Avoid legal scams and save money : free digital book

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Would you like frie$ with that?
Thinking critically as a way to avoid legal
scams, save money and avoid a lifetime of debt.
Price: 0 ₭
Jay Jericho

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About the author
Jay is a scholar at the world’s smallest school. He holds a Doctorate in Sociology
from Sydney University. He fears that the crafters and players of the khaen may
one day become the last wave masters of these ancient arts.
jay@thefreeschool.education
Vignette
I recall visiting the Adelaide Showgrounds with my older sister and one of my
parents aged eight years old. One of my parents said to me “you don’t have
enough money left to buy that candy bag that you have chosen. You can lend a
dollar from me and pay it back to me when you get your next allowance.” My
natural instinct was to just say ‘no’ without thought, hesitation or regret.
Becoming a debtor is a personal matter. And Freedom of choice is a wonderful
thing. I have never been in debt or felt enslaved. When work conditions have
become oppressive with no hope of change, I have always offered a fair notice
period and vacated the role with dignity. May every person experience this
exhilarating feeling of true freedom at least one time in their life.
Please be critical of this book
This book uses theoretical examples that aim to reflect certain business practices
that persist around the globe to varying degrees in certain contexts.
The Annex of this book offers web links that allows you to access a random set of
real life adverts from multiple countries. This enables you to work with authentic
material to determine what marketing messages, if any, you can detect.
No hidden agenda
The truth is free and so is this book. May humankind end unsustainable
consumption, reckless spending, debt-slavery and realize world peace for all.
Copyright 2017, Jyonah Jericho and The Free School.
Copyright waived if the original author and copyright owners are acknowledged.

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Historical context p. 8
Freedom of thought p. 9
Defining scams p. 11
Legal and illegal scams p. 11
Misleading and deceptive conduct p. 13
Harassment and intimidation p. 17
How sellers may manipulate consumers p. 22
Price p. 22
People p. 25
Product p. 27
Placement p. 30
Promotion p. 31
How sellers may target your personal weaknesses p. 35
Sex p. 36
Fear p. 37
Greed p. 39
Vanity p. 41
Laziness p. 44
Jealousy p. 46
Sickness p. 48
Loneliness p. 49
Knowledge gaps p. 51
Vulnerable persons p. 54
Vulnerable industries p. 64
Fads and fakers p. 66
Twelve legal scams: illustration case studies p. 70
Ignoring marketing messages p. 82
Checklists: scams and genuine purchases p. 86
Ethical marketing template p. 94
Consumer protection p. 98
An ethical corporation case study p. 103
Index and Annex pp. 104-108.

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Tables
Table 1
Misleading and deceptive business practices p. 16
Table 2
Pushy and manipulative sales tactics p. 18
Table 3
Marketing messages and target demographics p. 43
Table 4
Predatory marketing and vulnerable persons p. 55
Table 5
Scamming: vulnerable industries p. 65
Table 6
How scammers target reputable industries p. 68
Table 7
A checklist for purchasing goods and services p. 88
Table 8
A checklist for identifying suspected scammers p. 93
Table 9
10 point plan for ethical marketing p. 95
Table 10
Stakeholders who have an interest preventing legal business scams p. 97
Table 11
Consumer protection agencies p. 100
Table 12
Small claims courts p. 100

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Table 13
Student unions p. 101
Table 14
Workers’ unions p. 101
Table 15
Legal aid p. 102
List of figures
Figure 1
A popular scam prior to the Internet revolution p. 14
Figure 2
Point-of-sale fake advertising p. 24
Figure 3
Attacking a person’s self-esteem p. 27
Figure 4
Product manipulation: exaggerating outcomes p. 29
Figure 5
An example of a promotion p. 32
Figure 6
A fake special offer p. 34
Figure 7
An advertisement that exaggerates outcomes p. 38
Figure 8
Appealing to a person’s sense of excess p. 40
Figure 9
Appealing to a person’s vanity p. 41

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Figure 10
Appealing to a person’s laziness p. 45
Figure 11
Appealing to a person’s jealous instincts p. 47
Figure 12
Appealing to a person’s poor health p. 48
Figure 13
Appealing to a person’s lonely state p. 50
Figure 14
Appealing to a person’s lack of technical knowledge p. 52
Figure 15
Vulnerable persons: long-term unemployed p. 58
Figure 16
Vulnerable persons: speakers of other languages p. 61
Figure 17
The use of asterisks by scammers p. 90
Figure 18
The use of fine print by scammers p. 92
Legal scams: case illustrations
Legal scam 1: Unauthorized private rental brokers p. 71
Legal scam 2: Travel agents and the frequent “one seat left” warning p. 72
Legal scam 3: Airbrushing and distorting ‘after’ images in photo series p. 73
Legal scam 4: Ambush marketing and false associations p. 74

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Legal scam 5: Suggesting extra work at inflated prices p. 75
Legal scam 6: Emotional blackmail schemes p. 76
Legal scam 7: Delayed and increasing payment schedules p. 77
Legal scam 8: Distorting mock up pictures of products p. 78
Legal scam 9: Real estate agents who aggressively promote auctions p. 78
Legal scam 10: Direct debit only purchases p. 79
Legal scam 11: Setting customers up to fail for repeat businesses p. 80
Legal scam 12: Exaggerating the key ingredient quantity p. 81
Notification
Companies that are named in this book are sometimes the victims of scammers
who exploit the platform that these company offer to provide a legitimate service.
These companies are named for illustration purposes only. The companies that
are named offer anti-scamming protections and issue public warnings about
spam practices. You should familiarize yourself with these services.
The onus is on consumers to be alert. Please use your critical thinking skills to
avoid the relatively small number of scammers that operate via these platforms.

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Chapter one
Historical context
Personal, household, corporate and government debt are at record levels at the
global, collective level. This is an objective economic fact (e.g. Mayeda, 2016). I
shall leave it to the economists and others to debate the causes of this crisis.
In many cases, high personal debt levels can cause a person to live a slave-like
existence. Many honest, hard-working persons feel unable to complain about
oppressive work practices and unpaid work imposed on them by their employer
as they fear losing their job and their home which is owned by a bank.
In many cases, debt stress is a result of reckless behavior by individuals. Pushy,
manipulative tactics practiced by a minority of sales and marketing operators are
not helpful and may cause and/or exacerbate problems caused by debt.
Most people who live in a permanent state of debt stress reside in so-called free
countries such as Canada. I argue that it is time for all individuals and
institutional leaders to take ownership of their finances and cease living beyond
their means. This is merely my personal opinion. Ultimately, the choice is yours.

