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IG1 Element 4.pptx
1.
Ā© RRC International Element
4: Health and Safety Monitoring and Measuring NEBOSH International General Certificate in Occupational Safety and Health IGC1
2.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Learning Objectives ā¢ Discuss common methods and indicators used to monitor the effectiveness of management systems. ā¢ Explain why and how incidents should be investigated, recorded and reported. ā¢ Explain what an audit is and why and how they are used to evaluate a management system. ā¢ Explain why and how regular reviews of health and safety performance are needed.
3.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Active and Reactive Monitoring Element 4.1
4.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Introduction to Active and Reactive Monitoring Active ā¢ Looking at control measures to see if they are correct and being used before accidents, etc. are caused. Reactive ā¢ Using accident, incident and ill-health data to highlight areas of concern. ā ā
5.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Active Monitoring Measure conformance/non-conformance with standards, e.g.: ā¢ Number and quality of risk assessments against plan. ā¢ Health and safety training to schedule. ā¢ Consultative committee meetings to schedule. ā¢ Workplace inspections to schedule.
6.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Safety Inspections, Sampling and Tours ā¢ Safety Inspection ā Examination of workplace, statutory inspection, plant and machinery, pre-use checks. ā Usually done by one line manager or a competent person. ā¢ Safety Sampling ā Representative sample to judge compliance. ā Less time-consuming. ā¢ Safety Tour ā A high-profile walk-around inspection in a workplace carried out by a group including senior managers. ā The intention is to interact and be highly visible.
7.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Systematic Inspections Plant ā¢ Machinery ā¢ Vehicles Premises ā¢ Workplace ā¢ Environment People ā¢ Working methods ā¢ Behaviour Procedures ā¢ Safe systems ā¢ Permits to work
8.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Arrangements for Active Monitoring Factors to consider when planning the introduction of active monitoring: ā¢ Type of monitoring required. ā¢ Frequency. ā¢ Allocation of responsibilities. ā¢ Competence of the inspector. ā¢ Use of checklists. ā¢ Action planning for problems found.
9.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Example Inspection System Bank head office: ā¢ Purpose ā monitor H&S standards. ā¢ Frequency ā monthly. ā¢ Competence ā one-day course. ā¢ Persons responsible ā managers at different levels. ā¢ Inspection checklist ā general checklist, tailored if required. ā¢ Follow-up arrangements ā an action plan.
10.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Group Exercise In groups, list the topic headings that should be included on an inspection checklist for use in your workplace. Design a rough format for the inspection check sheet.
11.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Arrangements for Workplace Inspections Typical topics in a generic inspection checklist: ā¢ Fire safety. ā¢ Housekeeping. ā¢ Environment issues. ā¢ Traffic routes. ā¢ Chemical safety. ā¢ Machinery safety. ā¢ Electrical safety. ā¢ Welfare facilities.
12.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Reactive Monitoring ā¢ Accidents, incidents, ill health, other unwanted events and situations: ā Highlights areas of concern. ā Things that have already gone wrong. ā Measures failure. ā¢ Two methods: ā Lessons from one specific event, e.g. an accident. ā Data collected over a period.
13.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Reactive Monitoring Assist in analysing: ā¢ Trends - events over a period of time. ā¢ Patterns - hot spots of certain types, e.g. injury. Data collected about: ā¢ Accidents Dangerous occurrences. ā¢ Near misses Ill-health cases. ā¢ Worker complaints Enforcement action.
14.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Reactive Monitoring Lost-time Accident Frequency Rate ālost-time accidents per 100,000 hours worked' Number of lost-time accidents during a specific time period Ć 100,000 Number of hours worked over the same period
15.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Investigating, Recording and Reporting Incidents Element 4.2
16.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Reasons for Investigations Reasons to carry out investigations: ā¢ Identify the immediate and root causes. ā¢ Prevent recurrence. ā¢ Collect and record evidence. ā¢ Legal reasons. ā¢ Insurance purposes. ā¢ Staff morale. ā¢ Disciplinary purposes. ā¢ Data-gathering.
17.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International ā¢ Accident. ā¢ Near miss. ā¢ Dangerous occurrence. ā¢ Work-related ill health. Types of Incident
18.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Accident: An unplanned, unwanted event which leads to injury, damage or loss. ā¢ Injury accident ā where the unplanned, unwanted event leads to some sort of personal injury, e.g. a cut hand. ā¢ Damage-only accident ā where the unplanned, unwanted event leads to equipment or property damage but not personal injury, e.g. a wall is demolished. Near Miss An unplanned, unwanted event that had the potential to lead to injury, damage or loss but did not, in fact, do so. Types of Incident
19.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Dangerous Occurrence ā¢ A specified event that has to be reported to the relevant authority by statute law, e.g. a major gas leak. Work-Related Ill Health ā¢ A disease or medical condition that is directly attributable to work, e.g. dermatitis as a result of exposure to skin irritants. Types of Incident
20.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International ā¢ Minimal ā immediate line manager and not excessive time or effort. ā¢ Low ā line manager perhaps with some support and more time and effort involved. ā¢ Medium ā middle manager with support and significant time and effort. ā¢ High ā senior management oversight with team-based approach and significant time and effort. Level of Investigation
21.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Group Exercise Discuss the first thing you should do when arriving at an accident scene and then the later steps. Consider what type of equipment you may need to assist you.
