nebosh

1. 1
7/16/18
Welcome to
NEBOSH InternationalGeneral
Certificate in Occupational Safety
and Health
NEBOSH, UK
Six secrets to success
1. Correlating and Mnemonics technique- learning
2. Quality, genuineness & prioritizing points
3. Time management
4. Close to questions & understanding intent
5. Formatting, presentation & handwriting
6. Action verb & keywords
How to answer the action verbs:
Ø Define – Provide generally recognised or accepted
definition
Ø Describe – Give a word picture
Ø Explain – Give clear account of or reasons for
Ø Give – Provide without explanation
Ø Identify – Select and name
Ø Outline – Give the most important features of
Ø List – Provide a list without explanation
Ø Sketch – Provide with simple line drawing using labels to
identify specific features
Define - provide a generally recognized or accepted definition
Eg. Define the term "permit-to-work system” (2)
Permit-to-work system is a formal documented control system
applied to a high risk activity to ensure that all safety precautions are
carried out.
Describe – give a word picture
Eg. Describe the practical measures that must be taken to ensure
maintenance work is undertaken safely in an underground
vessel. (4)
The practical measures that must be taken to ensure maintenance
work is undertaken safety on an underground storage vessel are
permit-to-work procedures including pre-cleaning & purging,
atmospheric testing to detect any noxious fumes, gases, etc., use of
suitable tools" to be suitable for the job", adequate lighting in
maintenance area, the use of competent personnel, the use of
appropriate PPE, good communication systems, and emergency.
Explain - give a clear account of, or reasons for
Eg. Explain the meaning of the following terms: Common Law (4)
Common law. is a judge-made law, where decisions are recorded in
law reports to form accumulated case law that develops over time.
Common law is the original basis of all law. Although many civil
actions are taken under Common law, some crimes as murder are
common law offences. Courts are bound by the doctrine of
precedent so that lower courts must abide by earlier reasoning of
higher courts

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Give -provide without explanation (used normally with the
instruction to 'give an example [or examples] of...'
Eg. Give two examples of how a manual handling task might be
avoided.(2)
• Use mechanical aids like Wheel burrow, tongs.
• Use conveyors for shifting the materials.
Eg: List the possible costs to an organisation when
employees are absent due to work-related ill-health.(8)
There are a range of costs that have to be considered has
having an impact on the organisation, including, but not limited
to:
1. Replacement of staff
2. Retraining those who will be replacing those absent
3. Project delays
4. Medical costs
5. Payments while the person is off work
6. Compensation costs (civil)
7. Defence costs of a criminal and/or civil action
8. Adverse publicity
9. Loss of staff motivation which will impact productivity
10.Revision of work processes
11.Investigation costs
Eg:
Identify possible costs to an organization from an accident
(8)
When a serious accident has occurred at work. Possible costs
include:
· Those associated with lost production;
· Staff absence and sick pay;
· Repair of damaged plant and equipment;
· Damage to products;
· Investigation and remedial action;
· Additional administration incurred;
· An increase in insurance premiums;
· Fines and damages awarded;
· Court and other legal representation.
· A loss of businessimage and
· The detrimental effect on employee morale resulting in
reduced productivity.
Eg: Outline reasons why a verbal instruction may not be clearly understood
by a site operative (8)
The verbal instruction may not be clearly understood by a site operatives are:
• Noise and distractions may mean that persons are unable to clearly hear what is
being said
• Use of technical jargon may mean that people misunderstand the information being
communicated
• Complexity of information sometimes meets with the information receivers turning
their minds off and not listening as they do not understand what is trying to be
communicated
• Language / dialect barriers is a big problem in some regions, both from the
communicator or the receiver, sometimes the same words have different meanings
or implications
• Sensory impairment for example a receiver having a hearing deficiency or the
communicator having a serious stammer
• Mental difficulty may mean the receiver is not capable of absorbing information to
any extent
• Lack of attention by persons clearly not clearly in the topic
• Inexperience of persons not used to having to receive information at work i.e.
young workers
• Lengthy communication chains may be a problem if translations are required
covering several languages
The verbal instruction may not be clearly understood by a site
operativesare:
• Language barrier
• Jargon
• Strong accent/dialect
• Background noise
• Poor hearing
• Ambiguity
• Miss information
• Forget information
• No record
• Poor quality (telephone or PA)
Eg: List out the reasons whya verbal instruction may not be
clearly understood by a site operative (8)
Sketch - provide a simple line drawing using labels to identify
specific features
Eg. Provide Sketches to the show clearly the nature of the
following (8)
Mechanical Hazards from the moving parts of Machinery;
Entanglement, Crushing, Drawing in & Shear.