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Freedom of thought
This book encourages the reader to become the best critical thinker that they can
be - should you wish to become such a person. I have always enjoyed meeting
empowered, independent people who have the confidence to think and act freely
in every decision that they make.
This book is about legal and illegal scams perpetrated by marketers and sellers
against consumers. It is the first book in a series. The second book in this series
looks at ways in which some consumers may scam businesses.
Scams continue to fleece unsuspecting global consumers of billions of dollars
annually. This number is difficult to measure as most business scams are not
reported by victims. The cost of global scams could be in the hundreds of billions
of dollars (Miles & Pyne, 2017).
The book aims to assist the reader to make informed consumer decisions. This
knowledge may aid consumers to avoid legal and illegal scams and preserve their
scarce financial resources.
I do not aim to influence your values, thoughts, and priorities. The observations
that I discuss are my own opinions. The tips that I offer are merely suggestions.

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There is enough brainwashing, mind-control and conditioning in the commercial
arena without me adding to this toxic, oppressive situation.
References
Mayeda, A. (2016), The IMF is worried about the world's $152 trillion debt pile,
<https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-10-05/a-record-152-trillion-
in-global-debt-unnerves-imf-officials>. Accessed 1 May 2017.
Miles, S., & Pyne, D. (2017), The economics of scams, Review of Law &
Economics, 13(1), pp. 1-18.

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Chapter Two
Defining scams
The word ‘scam’ may mean different things to different people. Meaning is
dependent on the context and the intention of the speaker or writer.
The word ‘scam’ may or may not refer to activity that is illegal. For example, the
Random House Dictionary (2017) distinguishes between ‘confidence games’
scams and ‘fraudulent’ scams:
“Scam: a confidence game or other fraudulent scheme, especially for making a
quick profit; swindle.”
A confident, overbearing salesperson is not necessarily acting unlawfully.
Illegal scams
The terms ‘illegal scam’ refers to business practices that violate the law. There are
thousands of illegal scams. Pyramid schemes, also known as Ponzi schemes are
among the infamous examples of illegal scams.
A contemporary example of illegal scams involves fake sellers engaging with

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consumers via online commercial advertisement boards such as Craigslist,
Gumtree, EBay or Amazon. The scammer may sell a product that does not exist
and pocket the cash.
Rental scams are popular as they target the most vulnerable persons: the
homeless, newly arrived migrants and young people who have moved out of
home for the first time.
A popular rental scam requires the victim agrees to pay the scammer cash in
advance via a third party agent such as MoneyGram or Western Union. The
victim never receives access to the rental property as it never existed. They also
cannot receive assistance from the police or courts because the victim may not
know the address or true identity of the scammer. If the address of the Western
Union or MoneyGram office is in another country, this may serve as a ‘red flag’
warning to be extra cautious about handing over your money.
Legal scams
The term ‘legal scams’ is recognized in the business community. For example:
Baldwin, W. (2009), ‘Five legal scams’,
<https://www.forbes.com/forbes/2009/0202/008.html>. Accessed 1 May 2017.

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So-called ‘legal scams’ mostly relate to behavior that is lawful but unethical. An
example is a salesperson encouraging a dark skinned person to buy a fake
tanning product. The salesperson knows that this product will not show on this
person’s skin, yet they encourage the person to buy this product in the store in
order to maximize their sales commission and the store’s profits.
Legal scams, also known as ‘business schemes’ are the focus of this book. I
identify two types of legal scams. The first type concerns misleading
communications in advertising, product labelling and merchandizing. The second
type of legal scam involves aggressive sales tactics
Misleading and deceptive conduct
Most legal scams involve misleading and deceptive conduct that stays within the
bounds of imperfect laws.
Figure 1 shows an example of a scam that was popular prior to the Internet.
During this era, it was more common for scammers to use Post Office boxes and
collect checks and money orders. Nowadays most scammers favor the Internet
and electronic payments because it is faster and more difficult for police to trace.

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Figure 1
A popular scam prior to the Internet revolution
XYZABC Nutrition Science Limited
Tired of being underweight and scrawny?
Do you find it difficult to get fat?
No matter how hard you try, you can never get fat?
We can help you get fat.
Send a $20 Post Office money order to Post Office Box 4NQ2
And find out how you can get fat.
The victim sends $20 to a postal box that is registered in a fake name. Shortly
after, the victim receives a letter as follows.
“Dear Sir/Madam,
You can get fat from:
● The supermarket. Sometimes fat is called ‘cooking lard’.
● The butcher: fat is attached to most meats, especially bacon.
● Fast food outlets: all fried meat contains fat.
Yours sincerely,
Product Development Management
XYZABC Nutrition Science Limited”

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Not all lies and misleading information are illegal or unlawful. If I state that my
age is 39 on a dating site I have not broken any laws even though I am probably
not 39 years old.
If a business states on its website that it is 100 years older than its true age, this is
not unlawful in many legal jurisdictions. This business has not misrepresented
the quality, purpose and prices of its goods or services.
Table 1 classifies the three main types of misleading and deceptive business
practices that may be lawful or unlawful, depending on the legal jurisdiction and
the nature of the transaction.

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Table 1
Misleading and deceptive business practices
Outlet Description Illustration example
Advertising Occurs via popular
communications
media such as
television, radio,
newspapers,
magazines,
brochures, text
messages and
Internet web pages.
Door-to-door sales company XYZABC
Roof Repairs Limited has the words
“voted number 1 roof repairs company
in Canada” on their salesperson’s
shirts. This poll was conducted by a
market research agency owned by the
sales company. The research questions
were designed to ensure that XYZABC
was ranked number one. This detail is
not disclosed publicly.
Product
labelling
Occurs on
the product.
A breakfast cereal package states “This
product is 99.99% fat free” and places
this message on the front of the box in
very large bold red font. This product in
fact contains 40% sugar. This practice
is a scam. The manufacturer knows
that most consumers who buy cereals
aim to avoid high fat and high sugar
content when they select the product.
They are highlighting the truthful fact
that this product is 99.9% fat free
because they wish to distract
consumers from noticing the very high
sugar content.
Merchandizing Occurs in the
broader sales
environment such as
in a department
store.
A department store installs distortion
mirrors in their fitting rooms that are
designed to make people look taller and
slimmer in order to maximize sales.

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Harassment and intimidation
There is no need to harass a person to do anything that they do not want to do. If
a person’s natural instinct is to avoid a purchase, then this suggests that they do
not want/need that good or service or they cannot afford it.
Sales persons who harass their customers and potential customers are scammers.
In certain jurisdictions they are also criminals.
Aggressive sales tactics are common. There are many pushy sales strategies used
by scammers.
Table 2 summarizes common examples of pushy and manipulative sales tactics.

