Failure Of The Failure And Predicting The Mechanical...

Failure Of The Failure And Predicting The Mechanical...
Failure criteria's plays very important role in analysing the failure and predicting the mechanical properties of composite materials. There are many
failure criteria's available which has aided in analysing, few such failure criteria's are maximum stress, maximum strain, Classic laminate theory,
Hashin's failure theory, Tsai–Wu failure criterion, and Tsai–Hill failure criterion etc.
The research was conducted on failure ways and criteria for their manifestation in composite beams and columns [37]. They found that the initiations of
the different failure modes are influenced by the material properties, type of loading, and geometric dimensions. They conveyed that the loading type
or condition governs the state of stress all through the composite structure, which controls the locality and mode of failure. The suitable failure criteria
at any point of the structure accounts for the biaxiality or triaxiality of the state of stress [38]. A four nodded plate element based on a sophisticated
higher order shear deformation theory can be established [39] for the investigation of composite plates. This plate theory fulfils the requirements of
inter–laminar shear stress continuity and stress free bottom and top faces of the plate. Besides, the number of independent unknowns is the same as
that in the first order shear deformation concept.
Prediction of failure in composite materials can be done by implementing failure theories [40–44]. The failure criteria's are not just for
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New Method Of Ultrahard Material Synthesis
New Method in Ultrahard Material Synthesis: CS2 Catalyzed Ultrahard Fullerite
Ultrahard materials is a broad category define by materials that are harder than diamond. Diamond, thought to be the hardest material for centuries
hasn't been the hardest material seen by scientists in a long time. Many materials have been developed or discovered recently that surpass the 150 GPa
hardness of diamond by as much as 100%. There are many ways to measure the hardness of a material, from the classic scratch test to more complicated
bulk modulus calculations. Other tests of hardness include indentation and rebound tests, or measurements of the elastic and shear modulus. Ultrahard
fullerite is one such material that has surpassed diamond with values ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Structural studies of fullerite are hampered by its lack of a 4 or 6 fold axis, so long–term periodicity in fullerite's crystal lattice isn't possible for
covalently–bonded fullerene molecules in three dimensions. TEM studies have shown a sequence of FCC phases that have been explained by bonded
fullerene chains formation. Because of this difficulty, researchers have turned to Raman spectroscopy to study the polymerization, which has features
explained by the C60 phonon spectra perturbations by intermolecular covalent bonding. The 3D polymerized phases produced in ultrahard fullerite
synthesis are phase IV and V, where phase V is the desired ultrahard fullerite. Phase V is translucent in the near IR or visible range having a Raman
spectrum containing two broad peaks around 1550 cm–1 and around 500 cm–1.
Prior to research by Popov et al., the synthesis conditions of ultrahard fullerite depended on a degree of plastic deformation and stress tensor variation
of a sample under compression. The minimum required pressure for synthesis was 13 GPa at 1100 K, or 18 GPa at room temperature, both of which
aren't suitable for industrial production without a catalyst. The polymerization of fullerene molecules starts under sunlight irradiation at ambient
temperatures to create dimers. These simple conditions for these intermolecular bonds to form led researchers to hypothesize

AM 317 Experiment 1 Essay
AM 317
MECHANICS LAB
EXPERIMENT 1
BEAM DEFLECTIONS
TEST PERFORMED: FEBRUARY 4, 2015
REPORT SUBMITTED: FEBRUARY 11, 2015
BY
HAGOP MERTEKHANIAN
Student I.D # 105200288
Wednesday 7:00 pm
GROUP 1
ABSTRACT
Deflections of a beam are important to be able predict the amount of deflection for a given loading situation. This experiment addresses determining the
yield point for a material to fail, so the stress in the material does not have to reach to that point. This is where understanding beam deflection becomes
a useful tool. This experiment is using beam deflection theory to evaluate and compare observed deflection per load values to theoretical values. Beam
deflection experiment done by four parts. Part 1 –Simple Supported Bean, part ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(LB)
I–moment of inertia (IN4)
E– The modulus of elasticity.(Psi)
Ymax–amount of the deflection due to applied load (IN).
L–length of the beam.(IN) a– distance from beginning of the beam to the reference point (IN)
P–single applied concentrated load.(LB)
I–moment of inertia (IN4)
E– The modulus of elasticity.(Psi)
Ymax–amount of the deflection due to applied load (IN).

Test Procedures
Part 1– Simple Supported Beam
1. Calibrate the micrometer.
2. Measure the dimensions and record them.
3. Calculate area moment of inertia (I) using the equation–4
4. Calculate maximum permissible loads for mid–span using equation–3,where maximum stress = 18,000 psi
5. Calculate maximum permissible loads for quarter–span using equation–3, where maximum stress

Interpretation Of Seismic Data Recorded By Earthquake...
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1Motivation
Interpretation of seismic data recorded by earthquake seismographs and that obtained in seismic reflection surveys conducted in the search for
hydrocarbons presents a great challenge. The challenge lies in constructing appropriate models of the subsurface to extract as many properties of the
subsurface rocks as possible and then solving the associated forward modeling problem followed by design of suitable inversion methods to extract the
desired information. Simple models do not involve very complex mathematics but yield only limited information about the subsurface. The degree of
mathematical sophistication increases with more realistic models of subsurface rocks.
Simple models of subsurface assume rocks to be homogeneous, isotropic and perfectly elastic. Rocks actually encountered in the subsurface do not
exhibit any of these ideal characteristics. Rocks consist of a number of minerals with varying properties and grain sizes leading to point to point
variation of their physical properties thus exhibiting a high degree of inhomogeneity.
Even if rocks are regarded as homogeneous on a large scale, they may exhibit directional dependence of their physical properties. It is known that a
stack of thin homogeneous and isotropic layers can be replaced with a homogeneous but anisotropic medium in which seismic wave velocities differ in
the vertical and horizontal directions. Another situation that leads to anisotropy is the existence of

The Home Cinema And Its Parts
INTRODUCTION 1.1PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION Home cinema is a set of entertainment systems that are used in the home to imitate the
experience and feeling that is gotten from the movie theatre. They try as much as possible to give you the so much yearned for theatre
experience. 1.2DESCRIPTION OF THE HOME CINEMA AND ITS PARTS The home cinema is made up of different set of components that
enable the theatre experience. A typical home cinema will include some or all of the following: 1.Input devices for Audio and Video: This help to
play the very many movie media formats. 2.Devices for processing Audio: These are devices that process the audio, doing all the effects before it
transfers it to the output device. 3.Output devices for audio: These give out the processed audio. Speakers are examples of these output devices.
Most times, more than one speaker is used. 4.Output devices for video: These devices help to give out the images in the movies. Most times, the
larger the screen the better the experience. 5.Atmosphere: To perfect the cinema experience, very comfortable seats that are not too hard and not too
soft is used. Popcorn and drinks can also help improve the experience. Sometimes, sound insulators are used so as to prevent noise pollution. Table 1:
A Table showing the material properties for the Stand Base. Stand Base (Cast Iron) General PropertiesDensity (7.05E3– 7.25E3 kg/m3) Mechanical
PropertiesYoung 's modulus 80– 138 GPa Shear

