Running Head: SOCIOLOGY 1 SOCIOLOGY 7 Research onsociological perspective of racism, cultural beliefs, socialization, and ethnicity Student’s Name: Institutional Affiliation: Course Details: Submission Date: Background information The study concerning sociological perspective of racism, cultural beliefs, socialization, and ethnicity cuts across different societies for many months. The main subjects of this study were the societal perspective, cultures, ethnicity and racism, and socialization. The study involved different sociologists as researchers with an objective of learning different sociology concepts. Every society is bound by its cultures which are agreed by it and applicable to all members of that society. A breach of any cultural belief is regarded unethical and depending on the given societal culture, may attract punishment. Racism is one of the elements that almost all the societies considers unethical. The essay, Racism and Research: The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study” by Allan M. Brandt found in Readings for Sociology, edited by G. Massey is among the articles which are actually advocating for anti-racism in the society. This paper seeks to explore on the cultural content if this book and other sources having similar content. The objective of this paper is to explore on the cultural chapters presented in this book including sociological perspective of racism, culture and cultural beliefs, socialization and ethnicity. By the end of this paper, the reader will have become able to actualize the theoretical content provided by various sources. Introduction This essay seeks to evaluate the cultural concepts presented by different sources whose research or study are aligned to the society where they represent. There are various sources whose objective is to reflect the societal beliefs in a way or another using different contexts such as religion, hospitals, and political ones. Many chapters regarding societal cultures such as sociological perspective, culture, socialization, racism, and deviance are used in exploration of different beliefs by different societies. This essay also seeks to evaluate the content of various sources regarding sociology and the manner in which different societies takes their content. Also, the applicability of different concepts in the society are explored. The main objective here is to explore on the sociological concepts and how various societies apply them with the aim of improving their ethicality. The ethicality in this research This research was ethical in the sense that it does not contravene any ethical standard while undertaking the study. Despite of undertaking a serious ethical cause, syphilis, the researchers are conscience about not being ethically gross. All the other aspects contained in the research are in accordance with the laid standards. Social perspectives are so wide to explore. Hence, different views are collected and analyzed while comparing those perspectives w.

1. Running Head: SOCIOLOGY 1
SOCIOLOGY 7
Research onsociological perspective of racism, cultural beliefs,
socialization, and ethnicity
Student’s Name:
Institutional Affiliation:
Course Details:
Submission Date:
Background information
The study concerning sociological perspective of racism,
cultural beliefs, socialization, and ethnicity cuts across different
societies for many months. The main subjects of this study were
the societal perspective, cultures, ethnicity and racism, and
socialization. The study involved different sociologists as
researchers with an objective of learning different sociology
concepts. Every society is bound by its cultures which are
agreed by it and applicable to all members of that society. A
breach of any cultural belief is regarded unethical and
depending on the given societal culture, may attract
punishment. Racism is one of the elements that almost all the
societies considers unethical. The essay, Racism and Research:
The Case of the Tuskegee Syphilis Study” by Allan M. Brandt
found in Readings for Sociology, edited by G. Massey is among
the articles which are actually advocating for anti-racism in the

2. society. This paper seeks to explore on the cultural content if
this book and other sources having similar content. The
objective of this paper is to explore on the cultural chapters
presented in this book including sociological perspective of
racism, culture and cultural beliefs, socialization and ethnicity.
By the end of this paper, the reader will have become able to
actualize the theoretical content provided by various sources.
Introduction
This essay seeks to evaluate the cultural concepts presented by
different sources whose research or study are aligned to the
society where they represent. There are various sources whose
objective is to reflect the societal beliefs in a way or another
using different contexts such as religion, hospitals, and political
ones. Many chapters regarding societal cultures such as
sociological perspective, culture, socialization, racism, and
deviance are used in exploration of different beliefs by different
societies. This essay also seeks to evaluate the content of
various sources regarding sociology and the manner in which
different societies takes their content. Also, the applicability of
different concepts in the society are explored. The main
objective here is to explore on the sociological concepts and
how various societies apply them with the aim of improving
their ethicality.
The ethicality in this research
This research was ethical in the sense that it does not
contravene any ethical standard while undertaking the study.
Despite of undertaking a serious ethical cause, syphilis, the
researchers are conscience about not being ethically gross. All
the other aspects contained in the research are in accordance
with the laid standards. Social perspectives are so wide to
explore. Hence, different views are collected and analyzed
while comparing those perspectives with different societal
views. The aim of allowing this study to continue is to explore
all the possible sociological perspectives in different contexts.
The evaluation of sociological perspective of racism, cultural
beliefs, socialization, and ethnicity