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Table 2
Pushy and manipulative sales tactics
Technique Example
Repeat
calling
A sales agent tries to sell a product over the telephone. The
potential customer firmly says ‘no’ to the offer. The sales
agent calls back once a day, hoping that the person will
eventually buy the product to avoid further harassment.
Fake expiry
date offers
A sales agent attempts to make a sale but the potential
customer is not sure if they are interested. The sales agent
falsely claims that the price offered today is a 50% discount
special offer that expires at ‘close of business today’ as a
way to pressure a customer to make a purchase that they
have not yet decided that they want, need or can afford.
Face-to-face
intimidation
A sales agent walks through family restaurants and offers to
sell children’s toys to parents in front of their children. This
ploy is purposeful. The sales agent knows that many
parents will find it difficult to explain to their happy,
smiling children that the product the sales agents has
shown the family will not be purchased for them.
Emotional
intimidation
A sales agent in a beauty department purposefully
commences a discussion about a customer’s acne even
though the person has only asked for advice about lipstick.
The sales agent wishes to lower the self-esteem of their
client so that they may inquire about anti acne cream sold
on the same counter.

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Unethical minority
I suspect that most marketers and sales persons are ethical professionals. I have
never measured this thesis. I am not aware that anyone has measured this claim
at a global level.
Critical thinking
I argue that the onus is on you to think critically and be fair when you do so. May
you decide for yourself which business practices clash with local laws, your values
and budget.
The best way to be a critical thinker is to constantly question the motives of
others. This arguably works best if you are subtle and give people the benefit-of-
the-doubt to a certain degree.
Most commercial businesses aim to maximize their sales and profits. Most sales
agents aim to maximize their commission and their salary. They may also aim for
rapid promotion so that they can further increase their salary, commission and
work benefits.

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Charities
Please do not overestimate the altruistic motives of all charitable organizations.
Some charities pay their collectors a commission of up to 50% of the donations
that they collect. A common business model aims to harass people on the street
and make them feel guilty for saying ‘no’ to a professional charity collector who
earns a commission (e.g. Chung, 2016).
Some Executives on charitable boards are paid six or seven figure salary packages
on an annual basis (e.g. Rhodan, 2017). Paying out millions of dollars in
Executive salary packages ensures that the business records a zero surplus each
year. This zero surplus outcome enables a rich organization to retain its status as
a charitable organization.
Some charities pay as little as 20 cents in the dollar that they collect to the
disadvantaged people that they claim to represent. The bulk of the funds collected
are paid in administration costs, salaries, marketing, entertainment expenses and
travel expenses.
Some institutions blatantly flout charity laws. They deceitfully work within the
bounds of imperfect taxation laws to establish business empires that employ
thousands of people across the globe in order to promote their brand. Some of

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these charities exploit people from the poorest nations by charging them a large
price to use their service.
Reference
Chung, F. (2014), Chuggers: The truth behind the clipboard people,
<http://www.news.com.au/finance/work/at-work/chuggers-the-truth-behind-
the-clipboard-people/news-story/c399a5a454a036e5613b77b6dbc1b277>.
Accessed 1 May 2017.
Random house dictionary (2017), ‘Scam’,
Source: <http://www.dictionary.com/browse/scam?s=t> Accessed 1 May 2017.
Rhodan, M. (2017), People in charge of charities make a lot more than you think,
<http://fortune.com/2017/03/06/charity-leaders-salary-irs/>. Accessed 1 May
2017.

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Chapter Three
How sellers may manipulate consumers
This chapter offers an overview of marketing theory. It is easier to spot those who
engage in scam business practices if you know how marketers and salespersons
have been trained to think and act.
Marketing courses teach scholars about the five P’s. These P’s are:
● Price
● People
● Product
● Promotion
● Placement
Those who engage in unethical business practices cynically manipulate their
knowledge of the five elements of marketing to their financial advantage.
Price
All goods and services sold by commercial entities have a price. If there is no
price, then the good or service is a gift.

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A gift is genuine only if:
● There are no expectations that you will spend any money or give your time
the provider in order to receive the gift;
● There are no secretive business practices that try to trick you into buying a
good or service in order to receive a gift.
Many gifts provided by sellers are genuine offers that are provided in good faith.
For example, a new coffee shop may offer a free coffee voucher on the street to all
people who walk past their shop. This business is hoping that you like their coffee
and that you will freely choose to become a paying customer in the future.
There are numerous pricing scams. A common example of a pricing scam
involves the seller displaying a low fake price as a way to bring consumers into
their store.
Some travel agents have an advertisement poster in their store similar to the
illustration example shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 2
Point of sale fake advertising
XYZABC Cheap Flights Limited
London: One way $800
Paris: One way $850
Inquire in the store for details.
When a potential customer makes an inquiry inside the store, they are advised
that the price shown in the window relates to one type of offer that has numerous
terms and conditions. For example, they must depart on one specified time and
day six months into the future. The customer is also advised that they probably
cannot meet these conditions without being asked any questions by the sales
agent to confirm this claim.
The sales agent may then advise the customer that the average price of all other
flights to Paris and London is between $1,200 and $1,500 and they are available
to help them purchase one of these flights today.
This advertisement is a scam if its sole objective is to draw customers into the
store who otherwise would not have visited if they did not see that poster.
Furthermore, it is a scam if the product that is advertised does not exist at that

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price under any circumstances.
Sometimes the customer informs the sales agent that they are willing to meet all
criteria required to purchase the $800 or $850 ticket. In response, the sales
agent may offer a response such as “sorry we just sold the last ticket five minutes
ago”. This customer may walk past that travel agency every day for the next few
months and still see the same fake advertisement in the window.
People
Specialist marketing degree programs offer much instruction about human
behavior. In some cases, the aim is to offer marketers and salespersons
knowledge that can be used to manipulate people into buying goods or services
that they do not want, do not need or cannot afford.
An example of the use of behavioral knowledge in business practice is when some
bakeries use fans to extract the smell of their products onto the street. The aim of
this practice is to condition the brains of those who walk past to believe that they
are hungry and it is time for them to eat. This practice draws on the work of
Pavlov’s dogs and the conditioning of the human mind to respond to recognizable
stimuli.

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An example of scam advertising is the use of subliminal messages to brainwash a
person into buying a good or service that they do not want, do not need or cannot
afford.
Some magazines aimed at teenagers purposefully aim to lower a teenager’s self-
esteem in order to promote a commercial product in a subtle manner. For
example, they may publish an information article that does not examine scientific
evidence. Such articles may discuss how teenagers who are obese are more likely
to be single and unhappy. The editor may purposefully place adverts for online
dating and slimming pills on the next few pages of the magazine.
As shown in figure 3 some magazines aimed at female teenagers and younger
women aim to lower their readers’ self-esteem. The goal is to promote the
services and products of those who place commercial advertisements in their
magazine.