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Management of International
Health and Safety
Element 1: Foundations in Health and
Safety
Learning Outcomes
• Outline the scope and nature of occupational health
and safety.
• Explain the moral, social and economic reasons for
maintaining and promoting good standards of health
and safety in the workplace.
• Explain the role of national governments and
international bodies in formulating a framework for
the regulation of health and safety.
Scope and Nature of
Health and Safety
Multi-Disciplinary
Barriers to Good Standards
Definitions
Multi-Disciplinary
Health and safety practitioners need to be familiar
with:
• Chemistry/physics/ biology.
• Engineering.
• Psychology.
• Sociology.
• Legislation:
– Standards that apply.
– Strengths and weaknesses of options.
Barriers to Good Standards
Complexity of the workplace. (PEMET)
Conflicting demands:
– Standards.
– Budgets.
– Timescales.
Behavioural issues:
– People failing to act as
desired, or making mistakes.
Definitions
• Health – absence of disease
or ill health.
• Safety – absence of risk of
serious personal injury.
• Welfare – access to basic
facilities.

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Group Syndicate Exercise
Why might the management
of an organization not
consider health and safety
to be a priority?
Group Syndicate Exercise – Answers
Key points include:
• Competes with other business aims:
– Requires time and resources.
• Seen as a “cost” to business:
– Ignorance of true costs of injury/illness.
• Ignorance of legal duties.
• Ignorance of hazards.
End-of-Section Quiz
1. What barriers might there be to good
health and safety practice?
2. Define the terms:
• Health.
• Safety.
• Welfare.
REASONS FOR MAINTAINING AND
PROMOTING GOOD STANDARDS OF
HEALTH AND SAFETY
Unit IGC1: Element 1.2
Why Manage Health and Safety?
Legal (or social) reasons.
Moral (or human)reasons.
Financial (or Economic) reasons.
Moral: Employer owes a duty of reasonable care to their employees as human
life is precious and because of the humanitarian consideration. Society expects
employers to ensure the health and safety of their workforce. It is morally
unacceptable to place employees in situations where their health and safety is at
risk.
Legal: Employer has a social responsibility to the employee of giving safe place
& environment, safe tools, safe system of work, training & supervision. Failure of
these can lead to injury or death ,thereby resulting in legal implications like
enforcement actions and prosecution.
Enforcement actions can be by improvement notices or prohibition notices.
Prosecution can be fines/compensations or imprisonment by criminal case
To avoid these ,we require to keep good health & safety standards
Financial: To avoid the below said costs from accidents, we need safety
Direct – measurable costs arising directly from accidents. Eg: First-aid treatment,
sick pay, lost production time. Fines and compensation to court
Indirect – arise as a consequence of the event but may not directly involve money.
Often difficult to quantify. E.g.: Lost time for investigation. Lost morale and
damaged worker relationships. Cost of recruitment of replacement
staff & their training .Lost reputation & future works
Reasons for health andsafety

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The Size of the Problem
Global statistics from the International Labour
Organisation (ILO) SafeWork Programme:
• 270 million accidents and 160 million diseases a
year due to work.
• 2 million fatalities a year.
• 4% of global GDP is lost.
• 355,000 on-the-job
fatalities each year.
Group Syndicate Exercise
An employee at your workplace has been
seriously injured in a workplace accident.
In groups, as indicated by the tutor, list the
possible effects and implications of this
accident on the:
• Injured employee.
• Company.
• Line manager.
Group Syndicate Exercise – Answers
Key points include:
• Injured employee:
– Pain and suffering, lost time/wages, impact on
family, on-going impact on work.
• The company:
– Payment of sick pay, overtime cover for employee,
recruitment costs for replacement, insurance claims,
fines/prosecutions, increased insurance premiums.
• The line manager:
– Loss of skills from team, time and cost of retraining
replacement, effect of overtime cover on shifts.
The Legal and Social Expectation
International standards from the International
Labour Organisation (ILO).
A country’s own health and safety standards.
Who’s Responsible for
Health and Safety?
Everybody – but most of the responsibility
lies with the employer to provide:
• Safe place of work.
• Safe plant and
equipment.
• Safe systems of work.
• Training, supervision and
competency of staff.
The Business Case
Accidents and ill health cost money.
Costs may be:
– Direct – measurable costs arising directly from
accidents.
– Indirect – arise as a consequence of the event
but may not directly involve money.
Often difficult to quantify.
• H&S failure can affect the broader
economy, as well as individual
companies.