Taking a Look at Polylactic Acid Polymers
Introduction
Investigations into developing a more sustainable and eco–friendly aspect of every day life are becoming a major priority. Without such investigations
or developments in not only the food packaging sectors, but in many other major industries, this planet along with its inhabitants will surely succumb to
the human lust of consumerism and ultimately the waste that such hunger produces. The implantation of ecofriendly "green" packaging options would
see a sharp decline in the amount of waste that is produced each year and give the ability to recycle and to produce new items from previously used
packaging. In this report the team discuss the concept of biodegradable plastics and their future implementation as "green" food packaging alternatives
to the current form of non eco–friendly plastics that are in existing use. Biodegradability refers to a composites ability to be degraded by bacteria or
other living organisms, plastics such as these can also be susceptible to water and ultraviolet rays as sources of decomposition with this aspect being
discussed within the chapters of this report. As apart of this report, team members assess the discovery, life cycle as well as the current or future
applications of three different types of bio–plastic. Contained within is discussion on Poly–Lactic Acid, Novamont's thermoplastic starch–based
polymer and ...
Polylactic acid (PLA)
Introduction
Polylactic acid polymers (PLA) appear to be a very promising material for use as a

The Effect Of Compression Over Bioimpedance Of Healthy...
The present study determines the effect of compression over bioimpedance of healthy soft tissue (in–vitro and in–vivo). Electrical impedance
spectroscopy (EIS) is a promising tissue characterization and tumor detection technique that uses tissue impedance or admittance to characterize tissue
and identify tissue properties as well as cell structure. Variation in EIS measurements while applying pressure suggests that compression tends to affect
soft tissue bioimpedance. Moreover, the displacements in tissue caused by applied compression may provide useful information about the structure and
state of the tissue. Thus combining the changes to the electrical properties of tissue resulted by applied compression, with the changes in tissue
displacements caused by applied compression, and consequently measuring the effect that electrical and mechanical properties have on each other, can
be useful to identify tissue structure. In this study, multifrequency bioimpedance measurements were performed on in–vitro and in– vivo soft tissue at
different pressure levels. Increasing compression on the in–vitro tissue results in an increase in both extracellular resistance and membrane capacitance
while it causes a reduction in the intracellular resistance. However, as the compression over the in–vivo samples increases, the intracellular and
extracellular resistance increase and the membrane capacitance decreases. The in–vivo measurements on human body are also tested on contra– lateral
tissue

How Does the YoungвЂ™s Modulus of a Sweet Lace Compare to...
How Does The Young's Modulus of a Sweet Lace Compare To The Young's Modulus of the Cables Supporting The Millennium Bridge ?
Visit: The Millennium Bridge
For our physics practical, we visited The Millennium Bridge a pedestrian footbridge located at the heart of London that crosses the River Thames. It
links the City and St Paul's Cathedral to the north with the Globe Theatre and Tate Modern on Bankside. Construction of this infrastructure began in the
late 1998 by the engineering company Arup and it was launched on the 10 June 2000.
Structure of Bridge:
Structurally, the bridge is a composition of two key metals steel (2 x 1011 Nm–2) and aluminum. These metals are common in bridges due to their
properties of high strength and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This feature was achieved by ensuring that the sag ratio remained low. The bridge has also become a navigation site for many commercial and tourist
traffic in the River Thames Waterways.
Problems Occurred:
Furthermore, when the millennium bridge opened within the first weekend around 100,000 people had crossed the bridge. Due to such heavy traffic,
this lead to something called resonance. Resonance is when the input vibrations frequency coincides with the natural frequency of the structure itself,
causing large deflections to develop. The issue caused the bridge to undergo a swaying movement; hence led to its closure. After extensive research and
analysis, it was found that the movement was caused by synchronized pedestrian footfall. To prevent this there were two options taken into account the
lateral stiffening and the damping; both were used in order to increase the natural frequency of the structure so it did not match the footfall. In addition
structures called fluid–viscous dampers and tuned mass dampers were installed to control both horizontal and vertical movements.
In Relation To Practical:
The visit influences our practical as we gain an understanding of how in the engineering industry selection of materials is determined using indicators
such as Young's Modulus. Young's Modulus is a measure of stiffness that is independent of the particular sample of a substance. This indicator is very
vital as it determines the material's strength, toughness

Structural Suitability and Modelling of Glass Fiber...
Introduction and Literature Review Context Freeform surfaces prevail in contemporary architecture. Over the past two decades there has been a surge
in the use of smooth, curved surfaces, which can be attributed to improvements in 3D modelling techniques and advances in finite element analysis.
The complex geometries, examples of which can be seen in the Figure ? below, pose challenges in developing a feasible building envelope using
conventional building materials such as steel and concrete. This has therefore created a need to investigate the suitability of alternative building
materials such as glass fibre reinforced polymers (GFRP) to structural design. In construction, geometrically complex free form shapes are realised by...
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Being a composite material, the properties of the GFRP are determined by: the choice of resin and glass type, the volume fractions of the fibres and the
matrix, the manufacturing techniques employed and the material properties of its constituent parts. Much of the current literature describes and
highlights the variability in GFRP properties owing to the above [3][4][5]. The most commonly used resins in the production of GFRP are polyester
and epoxy resins, which are both thermosetting polymers. This means that high temperature and pressure are not required in the manufacturing process,
making GFRP a versatile material, albeit a relatively expensive one. Both of these resins were investigated here, with the focus eventually shifting
towards polyester resin. The two most common reinforcement layouts used in the manufacturing of GFRP are woven rovings and chopped strand mat.
Woven rovings are made up of long glass fibres aligned in the resin matrix and interwoven in two perpendicular directions, resulting in an in–plane
orthotropic material of increased specific stiffness in the directions of the glass fibres. Chopped strand mats are made up of randomly distributed
discontinuous short fibres which form a quasi–isotropic layup of

Design Constraints For The Wind Turbine Tower
ENG 1050 –Materials Selection Report
Abstract
After careful considerations of material properties with the objectives of the research (minimise cost and weight), the material that would be most
suitable for the wind turbine tower is low–alloy steel and for the blades, CFRP. Considering the design constraints, the tower is best designed with a
hollow circle frame with 5m (inner) and 3m (outer) radius which translates to a material cost of $4.96 million (tower only) and weighs 7893 tonnes.
CFRP is the most suitable material for the blade as it has the lowest density and high fracture toughness and fits the constraints. Additional costs are
based on anti–corrosion protection, CFRP production (based on blade length), transport and recycling commitments.
Introduction
Due to the dying ability of traditional fossil fuels to power the earth's power requirements, alternative energy sources – such as solar, wind, geothermal
and hydropower are beginning to supply the rapidly growing demand. Offshore wind farms, a clean energy source, are being introduced given their
consistent and relatively higher power output.
The purpose of this exercise is to design a wind turbine tower and blades to meet the service specifications for an offshore environment. This involves
manipulating the design – tower shape and dimensions, selected material while minimising the cost of construction and the weight. Given that the
turbines are to be offshore, we will also predict possible corrosion damages and