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Figure 3
Attacking a person’s self-esteem
Girlie girl magazine XYZABC
Page 20
Love advice by Barbie Foxx
Lonely, fat and miserable?
Are you tired of being alone, overweight
and forever sad? There are so many
single guys out there just waiting to
date the new gorgeous slim you! Etc ...
Girlie girl magazine XYZABC
Page 22
Advertisement 1
Slimming pills: shed that fat girls!
Advertisement 2
Never Be Alone Again dating agency is
waiting for your call. Ring now!
The editor may have calculated that a depressed reader with a lowered self-
esteem is more likely to purchase these goods and services, especially if they are
young and have not developed fully their critical thinking skills.
Product
Marketing involves the design and promotion of the product. All products are
either a good or service.
Some goods are sold alongside a service. For example, some private dressmakers
charge customers for their labor and for the material which the customer selects

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from their catalogue.
Scammers use two main product manipulation methods to deceive consumers:
● Lie or exaggerate about the benefits that a product can offer.
● Design, present or promote the product in a way that distorts its true size,
benefits or its visual appeal.
Some financial advisors use creative statistics to exaggerate the likely benefits
that their clients may receive. For example, their marketing brochure may state
that “last year, the total return on investments we achieved for client funds under
our management was 25% after commissions”.
Figure 4 shows an example of how marketers may exaggerate the positive
outcomes that consumers may realize from using their goods or services.

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Figure 4
Product manipulation: exaggerating outcomes
XYZABC Financial Engineers & Wealth Creation Limited
Last year we increased the total value of our
clients’ stock portfolios by 25% after commissions.
This figure of 25% may be true. It also could be very misleading. For example, the
marketing brochure may not explain this fact:
XYZABC Financial Engineers & Wealth Creation Limited: 2016 Accounts
(a) Top 25% of clients: Positive returns (gain) 400%
(b) Bottom 75% of clients: Negative returns (loss) 100%
(a)+(b) Net return for all clients (gain) 25%
Some product marketers use misleading packaging to exaggerate the contents of
their product. For example, some breakfast cereal boxes are around 50% empty.
This design purposefully aims to distort a person’s visual cognitive processing. In
some cases, the only purpose of this cavity space is to deceive the consumer into

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assuming that they will receive more product than is inside the box.
Placement
Those who sell goods and services require a point of sale. Sellers may choose one
or more distribution points where consumers can engage with a good/service and
a sales agent.
The main points of sale are:
● Retail stores
● Online sales
● Door-to-door sales
● Showrooms at the manufacturer’s premises
● Sales in public spaces such as market fairs.
Some scammers strategically manipulate the point-of-sale as a way to lawfully
deceive consumers.
Street sales are popular among those who sell inferior products that are not
backed by a refund policy. Street sales are high-risk. You may not be able to trace
the seller if you require a product exchange or a refund.

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An example of an inferior product is perfume that smells like toilet deodorizer.
Street vendors that sell inferior scents may package their perfume using high
quality, expensive boxes that mimic designer labels. Such sellers normally do not
stay on the street for more than a few minutes in one location. They tend to make
much commotion to rapidly attract a large crowd. By the time the victim opens
the box are realizes that they have been deceived, the scammer has fled the scene.
Promotion
Marketing promotions includes two main activities:
● Advertising
● Special offers
Advertising includes the communication of information about goods and services
to consumers.
The term ‘special offer’ refers to short-term opportunities made available to
consumers that may not be repeated in the future.
Figure 5 shows an example of a sales promotion.

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Figure 5
An example of a promotion
XYZABC Easy Abs Limited
Our electronic devices can create abdominal muscles in your sleep.
Simply attach, turn on, go to sleep and let our machine do all the work*.
Two for one special offer.
Model EasyAbs123 is on offer at the price
of two for one until sold out.
Call now or miss out on this special offer!
* Scientific research and evidence is forthcoming
Advertising occurs via public display media such as television and magazines.
Other media that display advertising includes Internet web pages and outdoor
advertisements on billboard signs.
Special offers are normally advertised. For example, a brochure that details a
special offer may be placed inside your letter box. Some promotions are

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communicated to consumers via other means such as verbal communications
made by sales agents inside their store. The details of a promotion are sometimes
attached to a product that the consumer has purchased.
Most scams discussed in this book appear in advertisements. Scammers need to
find a way to reach their victims. Consumers should always critically analyze the
messages that they are exposed to via commercial advertising. Some messages
and true and some are not.
Some special offers are fake promotions. For example, some television
infomercials repeatedly ‘shout’ at the viewer using fast speech and urgent words
to excite their audiences.
Figure 6 provides an example of a fake special offer.

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Figure 6
A fake special offer: television voice-over advertising
XYZABC Perfect White Teeth Paint Limited
“The first 100 callers will get a free gift.
You must act fast to the free gift!
Call now to get your free gift, do not delay.
Call NOW for your free gift - only the first 100 callers get the free gift”.
Call 1800-FREE-GIFT-FOR-YOU-NOW
It is common for every caller to get a free cheap gift for special offer scenarios
such as those illustrated in figure 6. The sales team knows that most callers made
within an hour of the infomercial are responding to the cheap free gift offer. The
sales team will give all callers the gift if this is what it takes to make the sale.
The intention of the false reference to the first 100 callers is to create a sense of
urgency among people who are not sure if they want/need to the good or service.
The need to act decisively may cause a potential customer to ignore rational
purchase criteria such as value-for-money and their personal budget.

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Chapter Four
How sellers may target your personal weaknesses
Some persons who market commercial goods and services purposefully target the
personal weaknesses of their intended audience. Some examples of these human
traits may include: ego, sex (lust), fear, greed, guilt, shame (or embarrassment),
vanity, laziness, jealousy, sickness, loneliness and lack of knowledge about
specific business practices.
It is subjective and personal to classify these traits as human weaknesses. I shall
leave it to the reader to draw their own conclusions.
Not all traits are automatically problematic. A person who leads a fulfilling,
healthy life may occasionally opt to have a ‘lazy’ week lounging by their pool
without negative consequences.
The fact that many marketers are trained to target human emotions is accepted
as common knowledge by some scholars (e.g. Rick & Loewenstein, 2008).
Targeting a person’s weaknesses as a marketing practice is normally not
unlawful, per se. Moreover, many people do not mind that some marketers
purposefully target their personal weaknesses.