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Group Discussion
An employee has been injured at work.
Identify potential:
– Direct costs of the accident.
– Indirect costs of the accident.
Group Discussion – Answers
Direct costs include:
– First-aid treatment, sick pay,
lost production time.
– Fines and compensation.
Indirect costs include:
– Lost time for investigation.
– Lost morale and damaged worker
relationships.
– Cost of recruitment of replacement staff.
– Lost reputation.
The Cost of Accidents at Work
£8 - £36
£1
Uninsured Costs
• Loss of raw materials due to accidents.
• Sick pay.
• Overtime.
• Equipment repairs.
• Lost materials.
Insured Costs
• Fire.
• Worker injury/death.
• Medical costs.
Benefits of good standards of H&S
1. Increased levels of compliance
2. Improved production
3. Improved staff morale
4. Improved company reputation
5. Reduced accidents
6. Reduced ill health
7. Reduced damage to equipment
8. Reduced staff complaints
9. Reduced staff turnover
10.Reduced insurance premiums
11.Reduced fines and compensation claims
End-of-Section Quiz
1. What are the 3 main reasons for managing
health and safety?
2. What should an employer provide to
ensure health and safety:
• Safe place of _______________
• Safe plant and ______________
• Safe _______ of work
• Training, _____ and competency of ______
ROLE OF NATIONAL GOVERNMENTS
AND INTERNATIONAL BODIES
Unit IGC1: Element 1.3

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Roles of National Governments and
International Bodies
International Labour Organisation (ILO)
• Agency of United Nations.
• Most countries are members.
• Sets international standards for
H&S by publishing:
– Conventions.
– Recommendations.
The International Framework
Conventions
• Create binding obligations or policies to
implement their provisions.
• No legal authority, unless ratified by the
member state into its own legal structure.
Recommendations
• Provide guidance on policy, legislation and
practice.
Examples of Regulatory International
Frameworks
Occupational Safety and Health Convention (C155)
– a goal-setting policy for companies and nations.
Occupational Safety and Health Recommendation
1981 (R164) – supplements C155 and gives more
guidance on how to comply with its policies.
We'll talk about these a lot during the course!
Regulations adopted by the International Labour
Organisation (ILO):
What Employers Must Provide
• Safe place of work – and safe access and
egress.
• Safe plant and equipment – the need to
inspect, service and replace machinery will
depend on the level of risk.
• Safe system of work – should be safe in all
circumstances – appropriate review, planning
and control ensure continued safety of
methods.
• Training and supervision to ensure
competency.
Employers’ Responsibilities
Article 16 of C155 identifies obligations placed on employers
to:
• Ensure that workplaces, machinery, equipment and work
processes are safe and without risks to health.
• Ensure that chemical, physical and biological substances
and agents are without risk to health when protective
measures have been taken.
• Provide adequate protective clothing and equipment to
prevent risks of accidents or adverse health effects.
Employers’ Responsibilities
Article 10 ofR164:
• Provide and maintain workplaces, machinery and equipment
and use working methods that are safe.
• Give necessary instruction, training and supervision in
application and use of health and safety measures.
• Introduce organisational arrangements relevant to activities and
size of undertaking.
• Provide PPE and clothing without charge to workers.
• Ensure that work organisation, particularly working hours and
rest breaks, does not adversely affect occupational safety and
health.
• Take reasonably practical measures with a view to eliminating
excessive physical and mental fatigue.
• Keep up to date with scientific and technical
knowledge to comply with the above.