Design and Analysis of a Laminated Composite Tube
COMPOSITES COURSEWORK DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF A LAMINATED COMPOSITE TUBE ABSTRACT This report details the
process for the design of a composite laminate tube, the software package 'MathCAD' was used to determine a lamina design with a configuration
that avoids mechanical failure under loading conditions. It was also used to obtain twist angles and maximum stresses for specific lamina wind up
angles. The report will provide analysis of the methods used to obtain these criteria. AIM Use a Mathcad script to determine the procedure used
during the manufacture of a wound laminate composite tube and to assess its validity for use in stress and strain analyses. INTRODUCTION
FIGURE 1 A DEVELOPED VIEW OF A TAPE
–WOUND CYLINDRICAL TUBE The... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Love–Kirchhoff hypothesis generalises the plane section assumption in beam theory; assuming the normal to the laminate remains normal to the
deformed laminate and the normal undergoes no extension of shortening. Leading to: Resultant displacements: Where: u0 and v0 are in plane
displacements. w is the deflection. z=0 as reference surface. Therefore: . (3) Due to the assumptions that it demonstrates a linear distribution for plane
strains throughout the laminate thickness and that out of plane strains can therefore be ignored. {Оµ0} is the in plane strain and {k} is the curvature
of the reference surface. From equation (1) and appropriate coordinate transformations the following relationship is obtained. (4) Though integration
and manipulation of the elasticity equations with respect to the "z" the membrane forces can be found as: (5) Thus the bending moments are as
follows: (6) {N} and {M} are the generalised stresses can can be expressed as membrane strains and curvatures by using the laminar stress–strain
relationship and Love Kirchhoff hypothesis. , (7) As {Оє} = 0 Also as there is no bending, this can be assumed to be equal to {Оµ}. Where [A], [B]
and [D] are integrated over the layer thickness of the laminate, Figure 5: Loading conditions Axial loading case Load acts over outer circumference of
on end of the cylinder, while the other end remains against a

Essay on Biomech
Stress–Strain
Equipment
| Included:| | 1| Stress–Strain Apparatus| AP–8214A| 1| Force Sensor| PS–2104| 1| Rotary Motion Sensor| PS–2120| 1| Calipers| SF–8711| | Required but
Not Included:| | 1| 850 Universal Interface| UI–5000| 1| PASCO Capstone Software| UI–5400|
Introduction
The objective of this lab is to find the relationship between tensile stress and strain for various materials. The Stress–Strain Apparatus stretches (and in
some cases breaks) a test coupon while it measures the amount of stretch and force experienced by the test coupon. Software is used to generate a plot
of stress versus strain, which allows Young's Modulus, the elastic region, the plastic region, the yield point, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The displacement registered by the Rotary Motion Sensor will be the combination of the coupon stretching and the rest of the apparatus bending.
Regardless of how much the coupon stretches, the deformation of the rest of the apparatus is constant for a given force. After repetitive measurement
with the calibration bar it was found that the movement of force sensor is negligible compared to the stretching of the sample, hence the calibration
step is not required.
Procedure
1. When installing coupons, remove the nuts and the clamp and place it at secure place, it is not needed for composite material testing. The coupon
should be slid completely over the coupon holding screws on each end.
Figure 3: Clamping a Coupon
Figure 3: Clamping a Coupon
Figure 2: Washer Arrangements
Figure 2: Washer Arrangements

2. Pre–loading Coupons: This is the procedure you will follow each time you test a coupon. You must pre–load the coupon so the initial slack is taken
up and the force sensor is zeroed at position zero.
a. In PASCO Capstone, setup continuous mode measurement with recording condition of start and stop when force is greater than 1 and greater than
45 N, respectively (figure 4).
45
45
1
1
Figure 4: Setting up recoding conditions
b. In PASCO Capstone, set up a Digits display of the Actual Force. You can setup graphs and table for data recording and display on the screen. Select
the time and force to be displayed on the

Investigating Hooke 's Law And The Euler Bernoulli Bending...
In this lab, deflection and strain are measured in an attempt to confirm Hooke's law and the Euler–Bernoulli bending beam theory. In addition, the
measured data allows us to calculate the modulus of elasticity (Young's Modulus) or E of the cantilever beam. Through the course of the experiment
our observations revealed that the addition of weights deformed the beam in response to the applied stress. This deformation can be modeled using the
Euler–Bernoulli beam bending theory. Our experimentation and calculations revealed that our data did indeed prove the theories mentioned in this lab.
Furthermore, our values for the modulus of elasticity or E came within the range of established values found online.
Engineering involves a wide array of problems that must be overcome. A great deal of time is spent researching materials and their properties.
Materials compromise all aspects of our society, from buildings to roads to even the equipment that was used in this lab. Problems arise in regards to
how strong or flexible the material is, with the official terms being stress, strain, and elasticity. Improper use of such materials results in tragedies such
as the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in Washington that failed to due resonance and stress beyond its elastic limit [1].
This lab teaches us the importance of stress, strain, and elasticity. Their relationships are explored through the deformation of a cantilever beam. Stress
is introduced as weights and the beams experiences strain.

Name: Anthony Goh Kwan ChinGroup: ACB2 вЂ“ AA1 Date: 25th...
Name: Anthony Goh Kwan ChinGroup: ACB2– AA1 Date: 25th March 2014
Title: Usage of alloy materials in coin production
Introduction:
Going through thousands of years, the manufacturing of coins (minting/coining/coinage) have been one of the most polished product of mankind. One
of the earliest recorded standardized coins was made by the Roman Empire, consisting of gold, silver and bronze. Now in the modern age, coins are
made with alloys (solids made up of a base metal and other elements), with the exception of bullion coins which are made up of precious metal (Gold,
palladium, platinum and silver) and kept as a store of value or an investment, instead of day–to–day use. Figure 1: Gold Bullion coins of the United
States of America ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Common environments such as in the washing machine drench with strong base chemicals like CloroxTM.
3)It is also important that its shape does not change when encountered with heat or cold, that is to say, it must resist any permanent deformation of its
shape, size and pattern due to temperature.
4)Electrical and magnetic properties that differ from other coins to increase security and reduce counterfeiting.
5)Economically, the material use must reflect, retain or be lower than the intrinsic value of the coin.
6)It must also have antibacterial properties to avoid the growth of undesirable microorganisms on the coin.
7)Lastly, the material's recyclability. If material, may it be metal or synthetic cannot be recycled, once the intrinsic value of the material does not
reflect the face value of the coin, it may cause undesirable economic problems.
Thus, to fulfil the above criteria's, the European monetary union has chosen copper to be their base material for their coins while Bank Negara
Malaysia has chosen Cu–Ni alloys as their base material.
Table 1: Malaysia's 3rd series and 2nd series coin material, size and weight
Face Value50 cent20 cent10 cent5 cent
New coins series (3rd Series)
AlloyNickel Brass Clad CopperNickel BrassStainless SteelStainless Steel
Diameter (mm)22.6520.6018.8017.78
Weight (gram)5.664.182.981.72
Existing coins series (2nd Series)
AlloyCopper Nickel 75/25Copper Nickel 75/25Copper Nickel 75/25Copper Nickel 75/25
Diameter