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It may be useful for you to constantly question if an advertisement that you see
or hear aims to target your personal weaknesses.
This will enable you to ask yourself the following questions:
1. Am I considering buying this product only because the marketer has
targeted my personal weaknesses and insecurities?
2. Do I really want/need this good/service?
3. Can I afford this good/service?
Sex
Using sex to sell a product is a classic stunt used by some marketers who lack skill
and imagination. Using sex to sell a product or service is a scam if the marketer
makes a false claim that a product they are promoting may enhance a person’s
sex appeal.
Some so-called ‘pheromones’ sprays sold in vending machines in men’s toilets are
scams. For example, some of these sprays makes claims on the machine and/or

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the product such as “using this spray will drive women wild and make them lust
after your body”.
In virtually all cases there is no credible scientific evidence cited to support such
claims.
Fear
Using fear to sell products and services is a favorite technique used by some
insurance salespersons as well as persons from other industries such as
occupational health and safety. Such approaches are a scam if they seller
exaggerates the dangers involved if you do not buy their good or service.
Figure 7 shows how some advertisers exaggerate the negative consequences that
may happen to consumers who do not by their good or service.

38
Figure 7
An advertisement that exaggerates likely outcomes
XYZABC Travel Insurance Fund Limited
Client testimonial: Robin X
“Last year, I received a medical bill from the Intensive Care Unit for
$10,000,000 for services provided for my two year old daughter. My dear child
would have died if I did not purchase XYZABC’s travelers’ health insurance plan
for just $8.63 a day. Many of the services provided by the ICUs in Monte Carlo
are not available for uninsured travelers”.
Virtually all public and private hospitals will provide minimum Intensive Care
Service required to keep any patient alive who has experienced a major trauma so
long as they have spare capacity. The cost of $8.63 per day sounds cheaper than
$3, 150 per year.
Consider the story above and reflect on these details that are used for illustration
purposes:
● 0.01% of all travel insurance claims for medical costs in the country where
the insurance is sold exceed one million dollars.

39
● The reference to “many services” relates to elective surgeries.
● Robin X was paid $10,000 for providing this testimonial.
I argue that this hypothetical illustration is an example of scam marketing. The
advert uses an extreme case to frighten its audience and it does not disclose
Robin’s conflict-of-interest in promoting this story for financial gain.
Greed
Many scammers purposefully target some person’s instincts to indulge beyond
what is required to live a comfortable, meaningful life. A person may desire an
excess of many things. Examples include food, money, sex and materialistic
possessions such as clothes and jewelry.
Some marketers distort the truth about the costs and/or benefits of their goods
and services when they appeal to a person’s instincts for greed.
Figure 8 offers an example of an advertisement that appeal to a person’s instinct
for abnormally large rewards.

40
Figure 8
Appealing to a person’s sense of excess
XYZABC Stockbrokers & Casino Management Limited
You can increase your wealth by up to 900% in one year
if you invest in our Casino Management Services.
The advert above may use selective statistics to quote one client who achieved a
gain of 900% last financial year using the services of XYZABC Stockbrokers &
Casino Management Limited. This person’s success is attributable to hundreds of
factors that most other persons cannot afford or replicate. For example, that
individual may have executed hundreds of financial purchases that they made in
consultation with a dedicated team of financial advisors who charge $350 per
person, per hour.
If the average client at XYZABC Stockbrokers & Casino Management Limited
made a 7% profit last financial year, then the advertisement above may be
regarded as a scam. This is because it purposefully uses non-representative data
to grossly mislead the consumer into focusing on a figure that has little bearing
on the returns realized by the overwhelming vast majority of this firm’s clients.

41
Vanity
Appealing to a person’s vanity is a favorite technique used by some sellers who
work in the fashion and beauty industries To put it crudely, it is can be very
profitable to convince some persons that they are fat, ugly and boring. A pretty
face, beautiful body, exciting wardrobe and elite club memberships is supposedly
the quick fix to this socially constructed problem.
Figure 9 provides an example of an advertisement that appeal to a person’s
vanity.
Figure 9
Appealing to a person’s vanity
XYZABC Plastic Fantastic Airbrushing Limited
Spotted another wrinkle or grey hair in the mirror?
There’s no need to feel sad about it!
Our beauticians can give you a skin, hair and wardrobe
makeover and make you look a million dollars.

42
There’s nothing wrong with treating yourself with a makeover and wanting to
look your best. And the decision to purchase legal products is your right.
Bear in mind that many makeovers that sell photographic portfolios trade in false
images. Your face may be caked in thick concealer. The ultra-bright lights used by
photographers will transform you into something different to what you look like
once the lights are turned off and you walk back into the real world.
Target demographics
Some marketers and sellers that trade in people’s vain insecurities customize
their message to different demographics.
Table 3 summarizes four main demographics and the core message that some
marketers communicate towards members of these groups.

43
Table 3
Marketing messages and target demographics
Target
demographic Marketing messages
Adolescents This product will make you popular with other teens.
This product will make you feel less awkward.
This product will make you appear adult like.
Men This product will make your appear more masculine.
This product will enhance your sex appeal.
This product will make you appear muscled.
Women This product will make you appear more feminine.
This product will enhance your sex appeal.
This product will make you appear slimmer.
Older persons This product will:
● Conceal your grey hair
● Stall or reverse your balding
● Make you appear sharp/alert
● Remove or conceal wrinkles
● Make other people take you seriously
● Make you appear younger and sexier.

44
Some anti-wrinkle creams are an example of a scam product as they do not use
scientific evidence to show that the formula can remove wrinkles. Some anti-
wrinkle cream reverse wrinkles for up to 24 hours by pumping water into the
skin. This temporarily makes the skin appear flatter.
If the product does not make it clear that the reduction of wrinkles only lasts a
matter of hours, it is most likely a scam product that appeals to a person’s vanity
and their insecurities about their physical looks.
Laziness
Some marketers and sellers target a person’s instinct to be lazy. What constitutes
laziness is subjective. My perception of laziness may differ from others. I
encourage you to define the word ‘laziness’ yourself, if indeed you consider that
such a human trait exists.
Motivation and high energy levels do not come easy for many people whereas the
desire to achieve easy rewards does. From the perspective of a scam marketer, a
person’s laziness presents an opportunity for gain when a person wants a reward
that can only be earned but is not prepared to work for a positive outcome.
Certain diet products are scams that target some overweight person’s instincts to

45
avoid exercise and dieting. For example, some products claim to have ‘negative
calories’. Advertisements and packaging may claim that eating or drinking the
product will automatically increases your metabolism. Apparently, this in turn
will burn fat, even if you remain dormant.
Figure 10 is an example of an advertisement that appeals to a person’s desire to
receive a reward without investing the effort that is actually required to receive
that benefit.
Figure 10
Appealing to a person’s laziness
XYZABC Diet Shakes Limited
Our diet shakes dramatically increase your metabolism
and have an effect known as ‘negative calories’*.
They also form a solid gel inside your stomach
and suppress your appetite for up to 24 hours*.
The more diet shakes you drink the slimmer you will be.
Lose weight without exercising!
* Scientific research and evidence is forthcoming