3. The sociological perspective refers to the perspective that the
society has on the behavior of human being and how such
behavior is connected to the whole society. This concept has
been used by Ferris and Stein to make an invitation for people
to look at how the behavior of an individual and the structure of
the society where they are living is connected (Ferris & Stein,
2016). Typically, people take the society as natural and that it is
set up by nature. They don’t bother to know how society affect
the people living in it. Therefore, the sociological perspective
helps us to have an understanding of the importance of the
society to us especially in shaping our lives.
Research shows that there are three major perspectives of
sociology namely, symbolism interactionism, functionalism and
conflict theory perspectives (Ferris & Stein, 2016). While
applying the symbolic interactionist perspective, Ferris and
Stein makes a consideration of the symbols and details that
present the human behavior. The meaning of such symbols and
the interaction between people are explored using this
sociological perspective. The relationship that some parts of the
society has with other parts and how different societal aspects
are functional are explored using the functionalism theory. On
the other hand, the society being large with many resources
poses different conflicts which are explored using conflict
theory perspective as given by Ferris and Stein. This
perspective also explores on how elite control the poor and
those who are weak.
Ferris and Stein (2016) states culture as a society value
including things such as language, standards defining beauty,
dressing style, food and music the people play. According to
their essay, Ferris and Stein (2016) emphasizes the learnability
of culture and the fact that it is passed from one generation to
another using communication and not through genetic means. In
an endeavor to further explore on culture, Ferris and Stein
defines ethnocentrism as occurring when people apply their
culture to make an evaluation of another group of people (Ferris
& Stein, 2016). This action makes people to consider that their

4. culture is the only normal one. Cultural relativism has also be
defined in the book as the process where people or individual
understands other’s culture by applying their own terms rather
using the owner’s to render judgment. Culture is broad and for
this reason, Ferris and Stein have divided them as material
culture and symbolic culture (Ferris & Stein, 2016). The latter
refers to the physical items that are associated with the culture
while the former category has been used to refer to the manner
in which people think.
Socialization has been defined as a method through which
people are enlightened on how to become proficient in their
society (Massey, 2015). Ferris and Stein have used this chapter
to describe how people can understand the societal norms and
what they expect from the society. Socialization can be termed
as a process of sociology that caused by socializing (Ferris &
Stein, 2016). According to the sociologists, the basic human
activities are learnt through others. These authors have also
used this main concept to present the theories of self-
development including the psychological perspective,
sociological theories, and Kohlberg’s.
Various sociologists view race and ethnicity as social
constructions. This is due to the fact that race is not
biologically based and that the categories of race are dynamic.
Ferris and Stein defines race as a social perception of people
regarding their biological differences. According to them,
human beings are genetically similar despite of race. On the
other hand, these authors have defined ethnicity as social
category considering differences in language, religion, history
and other cultural factors (Massey, 2015). The distinction
between these elements is significant in that ethnicity can be
exposed or hidden depending on the differences of the
individuals while the other element is always displayed (Ferris
& Stein, 2016). For example, immigrants can learn the language
in their current society and hide their actual ethnic identity
while they cannot change their actual race. Ethnicity can be
hidden in order to remove tension which can be alleviated by

5. cultural differences. Ferris and Stein have discussed how
ethnicity is shown in symbolic forms so as not impact everyday
life in a significant way. They explain how situational ethnicity
can be applied in different contexts for the sake of avoiding
some of the avoidable conflicts which can ruin the ethical
standards of the society.
In the same context, Ferris and Stein have defined racism as a
set of beliefs regarding how a given race or ethnic group is
superior over the other and can be used for the justification of
inequality (Brandt, 1978). Such differences are usually rooted
by a mere assumption that differences between a given race and
ethnic groups are no longer of significant issue in the society.
People’s relationship as per their race is seen to be dynamic
though according to Ferris and Stein, racism has not been
eliminated (Ferris & Stein, 2016). Also, racism has been
expressed as a source of prejudice and discrimination in the
society.
Conclusion
Sociological concepts have proven to be generally aligned to the
issues and resolutions in the society. A breach of any cultural
belief is regarded unethical and depending on the given societal
culture, may attract punishment. Racism is one of the elements
that almost all the societies considers unethical. This research
indicates that content of various sources regarding sociology
and the manner in which different societies takes them differs
depending on other factors such as cultural security leading to
cultural preservation. Also, the applicability of different
concepts in the society have been explored. I think for different
societies to have a good relationship, there is need for them to
integrate different activities and cultures so as to bring them
closer to one another. Also, social issues are dynamic implying
that replicating this research today would help in knowing the
sociological concepts that sociology has changed and get the
relationship between people of different races and ethnicity in
the society.
References