Analysis Of Porosity And Temperature By Qinwu Xu
Porosity and Temperature By Qinwu Xu, October 17, 2016 Introduction Metal primarily exhibits plastic and ductile behaviors in the cutting process in
which its behavior is often assumed to be isotropic and homogeneous [1]. The large deformation and unconstrained plastic flow nature of machining
metals can be modeled with an unstructured tetrahedral mesh, allowing for the adaptive local refinement and coarsening to alleviate mesh distortions,
maintain simulation accuracy and reasonable computational performance. However, modeling of ceramic matrix composites could be much more
complex due to the unique feature of this type of material: 1) the fracture and brittle behavior of materials; and b) the nonuniform distribution of
porosity in the ceramic matrix. CMCs are comprised of individual layers with unique material properties dependent on fiber orientation within the
polymer matrix which is typically in a woven pattern. Therefore, CMCs often exhibit anisotropic or orthotropic properties, and have lower strains and
higher degrees of fragmentations than metallic materials during machining. The unique features of CMCs make simulations more challenging due to
the complex nature of the problem considering material nonlinear fracture, anisotropic or orthotropic property and multi–phase interaction apart from
dynamic loading and plastic deformation in machining of metals. Different modeling approaches have been studied for modeling the machining of
composites and CMCs, including

The Macroscopic Material Behavior Of Concrete
The macroscopic material behavior of concrete is influenced by the geometry, spatial distribution and material properties of individual material
constituents and their mutual interactions. Therefore, it is essential to study the influence of each material constituent in order to estimate the residual
strength of the structural components. Thus, failure of concrete is a complex phenomenon due to its multiscale and multiphase nature. When the normal
stress in a material reaches its tensile strength, the inhomogeneities in concrete promote the formation of an inelastic zone ahead of an existing crack
termed as the fracture process zone (FPZ). The FPZ is dominated by various complicated mechanisms such as crack shielding, crack deflection,
aggregate bridging and microcracking around the crack tip and exhibits a post–peak softening behavior under tensile loading. It therefore becomes
necessary to include these effects for predicting reasonably well the residual strength of existing cracked and damaged structures.
Bridging of coarse aggregate occurs when the crack advances beyond an aggregate that continues to transmit stress across the crack until it ruptures or
is pulled out. The bridging aggregate may be considered to exert a closing pressure on the crack surface thereby resisting the crack growth and its
magnitude strongly depends on the interfacial properties between coarse aggregate and cement mortar. Upon loading of plain concrete beams under
three–point bending, it is

The Effect Of Temperature On A Squash Ball
When a ball bounces, the kinetic energy is transformed into elastic potential energy. However, the transfer of energy is not exactly perfect, as some
energy is lost through heat and sound. The coefficient of restitution is a formula that takes the square root of the ratio of bounce height to drop height.
The result ranges from 0 to 1, where 1 equals a perfect elastic collision.
In this experiment, the effect of temperature on a squash ball was investigated. Various types of squash balls were subject to different temperatures then
dropped from a 2 metre height. A slow–motion capture camera was used to record bounce heights, then the results were carefully analysed and
recorded into the data table. The results showed that as temperature ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It takes the square root of the ratio of bounce height to drop height. The result ranges from 0 to 1, where 1 indicates a perfect elastic collision.
The coefficient of the restitution is given by the formula: e=в€
љ(h_after/h_before ) where h is the height of the ball
This formula can be used to calculate the coefficient of restitution for all types of balls.
Since it is understood that a warmer ball will bounce higher than a cooler one, then it can be concluded that temperature affects the coefficient of
restitution. This is because the gas molecules inside the ball expand as temperature increases, causing an increase in the energy of the molecules
bouncing faster inside the ball (Sheehan, 2015). In other words, as temperature increases, so too will air pressure. Temperature also influences the
elasticity of the ball. In physics, elasticity (from the Greek word, "ductible") is the ability of a body to resist a distorting influence or deforming force
and to return to its original size and shape when that influence or force is removed (Landau, Lipshitz, 1970). The coefficient of restitution is a helpful
formula that measures the elasticity of a substance: the less energy lost to heat and sound, the higher the coefficient of restitution and the more elastic
the substance.
Rubber elasticity describes the mechanical behavior of many polymers. The polymers of a squash ball are stretched upon impact for a short

Ella Davidson Creative Writing
By: Alexa Davidson Edited by:/ Ella Davidson Date: Wednesday, Nov 30, 2016
A day in the life of hair is not easy. Like, getting wedged in braids, getting dyed, having lice crawling around you (which is itchy) or getting shaved
into stubble. People can take good care of their hair and others, it's just a feature. However, Hannah is a whole different story. If you looked at Hannah
you would just see a twelve–year–old girl with dimples and dark, kinky hair. Hannah and I have a rapport relationship. I'm on top of her head
watching her grow up into an intelligent teenager. I'm the dark, kinky hair and I have been here for the tough times like when her dad had died and
when she got bullied in third grade for having a wonky smile. She would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I have been counting the days ever since I heard the lousy news. I am ecstatic for her because it was her day to shine! (if she was dreading it then
why is she happy) DING!! Blasted the bell above the door of the salon. The noise rang in me as we walked towards the woman behind the desk in the
salon. " Welcome!!" she exclaimed. " Savannah will help you!" Hannah (and I) turned to see a tall, young, copper–haired women. The woman took said
hi and took Hannah's hand and lead her and her mom to the last chair on the left side of the small tattered house. Hannah sat in the chair and pulled
me up and into a black, marble bowl behind the chair. She turned the tap on the bowl and the water blasted out of the nozzle I was soaked in the
water– it was starting to burn. I could barely make out the woman pouring a sappy, white liquid into her hand. She rubbed the liquid on me. It
cleaned me rubbing the oils and dirt off me while the water washed it in the sink and down the drain. Finally, it was all gone but she was pouring
some more liquid into her hand. Here we go again. I thought. But it wasn't the first white, sappy liquid it was actually thriving and making me feel
like I could do anything!!! It felt soo good and it was refreshing. I've never felt so good in my life! Finally, the woman pulled me out of the hot
burning water and put a black towel over me blinding me from my

Fishing Rod Composites Microstructure Examination
Name: Ng szeming
Date: 9/3/16
Subject: MSE320_lab_1 Fishing rod composites microstructure examination
Abstract:
In this experiment the main objective was going to look at the microstructure of the composites from the fishing rod with in angle, transverse and
longitudinal. By using the microscope and within different scale to see the fiber and the epoxy. And will find out in different cut the effect to the
volume fraction, and to prove why transverse cut is the only option for the calculation
Introduction
Composites, is a material that made with two or more different material. People can see or use it anytime, anywhere. Composite materials can
provide different advantages from mixing different materials, and usually combined metal (aluminum), polymers (epoxy) or ceramic (silicon). One
of the most common example for the composites will be fishing rod. Nowadays fishing rod usually make with glass fiber/ carbon fiber and epoxy.
Which glass fiber or carbon fiber are brittle but strong, and epoxy can provide a high mechanical properties. Result of the fishing rod can be have a
better toughness, and lightweight. Because of that in this lab, the main objective is going to use the optical microscopy and find out the fiber's
alignment, the structure pattern and the mechanical properties from the fishing rod.
Experiment:
In this lab, we were required to test multiple samples of the fishing rod, which they were already polished. First we have to set up the computer