46
Leading medical scientists consistently argue that there are two ways to lose
weight: decrease calorie intake and increase exercise rates (Swift et al., 2014).
Many diet and weight loss products are not backed by scientific research and fall
into the legal scam category (US Food and Drug Administration, 2017).
Jealousy
Some marketers and sellers purposefully aim to make you feel jealous and lesser
than your peers. Other messages may aim to encourage you to consumer a good
or service so that you may feel superior to others.
Messages that may appeal to a person’s jealous instincts include statements such
as:
● “Do your friends have a nicer home and car than you?”
This may be used by a finance company that offers credit.
● “Do you want to be a person that others look up to?”
This may be used by a motivational speaker seeking to attract new clients.
Figure 11 shows an example that appeal to a person’s instincts to make others

47
jealous.
Figure 11
Appealing to a person’s jealous instincts
XYZABC Nip and Tuck Limited
Tired of being a plain Jane?
Our cosmetic surgeons can transform you into the most
beautiful person in the room, as they saying goes!
Turn your friends green with envy!
This advertisement is a scam. ‘The most beautiful person in the room” is
subjective. It cannot be proven or disproven. Such vague claims are not
acceptable for a high-stakes invasive medical purchase that involves a certain
level of risk such as infection or complications from surgery.

48
Sickness
Some marketers try to convince people that they are at risk of acquiring a certain
disease or illness. The aim is to convince the potential consumer to purchase a
medical product (or service) such as pharmaceutical drugs.
Some of these marketing approaches belong in the scam category because the
chances of the general population acquiring certain diseases that are advertised
to random, mainstream audiences are very small.
Figure 12 offers an example that appeal to a person’s perceptions of their health
and risk of becoming sick as a way to convince them to buy their services.
Figure 12
Appealing to a person’s poor health
XYZABC See Well Ophthalmology Limited
Is your eyesight fading?
You may have retinitis pigmentosa which can cause blindness.
Our qualified eye surgeons can check for this condition.
Call ‘1800-SAVE-YOUR-SIGHT-TODAY’

49
Please allow me to use retinitis pigmentosa as an example of a disease that has
potential for abuse by scam marketers.
Parmagianni (2011, p. 236) states that the prevalence rate of this disease is about
one in 2,500-7,000. If an ophthalmologist were to place adverts in the
mainstream media encouraging all people to test for this disease, this would be a
scam if the advert did not mention that this disease is very rare.
Adverts that encourage you to test for rare diseases are becoming more common
on certain open-access video playback platforms that embed commercial
advertising at the start and in the middle of the video.
Loneliness
Lonely people who lack a support network have long been a favorite target for
confidence tricksters who are good at faking romance and love. Once they get
what they are after, they may immediately dump their partner without remorse.
Figure 13 is an example of an advertisement that appeals to a person’s lonely
state.

50
Figure 13
Appealing to a person’s lonely state
Classified Advertisements : Romance and Matrimonial
Future partner wanted.
Confident, assertive single seeks a very wealthy, generous, shy elderly
person who is lonely and has no family or friends to share
their wonderful life or inheritance with.
You must live alone in a large luxury mansion, be a U.S. citizen or
Green Card holder who is eligible to sponsor a future spouse.
I am a very caring person. I am not a qualified nurse.
I prefer to meet a person who is very old and very sick
and needs taking care of during their final days.
This advertisement is a blatant example of a scam practice perpetrated by an
individual as opposed to a commercial advertiser.

51
I advise all persons, especially lonely persons to be alert when dealing with any
commercial dating agency that trades in the love game.
Knowledge gaps
Some scammers target a person’s lack of technical knowledge about the goods
and services that the marketer encourages them to purchase.
No person on this planet is expert about all goods and services that are available
for purchase. All persons are potentially vulnerable to what I term ‘knowledge
gap’ scams.
Figure 14 is an example of an advertisement that explicitly appeals to a person’s
lack of technical knowledge about a service.

52
Figure 14
Appealing to a person’s lack of technical knowledge
XYZABC Monty Tune-up Limited
Do you know nothing about cars?
Our technicians are automotive experts and can help you!
Take advantage of our basic safety check service which costs just $50*
Our technicians are highly trained to detect major safety problems in
your engine and chassis that require immediate attention.
You can trust us to find all the urgent problems that require fixing.
* $10 for widows.
Persons who have minimum education levels are sometimes at greater risk than
others. This comment is a generalization. Many people have a natural instinct to
think critically, be fair to others and question the motives of commercial
providers of goods and services, regardless of their education level.

53
Food and Drug Administration, United States Government (2017), Beware of
products promising miracle weight loss,
<https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm246742.htm>.
Parmegianni, F. (2011), Clinics, epidemiology and genetics of retinitis
pigmentosa, Current Genomics, 12(4), 236–237.
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3131730/>. Accessed 1 May
2017.
Rick. S. & Loewenstein, G. (2008), ‘The role of emotion in economic behavior’, in
Lewis, M. et al. (Eds), Handbook of Emotions, New York, USA: Guilford Press,
<http://scholar.harvard.edu/files/schacterlab/files/handbook-of-emotions.pdf>.
Swift, D. et al. (2014), The role of exercise and physical activity in weight loss and
maintenance, Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 56(4), 441–447.

54
Chapter Five
Vulnerable persons
Most scammers do not act randomly. They allocate their scarce time and energy
to target individuals that they identify as being the most vulnerable and the most
profitable to exploit.
Who is most vulnerable depends on the context. A lonely person may be
vulnerable when it comes to dating. However, they may not be vulnerable when it
comes to renting accommodation if they are experienced property agents.
The more vulnerable a person is, the more likely they are to hand over large
amounts of money if they believe that they can switch from being miserable to
happy as soon as they purchase a good or service.
Table 4 identifies six examples of persons who may be vulnerable to predatory
marketers.

55
Table 4
Predatory marketing and vulnerable persons
Vulnerable person Vulnerable situation
Recent migrants ● Purchasing rental accommodation
● Signing contacts
Minors ● Expensive purchases
Persons with
a disability
● Varies depending on the disability
e.g. blindness and signing
contracts.
Long-term
unemployed
● Job scams
● Training scams
Illiterate persons ● Signing contracts
Duress ● Purchasing urgent goods
If you are a member of a vulnerable demographic, it is best to scrutinize in detail
all marketing material and claims made by salespersons.

56
Migrants
Many migrants are vulnerable to scammers as they may not know local customs.
They may be unaware of their legal rights. They may also be reluctant to enforce
their legal rights as they may be frightened to engage with police or the courts.
Some rental agencies charge migrants a deposit that exceeds the legal maximum
allowed level. They may also refuse to deposit migrants’ security deposit with the
Department of Housing, as required by law in many jurisdictions. They may also
try to keep the bond at the end of the tenancy, even if the tenant has not damaged
the property and is not behind with their rental payments.
Minors
In most jurisdictions it is unlawful to sell large items to minors. Contracts for
items such as bank loans and the sale of land are void unless a parent or lawful
guardian counter signs the contract. These laws aim to protect children who may
not have the mental capacity to identify scams or commercial offers that are poor
value-for-money.