6. Brandt, A. M. (1978). Racism and Research: The Case of the
Tuskegee Syphilis Study. The Hastings Center Report, 8(6), 21.
doi:10.2307/3561468
Ferris, K., & Stein, J. (2016). The real world: An introduction
to sociology. New York: W.W. Norton.
Massey, G. (2015). Readings for sociology.
Answer questions Minimum 100 words each and reference
(questions #1-3) KEEP questions WITH ANSWER PLEASE
ANSWER ALL THE QUESTIONS IN FULL DETAIL
1. Matched-subjects design fits in our discussion well here.
What would be an example of a matched-subjects design? Make
sure that it is an example that is unique from your classmates.
2. Repeated measures design fits in our discussion well here.
What would be an example of a repeated measures design?
Make sure that it is unique from your classmates.
A minimum of 75 words each question and References (IF
NEEDED)(Response #1 – 6) KEEP RESPONSE WITH

7. ANSWER
Make sure the Responses includes the Following: (a) an
understanding of the weekly content as supported by a scholarly
resource, (b) the provision of a probing question. (c) stay on
topic
1. One might use an independent sample when they are
randomly observing participants one time only (Privitera, 2018).
This can be done by using two populations to create two
seperate samples, or one large sample split into two random
samples (Privitera, 2018). This sample would be used when two
seperate populations are being study/observed at random, and
results being compared. For instance, if i were to test a small
sample of children on their reading and comprehension skills,
from two seperate schools.
Related samples are used when samples are related to one
another by using the same treatments/events, and observed over
time and multiple times (Privitera, 2018). This can be done
using the repeated method or the match pairs design (Privitera,
2018). An example of using related sampling is using a small
sample of students and test their readig and comprehensions
skills after going through a reading program. Overtime, these
same students are tested to evaluate their overall improvement
using the program.
2. An independent sample is one which observes two groups or
samples which will also select different participants for each
group and compare the differences. A related sample
(dependent) is like a company who may hire people to evaluate
it, a related sample keeps using the same sample and people
without extending research (Privitera, 2018).
Consider a fitness club that wants to test the effectiveness of a
workout plan which will aid in reducing weight quickly. With
the related sample the weight and work out would be from the
same people, who are matched and perhaps who work at the
gym (not fair) who are tested before and after they train. With
related the samples are taken from the same people. Therefore,

8. the people with the highest weight loss in the first sample will
likely have the best weight loss and muscle building in the
second sample because they are dependent and from the same
people.
Independent samples a group of people and an outside different
group of people to evaluate the true effectiveness of the
program. This type is more honest and compares the initiatives
of the workout program between these two distinct groups.
These two samples would likely be independent because the
measurements are from different people.
3. Related samples are used when samples have a relation to
each other and can be used over multiple occurrences. For
example, the subjects used will have many similarities and will
be used multiple times.
Independent samples are used when a random sample is being
used and observed. For example, a one time observation on a
population used at random and sorted into two groups.
4. Since my collegue is measuring the same thing two seperate
groups, I would advise her to use an unpaired test, or two
independent sample t test, to measure the effectivness of the
lesson plan. If she were to retest the same participant before and
after the lesson plan was given, then I would advise her to use a
paired test (Privitera, 2018).
In order to perform the calculation using SSPS, I would do the
followig steps:
· define your labels for your samples, and enter your data
collected into the data sheet for he correaponding labels.
· Click the "Analyze" tab at the top, then click "compare
means", then click "independent sample".
1. From here a screen will pop up.
2. On the left, your variables will be labeled, on the right you
will have screens to move your dependent and independent
variables.
3. At the top, there will be a box labeled "Test Varibles". This

9. is where you will move your dependent variable, or the variable
that is being measured/tested.
4. At the bottom, under "grouping variance", you will move
your independent variable.
1. If there is more than one group included in your independent
variable, click teh button under the "Grouping variance" box
that is labeled "define groups". Then you can enter in a distinct
letter or number to define your variable.
· Click "Ok" and your chart will generate.
5. Since these are 2 different groups Mary should conduct an
independent or unpaired t test
In SPSS
Click Analyze>compare means>independent sample t test
Next Independent sample -transfer the dependent variable into
the Test Variable(s): box, and transfer the independent variable
into the Grouping Variable: box, by highlighting the relevant
variables and pressing the button to move it to the other side
You will end up with the following screen: to define groups
You then need to define the groups Click on the Define
groups button. You will be presented with the Define
Groups dialogue box,
Enter "1" into the Group 1: box and enter "2" into the Group 2:
box. At the bottom, under "grouping variance", you will move
your independent variable.
· If there is more than one group included in your independent
variable, click the button under the "Grouping variance" box
that is labeled "define groups". Then you can enter in a distinct
letter or number to define your variable.
Click ok and your chart will generate