The Weight Reduction Of The Drive Shaft
Abstract – Almost all automobiles (at least those which correspond to design with rear wheel drive and front engine installation) have transmission
shafts. The weight reduction of the drive shaft can have a certain role in the general weight reduction of the vehicle and is a highly desirable goal, if
it can be achieved without increase in cost and decrease in quality and reliability. It is possible to achieve design of composite drive shaft with less
weight to increase the first natural frequency of the shaft and to decrease the bending stresses using various stacking sequences. By doing the same,
maximize the torque transmission and torsional buckling capabilities are also maximized.
Key Words: Propeller shaft, Drive shaft, optimization,Composite material, Composite drive shaft design etc. INTRODUCTION
The advanced composite materials such as Graphite, Carbon, Kevlar and Glass with suitable resins are widely used because of their high specific
strength (strength / density) and high specific modulus (modulus / density). Advanced composite materials seem ideally suited for long, power driver
shaft (propeller shaft) applications. Their elastic properties can be tailored to increase the torque they can carry as well as the rotational speed at which
they operate. The drive shafts are used in automotive, aircraft and aerospace applications. The automotive industry is exploiting composite material
technology for structural components construction in order to obtain the reduction

Prediction Of The Stress And Strain Fields
Prediction of the stress and strain fields ahead of the crack tips
1. Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................2
2. Problem description and work flow process .............................................................................................3
3. Solving Methodology and Boundary conditions........................................................................................4
4. Analytical Solution .....................................................................................................................................6
5. Result and discussion.................................................................................................................................8
6. Conclusion................................................................................................................................................14
1. Introduction
Crack, It is the break without complete separation of the parts. Crack is one of the
structural damage of the material or any objects. Most high strength metals and high
strength alloys under some plastic deformation in regions of high stress concentration and
fracture precipitated by a crack. It is also called the plastic deformation of the material. The
cracks are only created when the material have take attained over the ultimate load or
stress, pressure, tension exerted on the

The Advantages And Disadvantages Of Composites
The attraction of composites primarily stems from their ability to replace standard lightweight/high strength metals or wood with an even lightweight
/higher strength alternatively. Additionally, composites offer new design flexibilities, improved corrosion and wear resistance, low thermal
conductivity and increase fatigue life.
Advantages of using composite material are:
пЃ¶Composites can provide a specific modulus (ratio of material stiffness to density) that is three and half to five times greater than steel or aluminum.
пЃ¶The fatigue endurance limit is much higher than for steel or aluminum.
пЃ¶Composites can provide a specific tensile strength (ratio of material stiffness to density) that is approximately four to six times greater than steel or
aluminum.
пЃ¶Toughened composites can give impact energies significantly higher than aluminum alloys.
пЃ¶The potential for corrosion is significantly reduced.
пЃ¶Design flexibility is greater and can allow for physical property directionality in parts where desired.
As composites bring a lot of advantages, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The effect of the reinforcing tabs on mode I toughness is investigated. Stitching improves the energy release rate (ERR) up to 4 times in mode I.
Several test configurations have been proposed for mode II delamination toughness of carbon–epoxy composite laminates. The most commonly used of
these is the end–notched flexure (ENF) configuration, (Trabelsi, Michel, Othomene, 2010, p.3). Other than that, according to Balint (2001, p.125),
"Roughness on a scale that is small relative to the film thickness is assumed to be present at the interface between the delaminated film and the
substrate." The material separation und thus damage of the structure is classically described by interface elements – no continuum elements are
damaged in the cohesive

Effect Of Stress On The Rail Ballast
Ahlbeck et al. (as cited in Sun & Dhanasekar 2002)[4] point out that that stress distribution (stress response) under concrete sleeper is Trapezoidal shape
uniformly until the foundation as demonstrated in Figure 2.1.1 and the stress distribution angle (internal friction angle) of the rail ballast has effect on
the stiffness the damping of the upper and the lower divisions of the rail ballast.
Based on this theory, Ahlbeck et al. initiated their model (Lumped mass model) which represents only the vertical effect of the sleeper and the ballast
as shown in Figure 2.1.2. This model cannot be used in high–frequency vibration[5]. Also, Ahlbeck et al. (as cited in Sun & Dhanasekar 2002)[4] find
formulas for determining the stiffness value Kbl as well as the mass of the Trapezoidal part of the rail ballast under a sleeper Mbl as: where Оёb is
internal friction angle of the rail ballast (Ahlbeck et al. recommended 20o), ПЃb is the rail ballast density, Eb is modulus of elasticity of the rail ballast
in N/m2,Bs, Ls, are width and length of the rail sleeper and Hb is the high of the rail ballast as shown in Figure 2.1.1. Furthermore, Ahlbeck et al. (as
cited in Sun & Dhanasekar 2002)[4] determine the values of sub–ballast mass Msb, stiffness Ksb and subgrade stiffness Ksg as: where Оёsb is internal
friction angle of the sub–ballast (35o as suggested by Ahlbeck et al.), ПЃsb is the sub–ballast density, Esb is modulus of elasticity of the sub–ballast in
N/m2, Esg is modulus of elasticity

A Day Concrete Test : Introduction And Objective
I4 Day Concrete Test
Introduction and Objective
In civil engineering construction, one of the most determining factors for the stability of a structure is the maximum strength attained by concrete after
14 and 28 days. As such, it is often critical for an engineer to test a particular test concrete cylinder mix for the ultimate compressive strength and then
compare it with the design strength before allowing the concrete mix to be replicated in large quantities. The factors that affect the ultimate
compressive strength of concrete include the amount of aggregates and the ratio of water to cement.
This experiment was therefore aimed at determining the ultimate compressive strength of different concrete samples after 14 days. Additionally, other
properties of the concrete such as modulus of elasticity and Poisson ratio were also determined.
Engineering Team Members
1.
2.
Procedure for the Experiment
The procedure of the experiment consisted of two main parts. However, before the experiment was started, the concrete cylinders which had already
been cured for 14 days were removed from a curing tank and dried using a towel. Thereafter, the length and diameter of the specimen were measured
twice and the average value for each dimension noted. The compressive strength experiment was done in accordance with ASTMC39 standards in
which the test concrete cylinder was placed under a compressive testing machine with neoprene caps and then the switch turned on so as to commence
the

Vibration Test of Composite Materials on the Basis of...
Vibration test of composite materials on the basis of measurement of dynamic properti INTRODUCTION
On the basis of measurement of viscoelastic and dynamic properties, there are four important parameter such as damping, relaxation, creep, and strain
rate, which describes evidence of viscoelastic behavior and can be calculated with the help of an experiment, but this paper describes the method of test
for the measurement of damping. In addition, the notation of complex modulus describes conventionally for damping and dynamic stiffness of linear
viscoelastic materials, where the methods of vibration test are considered for measurement of complex moduli of composites. With the help of this test
of plates and beams to find dynamic elastic moduli also get evaluated.
In vibration test, notation for complex modulus is suitable for portrayal of dynamic behavior of linear viscoelastic composites. The damping and
stiffness which are the constituent part of the complex modulus are belongs to the dynamic mechanical properties, which may be measured with the
help of experiments with vibration and wave propagation experiments ,and the measurement of the same is considered for dynamic mechanical analysis.
However, there are many traps with respect to the different kind of techniques which must get avoided. In example, there was a development of
commercial dynamic mechanical analyzers for the testing of small specimen of unreinforced low modulus polymers, and stiffness is generally