57
Persons with a disability
The vulnerability of a person with a disability varies depending on the nature and
degree of a person’s impairment. For example, visually impaired persons may be
scammed if they rely on a salesperson to read all of the details listed on a
product’s packaging. The salesperson may disregard discussing product
information that they think will cause the visually impaired consumer to reject
the product.
In some jurisdictions sales contracts that are signed solely by person who has a
severe intellectual disability that is very obvious are not enforceable. The courts
may regard such contract as voidable if the purchaser or their carer/guardian
seeks to cancel the contract. This protection may extend to major cash sales that
do not involve a signed contract such as the purchase of a motor car.
These laws aim to protect vulnerable persons who may not have the mental
capacity to identify scams or commercial offers that are poor value-for-money.
Long-term unemployed
Legal scams targeted towards long-term unemployed persons are common. This
demographic is vulnerable as they may be living in a permanent state of despair.

58
For this reason many of these people are willing to pay large amounts of money
to ‘buy’ a job that may or may not exist.
Figure 15 is an example of an advertisement that targets unemployed persons.
Figure 15
Vulnerable persons: long-term unemployed
Online jobs board: Positions vacant
Cleaners wanted: earn $30 to $40 per hour.
No experience required: suitable for persons
with no recent work experience.
Commence employment at the end of this week.
A two day training course is offered for persons to assist them to
become office cleaners and work for one of our prestigious clients
in the city center. This course starts in two days from today.
ALL APPLICANTS ARE ACCEPTED.
The cleaners’ training course costs $600* and you must purchase a
uniform from our business partner for $150 before you commence
this course. The cost of the uniform is refundable if you work for
our company for more than four weeks.
*No guarantee of job placement

59
The above advertisement is a scam, even if a job is offered. You could be offered a
genuine job and be treated so poorly that you might quit within one hour and lose
your $600. This poor treatment that forces you to resign may be part of the scam.
Any recruitment company that asks applicants to purchase a good or service from
the agency or their business partner as a condition of employment or
advancement is a legal scammer. Such employers are pretending to be your
employer and they are treating you like you are their customer.
In Western countries such as Canada, Australia and the United States, it is
standard business practice for employers to bear the costs of all training courses
that they instruct their employees to complete as a condition of being hired,
promoted, retained or redeployed.
Companies that run job adverts similar to the vacancy shown in Figure 15 are
possibly ‘fly-by-night’ illegal scammers. After you pay the advertiser $750, their
office may disappear overnight and you cannot trace the scammers or your
money.

60
Illiterate persons
Some scammers target persons who cannot read complex contracts written in the
national language. An example of such scams is sales agents who visit remote
Indigenous communities and trick these people to sign written contracts for
goods that they do not want, do not need or cannot afford.
Figure 16 is an example of an advertisement that is targeted towards persons who
may be native speakers of languages other than English.

61
Figure 16
Vulnerable demographic: speakers of other languages
XYZABC Quick Course Online Training Limited
Do you want to study C++ and Java programming?
Our training courses are designed for Indigenous persons
who live in remote areas who would like to learn advanced
computer programming languages and coding.
All registrants receive a free iPad and a gift voucher for $1,000
as soon as they sign up for our training course.
You must be an Australian Citizen, have a tax file number and be eligible
for claiming maximum Government loan training subsidies ($50,000).
No minimum educational level is required.
No exams are required to pass: all assessments are projects.
No English language test is required. Our tutors
have English language teacher training.
All applicants who meet the criteria are accepted.

62
Some Indigenous persons who live in remote areas may not fully understand the
terms of the contract because they speak an Indigenous language as their mother
tongue. Their command of the official national language may be minimal or non-
existent.
Such contracts are not necessarily illegal. Such contracts are usually
unconscionable as they are not transacted in good faith by the selling party. They
are likely to be voided by the courts if a complaint is lodged by the purchaser or a
government regulator.
Duress
Persons who are in a crisis state may be vulnerable to predatory marketers and
business practices. An extreme example of duress is a parent and child who are
stranded in an isolated desert environment as a result of a car accident.
Consider this situation. A taxi driver who is self-employed happens to drive by
and assesses the situation. S/he agrees to drive the parent and child to the next
town, 10 miles away, if the parent hands over all the cash in their wallet ($500).
In most jurisdictions, the courts may void this commercial transaction as it is an
example of unconscionable conduct. In certain jurisdictions, such opportunistic,

63
predatory commercial behavior may be regarded as extortion, i.e., a felony
criminal offence.
Conclusion
The forthcoming chapter continues my discussion of vulnerable groups. I add to
the list shown in Table 4. This discussion brings the issue of vulnerable industries
to the forefront of discussion. Some industries are vulnerable as a whole because
some scammers specifically target vulnerable groups who are overrepresented
among those who purchase goods and services in that sector.

64
Chapter Six
Vulnerable industries
Certain industries are more vulnerable to scams than others. These industries
may be more vulnerable to scams as they sell high-stakes goods and services to
vulnerable persons.
Some legal scammers target the persons from vulnerable demographic groups
shown in Table 5.
(It’s just a suggestion)

65
Table 5
Scamming: vulnerable industries
Vulnerable demographic Vulnerable industry
Homeless persons Rental housing, hotels, backpackers.
Disfigured and obese persons Cosmetic surgery, weight loss, counsellors.
Long-term unemployed Recruitment, training, education.
Persons with a financial crisis Finance companies, loan ‘shark’ financiers.
Persons who are lonely,
depressed and suicidal.
Health and wellbeing, dating services, religion,
faith healers, spiritual healers, clairvoyants.
Persons who do not have
long to live.
Faith healers, spiritual healers, clairvoyants,
religion.
Persons who have recently
acquired large wealth such as
an inheritance.
Financial advisors, luxury goods and services
providers, social and business network
membership organizations, charities.
Persons who do not speak the
local language fluently
All industries.

66
If you identify yourself as being a member of a vulnerable demographic, you
should exercise extreme caution when you rely on the advice published by
commercial providers of goods and services. You should also exercise caution
when dealing with not-for-profit entities such as religious bodies that do not have
an established reputation in your local community.
Fads
Some legitimate industries that offer massive positive benefits to our society are
vulnerable because some unscrupulous operators try to enter this industry and
make large profits fast, without adding value to our society.
The four industries listed in table 6 (see page 68) are popular and respected
industries globally among a range of actors including individuals, governments,
charities, research institutes and corporations. These industries are:
environmental management, aged care, Indigenous justice and ethical free
traders.
Over the past decade, public/private research institutes, universities and
governments have increased their funding in these four areas. As a result of this
massive growth in funding, many so-called ‘new players’ have entered the market
and their motives for doing so varies widely.