22.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Basic Investigation Procedures ā¢ Safety of the scene: ā Is the area safe to approach? ā Is immediate action needed to eliminate danger before casualties are approached? ā¢ Casualty care: ā First-aid treatment. ā Hospitalisation: ā Also consider bystanders who may be in shock.
23.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Basic Investigation Procedures Step 1 Gather factual information Step 2 Analyse the information and draw conclusions Step 3 Identify suitable control measures Step 4 Plan the remedial actions
24.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Step 1: Gathering Information ā¢ Secure the scene. ā¢ Identify witnesses. ā¢ Collect factual information. ā¢ Interview witnesses. ā¢ Examine documents.
25.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Witness Interview Technique ā¢ Quiet room, no distractions. ā¢ Establish a rapport. ā¢ Explain the purpose, not about blame. ā¢ Use open questions, e.g. Who? What? Where? When? Why? How? ā¢ Keep an open mind. ā¢ Take notes. ā¢ Ask for a written statement. ā¢ Thank the witness.
26.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Document Examination ā¢ Company policy. ā¢ Risk assessments. ā¢ Training records. ā¢ Safe systems of work. ā¢ Permits to work. ā¢ Maintenance records. ā¢ Previous accident reports. ā¢ Sickness and absence records.
27.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Step 2: Analysing Information Immediate causes: ā¢ Unsafe acts. ā¢ Unsafe conditions. Underlying/root causes: ā¢ Reasons behind the immediate causes. ā¢ Often failures in the management system: ā No supervision. ā No PPE provided. ā No training. ā No maintenance. ā No checking or inspections. ā Inadequate or no risk assessments.
28.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Group Exercise A worker is struck by a load being carried on a pallet by a forklift truck. Outline possible immediate and underlying causes of the accident.
29.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Forklift Truck Accident Possible immediate causes: ā¢ Failure to secure the pallet. ā¢ Poor positioning of the truck close to the pedestrian exit. ā¢ Aggressive braking by the driver. ā¢ Inattentive pedestrian steps into the path of the forklift truck. Possible underlying/root causes: ā¢ No training for the driver. ā¢ Lack of segregation of vehicles and pedestrians. ā¢ Poor driver induction. ā¢ Poor truck maintenance. ā¢ No refresher training.
30.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Step 3: Identifying Suitable Control Measures For immediate causes: ā¢ Clean up the spill. ā¢ Replace the missing guard. ā¢ Relocate the trailing cable. For underlying/root causes: ā¢ More difficult. ā¢ Need to make changes in management system.
31.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Step 4: Planning the Remedial Actions ā¢ Dangerous conditions must be dealt with immediately. ā¢ Interim actions may be possible. ā¢ Underlying causes will require more complex actions: ā Will take time, effort, disruption, money. ā Need for prioritisation. Recommended action Priority Timescale Responsible person Introduce induction training for all new drivers Medium 1 month Warehouse manager
32.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Recording and Reporting Requirements ā¢ Reporting is the process of informing people that an incident has occurred: ā can be internally within the organisation, or ā externally to enforcing authorities or insurers. ā¢ Recording is the process of documenting the event.
33.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Group Exercise What sort of things are likely to hinder good accident and near-miss reporting? What can an organisation do to make it more likely that incidents will be reported?
34.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Internal Incident Reporting Systems Barriers to reporting: ā¢ Unclear organisational policy. ā¢ No reporting system in place. ā¢ Overly complicated reporting procedures. ā¢ Excessive paperwork. ā¢ Takes too much time. ā¢ Blame culture. ā¢ Apathy. ā¢ Lack of training on policy and procedures.
35.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Internal Incident Reporting Will depend on the severity: Internal External ā¢ Directors. ā¢ Senior managers. ā¢ Human resources managers. ā¢ Health, safety and environmental advisers. ā¢ Worker representatives. ā¢ Family of the casualty. ā¢ External authorities. ā¢ Insurance companies. ā¢ Public relations advisers.
36.
Ā© RRC International Ā©
RRC International Incident Recording and the Accident Book Minimum standard is the āAccident Bookā: ā¢ Name and address of casualty. ā¢ Date and time of accident. ā¢ Location of accident. ā¢ Details of injury. ā¢ Details of treatment given. ā¢ Description of event causing injury. ā¢ Details of any equipment or substances involved. ā¢ Witnessesā names and contact details. ā¢ Details of person completing the record. ā¢ Signatures.
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RRC International Externally-Reportable Events Some incidents need to be reported to regulator by law, for example: ā¢ Fatality. ā¢ Major injury. ā¢ Dangerous occurrence. ā¢ Disease. ā¢ Lost-time injuries.