Final Report : Analysis Of Chicken Tibia
Final Report – Analysis of Chicken Tibia in Bending
BME 3505 – A16
Zachary Simpson
Abstract
Use of readily available tissues in the lab is a great way to gain a better understanding of their functional properties, especially when that knowledge
can be translated to the human body. The purpose of this study was to analyze the mechanical properties of a chicken tibia in 3–point bending to learn
more about the behavior of bone under such conditions. Furthermore, any results could be compared to literature values for similar chicken bones and
human bones to see how the data compare. One chicken tibia was cut from a piece of supermarket poultry and tested in 3–point bending to failure on
an Instron 5544 at a rate of 10 mm/minute. Various properties were calculated from the force–displacement data using MATLAB, including the ultimate
tensile strength (UTS) and Young's modulus (E). The results were then compared to values for the same properties in chicken and human bone from
published literature. Overall, the calculated UTS of the chicken tibia (9.623 MPa) was a higher magnitude than that of a human bone in bending (103
MPa, Caeiro). The Young's modulus (3.939 GPa) of the tested chicken tibia was on par with the literature Young's modulus for chicken tibia (10.91
GPa, MassГ©), while the UTS of the sample was much lower than the UTS of chicken femur (96 MPa, Erickson). These findings confirm that the
bending test was carried out well from start to finish, as

Analyzing The Soil Structure Of Soil Properties
On the other hand, soil properties are very difficult to determine because in comparison to steel and concrete, it is a lenient material, which makes it
very difficult to acquire samples for testing that will produce laboratory results on the same level as its everyday behaviour. Other problems are; the
type of soil affects the ability to collect representative samples eg. stiff clay is more difficult to sample than soft clay. Differences in sampling
techniques in laboratories further complicate the problem. Additional complicating factors are that soil material properties are stress dependent, and
the soil profile will in practice consist of layers of materials with different material properties, because of this, the true properties of... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Application of the Winkler model involves the solution of a four–order differential equation. For beams, the equation to be solved is; Where D = the
beam flexural rigidity k = the modulus of soil modulus q = the uniformly distributed load on the beam The model consists of linearly elastic springs
with a stiffness of "k," placed at discrete intervals below the beam, where k is the modulus of soil modulus of the soil. The model is also known as a
"one–parameter model" 1.3 Problems with the Winkler Model Determination of the Modulus of Soil modulus In addition to the relative difficulties
involved in the solution of this equation, it is not commonly used by practicing engineers because of the difficulty involved in determining the value
of the modulus of soil modulus, k. Researchers have worked on developing techniques for the determination of k. One of the most decisive papers
was by Terzaghi (1955). He showed that the soil modulus depends upon the dimensions of the area acted upon by the soil modulus. The Winkler
theory assumes that no interaction exists between adjacent points in the soil profile. As shown in Figure 1, the springs are considered as isolated
foundation elements. In order to improve the physical representation and still apply a relatively simple model, researchers have progressed on two
different routes. Cheung and Zienkiewicz (1965), have considered the problem of beams on an elastic semi–infinite profile by introducing Figure 1

Temperature And Humidity Effects On Composite Material...
TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY EFFECTS ON COMPOSITE MATERIAL PROPERTIES
ANSHUL and RAHUL
ABSTRACT
This paper discusses the different properties of composite materials under static testing condition to determine the effect of aging due to change in
temperature and moisture content. Effects on tensile, shear, impact, stiffness and fatigue parameters are studied. For each property, application specific
composite materials are taken into consideration with different stacking sequence and number of plies. Different samples of these are then introduced
to different hygrothermal environments for example: temperatures ranging from –50 degree Celsius to +50 degree Celsius or kept in wet conditions for
24 hours at different temperatures of 21, 37 and 50 degree Celsius etc. Different tests are performed based on the material property to observe a
change from the initial unaged specimen. To study every property a different test method is discussed. A final comparison for each property between
the unaged and aged specimen is shown in order to see the property's dependence on temperature and moisture. This comparison highlights the
temperature and moisture dependent properties and showcase a trend. Properties like tensile modulus, shear modulus, shear strength, flexural stiffness
and fatigue life show a decrease with increase in temperature and moisture content while Poisson's ratio and impact strength increase with increase in
temperature and moisture content.
KEYWORDS
Temperature,

Physics of Mining Essay
Mining is a necessary component of the world we live in and it has been practiced for thousands of years. The mining industry produces billions of
tons of raw product every year. The process of mining is very complicated and involves plenty of physics! Two main components of the mine cycle are:
Drilling, and Blasting. Some important factors in mining are the pillars, rock elasticity, and the slope stability of the ground being mined.
A basic method for destroying rock is mechanically induced stress, such as drills and erosion jets. A turbine drill for example, uses a turbine to rotate a
diamond faced cutter wheel. The power output, p, can be calculated using the equation p=2 ПЂNT where N is the rotational speed of the turbine and T
is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is normal for these shearers to have up to 1 megawatt of power!
Blasting is used in mining to break up rock or create space. Explosives are placed in a blasting hole and then detonated. The velocity of the
detonation of the explosives are enormous. The detonation of a common explosive such as ANFO (an agent consisting of ammonium nitrate prills
and fuel oil) can reach velocities of 5,000 m/s in a 375 mm blasting hole. Blasting is very dangerous because it produces fragments of rock moving at
high speeds called flyrock. There have been cases of flyrock weighing up to 500 kg being projected almost a full kilometer!
It is often necessary for miners to take into account the resistance of rock bodies to compression and distortion when placed under stress. The ability
of a body to resist forces is determined by elasticity.
The three moduli of elasticity are:
Young's Modulus: E= (Applied force/Area) / (Change in length/original length)
Shear Modulus: G= (Applied force/unit area) / (Angular deformation)
Bulk Modulus K= (Force/unit area) / (Change in volume/unit volume)
Young's Modulus measures the ability of a body to resist elongation or shortening.

Shear Modulus measures the ability of a body to resist a change in shape.
Bulk Modulus measures the ability of a body to resist a change in volume.
Slope stability is important when a judgment is needed

Essay On Scaffolds
Develop 3D printable natural and synthetic polymer systems, for biological scaffolds, that are tough enough to produce highly complex parts with
small internal features and porosity to allow for microvascular regrowth to attach onto the scaffolds. To obtain a scaffold with suitable mechanical and
viscoelastic properties (Young's modulus 0.35В± .11 MPa, Tensile stiffness 8.59В±3.5 MPa, Equil. Modulus 13.6В±1.5 MPa), it is very important to
choose the proper polymeric material and fabrication technique10, 29, 40, 45. To recreate the submicron and nano–ECM–like architecture of native
trachea tissue, electrospun collagen fibers will be coated around the scaffold21,24. Collagen fibers will be embedded with bioactive molecules and
growth factors to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Burst Pressure measures the pressure that a trachea tube can handle before rupturing or bursting: the maximum pressure of 30 psig needs to be
withstand without failure for 12 weeks42, 44. The change in scaffold diameter can also be measured from beginning of testing to the end of testing and
the change in diameter was calculated. Polymer degradation time (mass loss) will be collected for 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 weeks from the initial mass
before degradation and the residual mass. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and optical micrograph will be
used to observe scaffold and collagen fibers morphology for 0, 3, 6, 12 wk31, 35. These methods can also measure fiber size and shape as well as the
diameter and thickness of the layers for scaffold47,48. All test listed above will be measure over span of 12 weeks for in vitro degradation study.
Cell culture study on collagen coated and uncoated scaffold (with different types of porosity); SEM micrographs will be used to show the cell
adhesion and interaction with the surface of material and bulk. Dynamic cultures is mathematical model that predicts the given number of cells
required for seeding the tracheal scaffolds21. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) will be isolated and processed from New Zealand rabbit. The
obtained cells will be centrifuged and the pellet will be suspended in 10% Fetal Bovine Serum and 1% Antibiotic–Antimycotic