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Regulatory Frameworks
ILO has also published Conventions associated with
specific hazards:
• C115 – Radiation Protection (1960)
• C162 – Asbestos (1986)
• C167 – H&S in Construction (1988)
What is “Competence”?
K – NOWLEDGE
A – BILITY
T – RAINING
E – XPERIENCE
Group Exercise
Apart from employees, who else must the
employer protect?
Group Exercise – Answers
Anyone affected by their activities- Interested parties
• Visitors:
– Invited/uninvited.
– Lawful/unlawful (law differs from country to
country).
• Contractors.
• Members of the public.
Special care for vulnerable group
• Young persons
• Elderly people
• Nursing and expectant mothers
• Disabled people
• Lone worker
Workers’ Responsibilities
Article 19 of C155 also places obligations on
workers, expanded in R164 as follows:
• Take reasonable care of their own safety and
that of other people.
• Comply with safety instructions and procedures.
• Use all safety equipment properly.
• Report any situation that they believe could be a
hazard and which they cannot themselves
correct.
• Report any work-related accident/ill health.
Workers’ Rights
Article 19 of C155 states that every worker must be:
• Given adequate information on actions the
employer has taken to ensure safety and health.
• Given the right to the necessary training in safety
and health.
• Consulted by the employer on all matters of safety
and health relating to their work.
• Given the right to leave a workplace that he has
reason to think presents an imminent and serious
danger to his life or health, and not be compelled
to return until it is safe.

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Enforcement Agencies
• No harmonised global standard.
• Country-specific agencies may include:
– H&S Enforcement Agency.
– Fire Authority.
– Insurance companies.
• Police may be involved in enforcing H&S
law in some countries.
Consequences of Non-Compliance
Breach of H&S legislation is usually a criminal
offence, leading to:
Enforcement action:
– Improvement.
– Prohibition.
Prosecution:
– Organisation may be fined.
– Individuals may be fined or imprisoned.
Claims for Compensation
Fault-Based Compensation Systems
• Worker brings claim against
employer.
• Civil legal system.
• Must prove employer was negligent and
therefore to blame for injury/ill health.
• UK and USA.
Claims for Compensation
No-Fault Systems
• National or regional
schemes.
• No need to prove negligence.
• Decided by a panel of
experts.
• No lawyers or courts.
• New Zealand and Sweden.
Syndicate Group Exercise
Discuss the criminal and civil-law implications of the following:
• A technician escapes injury by diving under a bench when a
vessel blows up as a result of a design defect.
• A 12-year-old boy breaks his arm falling into a pit while
playing on an unfenced building site.
• A machine operator is blinded in one eye by a colleague
trying to help him remove a jammed machine part using a
hammer. There is a safe way to remove the jammed part,
which does not involve the use of a hammer, and the area
they are in is a mandatory eye-protection zone.
• A scaffolder is electrocuted when the pole he is carrying
touches a live overhead cable. The scaffolder works for a
company contracted to a roofing company, in turn
contracted to a factory owner.
Other International Standards
International Organisation for Standardisation
World’s largest developer of management
standards, for example:
– ISO 9001 – Quality Management
– ISO 14001 – Environmental Management
– ISO 12100 – Safety of Machinery
These standards are not “law”, they’re good
management practice.
They lead to a worldwide common approach to good
management.

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Other International Standards
Internationally-recognised standard for
Occupational Health and Safety is
OHSAS 18001
Compatible with ISO 9001 and ISO 14001
Sources of Information
Sources can be
• Internal
• External
... to the organisation
List all the internal and external
sources you can think of and discuss
them
Sources of Information
Internal
• Accident records
• Medical records
• Risk assessments
• Maintenance reports
• Safety inspections
• Audit reports
• Safety committee
minutes
External
• National legislation
• International standards.eg:
ILO,OHSAS 18001
• Material Safety data
sheets
• Codes of practice
• Guidance notes
• Operating instructions
• Trade associations
• Safety publications
Source Organisations
International Labour Organisation (UN)
http://www.ilo.org
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (USA)
http://www.osha.gov
European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (EU)
http://agency.osha.eu.int
Health and Safety Executive (UK)
http://www.hse.gov.uk
Worksafe (Western Australia)
http://www.safetyline.wa.gov.au
Canadian centre of OHS (CA)
http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers
National institute of occupational safety and health
www.cdc.gov/niosh/
End-of-Section Quiz
1. What are the two main standards that the
ILO has produced for health and safety?
What do countries do with these
standards?
2. What are employers’ responsibilities under
R164?
3. What are employees’ responsibilities
under R164?
4. What action could be taken against
organisations breaking health and safety
law?