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RRC International Auditing Element 4.3
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RRC International Definition, Scope and Purpose of Auditing Auditing is the: ā¢ systematic, ā¢ objective, and ā¢ critical evaluation of an organisationās health and safety management system.
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RRC International Group Exercise What is the difference between an audit and an inspection?
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RRC International The Distinction Between Audits and Inspections Audit: ā¢ Examines documents. ā¢ Examines procedures. ā¢ Interviews workers. ā¢ Verifies standards. ā¢ Checks the workplace. ā¢ Can be a long process. ā¢ Usually expensive. ā¢ Requires a high level of competence. Looks at the management system that lies behind this. Inspection: ā¢ Checks the workplace. ā¢ Checks records. ā¢ Usually quick. ā¢ Lower cost. ā¢ May only require basic competence. ā¢ Part of an audit. Looks at the physical reality of the workplace.
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RRC International Pre-Audit Preparations The following should be defined: ā¢ Timescales. ā¢ Scope of the audit. ā¢ Area and extent of the audit. ā¢ Who will be required. ā¢ What documentation will be required.
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RRC International During the Audit Auditors use three methods to gather information: ā¢ Paperwork ā documents and records. ā¢ Interviews ā managers and workers. ā¢ Observation ā workplace, equipment, activities and behaviour.
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RRC International During the Audit ā¢ Health and safety policy. ā¢ Risk assessments and safe systems of work. ā¢ Training records. ā¢ Minutes of safety committee meetings. ā¢ Maintenance records and details of failures. ā¢ Records of health and safety monitoring activities (e.g. tours, inspections, surveys). ā¢ Accident investigation reports and data, including near-miss information. ā¢ Emergency arrangements. ā¢ Inspection reports from insurance companies. ā¢ Output from regulator visits (e.g. visit reports, enforcement actions). ā¢ Records of worker complaints. Typical records/documents examined during an audit:
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RRC International At the End of the Audit ā¢ Usual to hold a close-out meeting. ā¢ Followed with a written report. ā¢ It is the responsibility of management at all levels to ensure recommendations for improvement are communicated and implemented. ā¢ Audit may be necessary for certification, e.g. to ISO 45001.
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RRC International Group Exercise Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of an external and an internal audit.
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RRC International External and Internal Audits Advantages Disadvantages External Audits ā¢ Independent of any internal influence. ā¢ Fresh pair of eyes. ā¢ May have wider experience of different types of workplace. ā¢ Recommendations often carry more weight. ā¢ Expensive. ā¢ Time-consuming. ā¢ May not understand the business so make impractical suggestions. ā¢ May intimidate workers so get incomplete evidence.
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RRC International Advantages Disadvantages Internal Audits ā¢ Less expensive. ā¢ Auditors already know the business so know what can be realistically achieved. ā¢ Improves ownership of issues found. ā¢ Builds competence internally. ā¢ Auditors may not notice certain issues. ā¢ Auditors may not have good knowledge of industry or legal standards. ā¢ Auditors may not possess auditing skills so may need training. ā¢ Auditors are not independent so may be subject to internal influence. External and Internal Audits
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RRC International Reviewing Health and Safety Performance Element 4.4
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RRC International Purpose of Regular Reviews ā¢ Full management system review: ā By the board, e.g. annually. ā¢ Management team review: ā E.g. every quarter, feeds to full review. ā¢ Departmental review: ā E.g. monthly, by line manager to ensure on track. ā Assessing opportunities for improvement and the need for change.
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RRC International Purpose of Regular Reviews Reviewing performance is an essential part of any health and safety management system: ā¢ Are we on target? ā¢ If not, why not? ā¢ What do we have to change? E.g. aim: to reduce lost time accidents by 5%: ā Target has been met. ā Set a new target of another 5% for next year.
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RRC International Group Exercise What active and reactive measurements of health and safety performance would need to be reviewed annually?
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RRC International Issues to be Considered in Reviews ā¢ Legal compliance. ā¢ Accident and incident data. ā¢ Inspections, surveys, tours and sampling. ā¢ Absence and sickness data. ā¢ Audit reports. ā¢ Achievement of objectives. ā¢ Enforcement action. ā¢ Previous management reviews. ā¢ Legal and best practice developments.
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RRC International Outputs from Reviews Records of the reviews should be retained: ā¢ Demonstrate compliance with MHSWR. ā¢ Results may have to be reported to shareholders. The aim is continual improvement ā¢ Senior managers review performance and set targets for the organisation. ā¢ Middle managers review performance and set targets for their departments. ā¢ Junior managers review local performance and set targets for their local area.
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RRC International Summary In this element, we have: ā¢ Outlined the difference between active and reactive monitoring and active and reactive monitoring methods. ā¢ Explained the purpose of, and procedures for, investigating incidents and the requirement for recording and reporting. ā¢ Considered the reasons for accident investigation. ā¢ Described the requirements of RIDDOR and the types of incident that have to be reported to the enforcing authorities. ā¢ Described the purpose of, and procedures for, health and safety auditing. ā¢ Explained the purpose of, and procedures for, regular reviews of health and safety performance.
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