and painful
urination.
Most men do not experience symptoms.
Usually transmitted by sexual contact or toilet seats, wet
towels, or other items with discharged fluids on them.
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Pubic Lice
Informally called "crabs."
Symptoms include itchiness in the pubic hair, bluish gray skin
color, and sores in the genital area.
Treatment includes thorough washing of clothing, furniture, and
linens.
Takes 2 to 3 weeks to kill all larval forms.

Usually transmitted sexually but can also be caught from lying
on sheets or sitting on a toilet seat that an infected person has
used.
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Pubic Lice
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HIV/AIDS
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
There are approximately 37 million people worldwide living
with HIV.
2.1 million new infections and 1.1 million deaths in 2015.
78 million people worldwide have become infected with HIV
and 35 million have died.
Globally, the number of people living with HIV, and new
infections have decreased.
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How HIV Is Transmitted
Engaging in high-risk behaviors
Exchange of body fluids
Contaminated needles
Mother-to-child (perinatal) transmission
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Estimates of New HIV Diagnoses in the United States for Most
Affected Subpopulations, 2015
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Symptoms of HIV/AIDS
Incubation time varies greatly.
For HIV-positive adults who receive no medical treatment,
AIDS will develop in 8 to 10 years.
Opportunistic infections are characteristic of the disease.
An AIDS diagnosis occurs when a person has a dangerously low
CD4 count (below 200 cells per cubic milliliter of blood) or
contracts one or more opportunistic infections (e.g., Kaposi's
sarcoma or Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia).
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Testing for HIV
Antibody tests – accurate if window period has been long
enough
Antibody test provides results from blood in 30 minutes, and the
OraQuick test kit can provide results within 20 minutes.
The Home Access HIV-1 Test System requires a finger prick of
blood to be sent to a lab.
Combo or Fourth-Generation Tests
Look for antibodies and antigens
Shorter window period
Nucleic Acid Tests (NAT) and HIV p24 Antigen Test
Quicker, but not recommended for initial a screening
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HIV/AIDS
New hope and treatments
New drugs slow progression of virus.
Current treatments combine selected drugs such as protease
inhibitors and reverse transcriptase inhibitors.
There is no treatment effective for all cases.
Preventing HIV infection
Reduce risk by responsible choices and behaviors.
If you don't exchange bodily fluids, you won't get the disease.
Abstinence or safe sexual practices
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