Cardiff School Of Engineering : Coursework Cover Sheet
Cardiff School of Engineering Coursework Cover Sheet Personal Details First three letters of last (family) name...............KHI.............. Personal Tutor:
...Robert Davies..................... Discipline: ACE/EEE/MMM/FND (please circle) Module Details Module Name: ......Professional
Studies.............Module No: ......EN1914... Coursework Title: .....................CT Lab Report........................................... Lecturer: ..............................Dr.
Geoff Evans........................................ Submission Deadline: ............Friday 25th of November.................................. Declaration I hereby declare that,
except where I have made clear and full reference to the work of others, this submission, and all the material (e.g. text, pictures, diagrams) contained
in it, is my own work, has not previously been submitted for assessment, and I have not knowingly allowed it to be copied by another student. In the
case of group projects, the contribution of group members has been appropriately quantified. I understand that deceiving, or attempting to deceive,
examiners by passing off the work of another as my own is plagiarism. I have read the programme handbook and understand that plagiarising another
's work, or knowingly allowing another student to plagiarise from my work, is against University Regulations and that doing so will result in loss of
marks and disciplinary proceedings. I understand and agree that the University's plagiarism software 'Turnitin' may be used to check the originality of
the submitted coursework. Student ID number:

Essay on Case Study of вЂњDoes America Really Need...
Case Study of "Does America really need manufacturing".
Sriharsha Vennelaganti–Fs0792
1.Summary:
In the case study we can see that the authors talk about the importance of innovation when it comes to the long–term success of every product
company. By reading the article one gets an understanding that the authors are asking executives of any product company should not view
manufacturing as a cost center and by shifting their manufacturing units offshore they are hindering a company's capacity to innovate. In the end the
authors give us different methods that a company can use to better improve their product line without shifting their manufacturing bases offshore and a
way the government can help by providing policy incentives for the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To be successful many large scale manufacturing operations must find a keen balance that addresses the more task–focused needs of the production
process as well as the financial planning, oversight and control requirements of any major modern business organization. As I have mentioned couple
of points in the above section, but here in this critique I will be talking about how sourcing can help a company to make a decision regarding keeping
its manufacturing unit in United states. Modularity plays an important role in sourcing as we can see from the article, where modularity in product
design can be seen as a way to new product development. Modularity in process design may speed new product manufacturing setup times, reduce
costs, and enhance the profitability of the lower product volumes. Modular products tend to have fewer components for assembly and are therefore
cheaper to assemble. Modules are created with some aspects of production in mind, however this modularization is done without understanding the
implications of design. Although often yielding highly functional products, once the manufacturing process is over this unstructured modularization
often leads to costly redesigns or expensive products. Modularity requires maintaining independence between components and processes in different
modules, encouraging

1. a) From the 3 point bending test, the value of...
1. a) From the 3 point bending test, the value of As–Rolled Aluminium's Elastic Modulus was 48.3GPa whereas the accepted literature value for
polycrystalline aluminium is 69GPa.
b) Possible reasons for the difference between our value and the literature value could be the fact that the machine we used would have absorbed some
of the load, the dials and other measuring tools were difficult to get a very accurate reading from and how the experiment was set up on our behalf.
c) Single crystal specimens of a material will have a lower elastic modulus than a polycrystalline material of the same material. This is due to the fast
that there are no grain boundaries to resist the motion of dislocations. This is also aided by the fact that as the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Those lines lengths were then measured as well as the length of the scale line and the length it actually represented. This was all used in the formula:
d) The problems with using this method to measure grain size was that grains may join multiple times, such as triple points, and that grains have
irregular size and shape. The aspect ratio of grains was also not taken into account and the etching or polishing may not have been done perfectly.
e) To overcome these problems, more measurements could be taken of varying size circles and lines from different point throughout the material. The
aspect ratio and distribution of different size grains could also be recorded to help improve accuracy of a material with a preferred grain orientation.
5.a) The Hall–Petch equation is . As 'd' in the Hall–Petch equation is grain size, the larger the grain size in a given material, the weaker that material
will be
b) Metal A has a Hall–Petch slope, 'k', of .35 whereas Metal B has a Hall–Petch slope of .04
c) Metal A will benefit from grain refinement much more than Metal B as it has a higher k value which will lead to a far greateryield stress when the
grains are changed in size compared to the change in yield stress for Metal B when it's grains are changed the same amount.
6. a) As annealing aluminium makes it bend with less force applied, the proof stress of a sample of as–rolled aluminium would be higher than

Physics, Energy
Romar M. Cabinta
EXERCISES 15
WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER
A. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
1. Is work done when you move a book from the top of the desk to the floor? Why?
Yes. It is because the displacement of the book from the top of the desk to the floor and the force that is applied to the book is parallel with one another.
2. State the law of Conservation of Mechanical Energy in two ways?
The law of conservation of energy states that energy may neither be created nor destroyed. Therefore the sum of all the energies in the system is a
constant.
TMEinitial=TMEfinal
3. Explain the basic ideas that govern the design and operation of a roller coaster.
A roller coaster is operated and designed through the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A tandem (two–person) bicycle team must overcome a force of 34 lbs. to maintain a speed of 30 ft./s. Find the power required per rider, assuming they
contribute equally. Express your answer in horsepower.
F=34 lb
F1=17 lb=F2
P1=F1v=17 lb30fts=510 ftlbsГ—1hp550 ftlbs=0.93 hp
P2=F1v=17 lb30fts=510 ftlbsГ—1hp550 ftlbs=0.93 hp

5. A pump is required to lift 200 L of water per minute from a well 10 m deep and eject it with a speed of 20m/s. (a) How much work is done per
minute in lifting the water? (b) How much in giving its kinetic energy? What horsepower engine is needed if it is 80% efficient?
a.) W=mgh+12mv2=200kgГ—10mГ—9.81kgm2+12Г—200kgГ—20ms2=59620Js=993.67J/min
b.) W=12mv2=12200kg20ms2=40000 J
c.) HP=59620jsГ·0.8Г—746js=99.899 hp
EXERCISES 16
LINEAR MOMENTUM
A. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
1. Which has greater momentum, a ten wheeler truck at rest or a moving motorcycle? Why?
A moving motorcycle has a greater momentum than the truck. A truck at rest has zero momentum because an object has to be moving in order to have
a momentum.
2. How does impulse differ from force?
Impulse is the product of force and the time interval of the application of force; while force is just a factor that affects an object's impulse when it is at
motion.
3. Why is it incorrect to

How Does It Works And How It Is Used
Elastography: How it works and how it is used.
Abstract
A very useful and common practice often used in routine physical exams is palpation. This technique, among its several uses, allows to estimate
changes in the mechanical properties of tissue when the presence of a diseases is suspected. A typical use of this technique is in the breast cancer
examination: the cancer is often revealed as a stiffening of glandular tissue, which would be normally soft. Even though palpation remains an important
tool for clinicians, its limited use only to accessible tissue, its limited disease detectability and spatial discrimination, and the subjectiveness of its
interpretation, motivates the need to improve the mechanical properties detection of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Artificial tissues and organs have been developed both to replicate the function of the original organ and to reproduce its mechanical properties under
physiologic conditions, in order to improve the chance for the patient to return to normal activities.
Several mechanical tests have to be applied for measuring static and dynamic properties of materials and most of them involve applying a force to the
material and measuring its displacement. Through these tests, measuring the stress applied and the resulting strain, it is possible to calculate material
properties such as the Young modulus, the physical parameter corresponding to the material stiffness.
The results of these experiments will depend on many mechanical properties of the material and it is often very common, in order to simplify the
mathematical relationships between stresses and strains and improve the interpretation of the responses, to make several assumptions about the
material characteristics: The material is assumed to be infinite: this means that boundary conditions and effects can be ignored; The material is
assumed to be homogeneous: within the area where the test is performed we can consider only a smaller set of parameters ignoring changes of
mechanical properties in space; The material is linearly viscoelastic: the relationship between the applied

Ap Psychology Chapter 4
Chapter 4
Bending
Bending: Bending (also known as flexure) characterizes the behavior of a slender structural element subjected to an external load applied
perpendicularly to a longitudinal axis of the element.
Bending stress: Bending stresses are those that bend the beam because of beam self–load and external load acting on it.
Beam is a structural member which is subjected to transverse load only.
Support and its types
Support is important aspect of structure while solving any any problem , support specify that how the forces within structure is transffered to the
ground. It ultimetly tells us the boundary conditions while solving any finite element model.various supports are Fixed support–A fixed support is the
most rigid support. It constrains ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beam and max deflection of beams:
Beam typeLoading on beamMaximum deflection on beam
Cantilever Beam with load P at the free end пЃ¤_max= (P l^3)/3EI
Cantilever Beam with UDLпЃ¤_max= (w l^4)/(8 EI)
Simply Supported beam with load P at the centreпЃ¤_max= (P l^3)/(48 EI)
Simply Supported beam with UDL пЃ¤_max= (5w l^4)/(384 EI)
Types of load– two types of loads are given below Workshop 6 beam with all cases
Pure bending is a condition of stress where a bending moment is applied to a beam without the presence of axial, shear or torsional forces.
Theory of simple bending(Assumptions) Material of beam is homogenous and Isotropic, Constant E in all direction Youngs Modulus will be constant
in compression and tension. Transverse sections which are plain before bending remains plain after bending i.e eliminate strains in other directions.
Initially beam is straight and all longitudinal filaments bend in circular arcs. Radius of curvature is larger compared with the Dimension of the cross
section. Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract otherwise they will generate internal

The Design Of Cross Sections
.1.8.1.1.3. Stress–strain curves for normal and lightweight concrete for the design of cross–sections in Euro code:
From the design concrete curve, it can be defined by multiplying the compressive strength with a coefficient factor Пѓcc and dividing the strength by a
material safety factor of Оіc = 1.5. The coefficient Пѓcc is the effect of long term behavior on the compressive strength. It is, however, arguable that the
reason for the using this factor is more related to the idealization of the shape of the stress–strain curve as used for flexure than the nature of loading.
Пѓcc is 0.85 of cylinder compressive strength and 0.67 for cube compressive strength. For the design of cross–sections, the following stress–strain
relationship may be used figure (2.12), table (2.5) and Eq. (2.2), Eq. (2.3): fcd= (О±cc.fck)/Оіc (2.2) Пѓc = fcd [1–(1– Ф‘c/Ф‘c2)n] 0 в‰¤ Ф‘c в‰¤
Ф‘c2 (2.2) Пѓc = fcd Ф‘c2 в‰¤ Ф‘c в‰¤ Ф‘cu2 (2.3) Figure (2.12): Parabola–rectangle diagram for concrete under compression (EN 1992–1–1:2004).
Table (2.5): Strength classes for LWC (EN 1992–1–1:2004)
2.1.8.1.1.4. General stress–strain curves for lightweight

Orthodontic Research
The first idea of orthodontics has come when finger pressure manifested tooth movement. With the development of this branch of dentistry, there is
constant research to create appliances which can move teeth "ideally"
This has led clinicians trying to specify many appliances able to move the teeth, most of them include wires. Wires in many shapes, sizes, and materials
(metallic alloys) are typically part of the orthodontist's inventory.
Wires, and auxiliaries fabricated from wire (helical closed–coiled and open–coiled, uprighting,and rotating springs) can make dental displacements
through delivering force or simply through carry force from one location to another within the dentofacial complex.It also may prevent unwanted tooth
movement.
Wires have a fundamental role in active and retentive orthodontic therapy. Wires may... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before the development of orthodontic brackets, the arch bow was often threaded at its ends and passed through tubes joined to bands encircling the
terminal molars, with nuts placed mesial or distal to the tubes depending on the activation required
The arch bow was activated by tightening the nuts
Localized auxiliaries were launched from the arch bow but because of its stiffness, the arch bow could not perform individual tooth movements or
leveling processes(image 1)
A modification was joining of hooks to individual bands and the rolling of round arch bow wire to create a ribbon with cross–sectional dimensions of
0.02x0.05", the objective being to produce bodily movement and faciolingual displacement(image 2)
Angle's pin and tube appliance:
Bands with vertical tubes are cemented to the teeth and an archwire with soldered vertical pins is adapted to the arch
As the teeth move, the archwire is formed to a more ideal shape (image

Physics Of The M N + 1 Ax N
The M n+1 AX n , or MAX phases are ternary carbides or nitrides with a hexagonal crystal structure, wherein the M n+1 X n layers are interleaved
with A layers. M is an early transition metal, A is an A
–group element, which is mostly 13 and 14 groups and X is carbon or nitrogen. MAX phases
exhibit a unique combination of properties arising from their atomic bonding and structural characteristics which situates them on the boundary
between metals and ceramic bridging the gap between them [1–6]. Due to the metallic nature of the M and A elements, MAX phases tend to be
relatively soft and readily machinable (due to weak
M–A bonds), with good thermal shock resistance as well as damage tolerance, and in addition are excellent thermal and electrical conductors.
Conversely, being carbides and nitrides they exhibit typical ceramic properties and are good refractory materials, are very stable thermodynamically at
high temperatures, have good chemical resistance and have relatively low thermal expansion coefficients. These properties make MAX phases
amenable for use in the automotive and aerospace industry[2, 3, 5].
The 'n' in the M n+1 AX n phases, denotes the number of M layers sandwiched between the A layers.
Researchers have reported M 2 AX, M 3 AX 2 , and M 4 AX 3 phases, which refer to the 211, 312, and 413 phases, respectively. In 1967, Ti 3 SiC 2
and Ti 3 GeC 2 were first synthesized by Jeitschko and Nowotny in powder form
[7]; but it wasn't until two decades later that the

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