67
Fakers
Table 6 provides an example of how a dishonest operator may enter a respected
rapid growth industry in order to make fast profits without adding net positive
value to the economy or society.

68
Table 6
How scammers target reputable growth industries
Industry Scam example
Environmental
management and
sustainability
Companies with no track-record or genuine interest in
environmental sustainability may bid for government
research funds so that they can use most of these funds
to pay executive salaries for those who oversee industry
research. Their research approach may lack rigorous
scientific inquiry and push a corporate agenda.
Elderly care:
nursing homes
The aging of the global population has resulted in the
rapid expansion of nursing homes in developed
economies such as Japan and Canada. Individuals with
no passion for helping older persons may establish a
nursing home so that they can collect generous
government subsidies for patients on social security.
Because they do not care about older persons, they may
purchase semi-stale food and ration essential health care
in order to maximize profits.
Indigenous health
and justice
Individuals with no genuine interest in empowering
Indigenous communities may set up a legal practice or a
medical practice that offers basic services for Indigenous
persons. The aim of this business model seeks to
maximize the amount of funds that they collect from the
national government that is set aside for Indigenous
justice and Indigenous health care programs.
Free and
ethical trade
A corporation sets up its own ‘free ethical trade
accreditation’ body and registers a trademark logo for
use on goods and services that it accredits. This
corporation also sets up a new company that exploits
farmers from the poorest nations. This parasitic,
predatory corporation embeds a ‘free ethical trade
accreditation’ logo on all of its products. It does not
declare publicly that it owns and controls this
accreditation mill. Its sales and profits soar because
consumers assume that the accreditation body is an
ethical, independent not-for-profit entity.

69
Some laundry detergent manufacturers boast on their packages that “the amount
of surfactants in our product conforms to industry standards”. What does this
mean? This statement means that the commercial manufacturers have set their
own standards for managing environmental pollution caused by their product
independent of not-for-profit scientific advisory boards.
Is this a good, bad or neutral situation? That is for you to decide. The answer to
this question may depend on the unique circumstances of the case.
What is the core objective of the manufacturer? Is it profit maximization, the
desire to preserve the environment or does it pursue some other cause?
I advise people to always exercise special caution when they deal with commercial
entities that claim to support environmental sustainability, older persons,
Indigenous populations and ethical fair trade.

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Chapter seven
Twelve legal scams: illustration case studies
This chapter examines twelve popular examples of legal scams perpetrated by
some seller and marketers.
Case studies examine the following industries in this order:
• Rental housing
• Travel agencies
• Dieting, beauty and makeovers
• Complementary and alternative medicine
• Home repairs and trades
• Funeral services and products
• Finance: loans and credit
• Fast food and take-away food
• Real estate: home sales
• Optometrists
• English language testing
• Processed food and drink

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Legal scam 1: Unauthorized private rental brokers
Service Brokers and agents: rental accommodation.
Marketing P Product: creating a product that consumers do not need.
Vulnerable Homeless, immigrants, international students, youth.
Preys on The fear of homelessness.
How the
scam works
You pay the rental broker a fee to look at their list of rental
properties that are currently available on the market.
The broker will not tell you what properties are on their list
until you pay them a broker fee that is not refundable.
Many rental brokers will still collect your fee even if their
list is very small. The broker may know that they will never
have a listing that matches your budget and requirements.
Some brokers sell information copied from public sources
such as Internet web pages and newspaper advertisements.
Many brokers are not authorized agents that have official
capacity to act on behalf of those who provide a good or
service. They may try to mislead you into believing that
they are official agents.
Warning signs
(red flags)
● The broker does not have a professional website.
● The rental broker will only deal with you from a
distance e.g. by e-mail, fax, telephone. They will not
meet with you in person.
● The rental broker does not have a local office.
● The rental broker may respond to your
advertisement seeking accommodation, such as
advertisements placed on Craigslist or GumTree.
● The broker collects your funds anonymously e.g. via
MoneyGram, Western Union or direct bank deposit.
How to avoid
the scam
Avoid middle person brokers and agents unless you have
no alternative and you trust the broker. Deal direct with
the person who sells the good or service. Always pay by
check made out to a person or company name. It is best to
always pay direct into a local bank account. Your payment
can be traced by police if the broker disappears or defaults.

72
Legal scam 2: Travel agents and the frequent “one seat left” warning
Service Airline ticket sales.
Marketing P Promotion: providing false information to consumers.
Vulnerable
persons
Knowledge gap: deceiving people who automatically
believe what sales agents tell them.
Preys on Fear: you may miss the last seat and be left unhappy.
How the
scam works
A potential client visits a travel agent. The travel agent
ascertains the travel destination, travel dates and how
many tickets the client requires.
As the sales agent searches for tickets they constantly warn
the client that the number of available seats on alternative
flights is very small. These numbers will be equal to or
slightly greater than the number of tickets that the client
requires. The client cannot see the computer screen and do
not realize that the numbers quoted are fake. More tickets
are available than are being quoted.
The sales agent’s agenda aims to push the client into panic
buying the ticket. The sales agent fears that the client may
not buy the ticket if they leave the store and take time to
think about the purchase.
Warning signs
(red flags)
The sales agent has a pushy and urgent manner.
The sales agent will not show you the computer screen.
The sales agent repeatedly makes comments such as “if you
do not buy these tickets now, I cannot guarantee they will
be available in one hour.”
How to avoid
the scam
Buy airline tickets online direct from the airline carrier.
This may save you time and money. Their systems show
you how many seats are available. Avoid pushy sales agents
- ask for a different sales agent. Visit a travel agency that
will show you the computer screen.

73
Legal scam 3: Airbrushing and distorting ‘after’ images in photo series
Goods, services Weight loss diet plans, pills, therapy sessions, makeovers.
Marketing P Promotion: disseminating false images.
Vulnerable Overweight persons and persons with low self-esteem.
Preys on Fear, vanity e.g. the scammer may engage in ‘fat shaming’.
How the
scam works
Advertisements for diet products and makeovers may use
before and after photos of clients who have used these
services. These clients normally receive payment for
showing their images.
The ‘before’ images are designed to make the person look
unattractive and sad. The lighting used in the before
images may be dull. The person is wearing cheap
unfashionable clothes that do not match. The model is not
wearing makeup. They have unwashed, messy hair and
look bored.
In the ‘after’ photos the person is smiling. They are wearing
expensive fashionable clothes and makeup. Their hair is
professionally set. The lighting is bright.
The features that the photographer manipulates in the
photo sets have no relevance to weight loss. The only
images that are relevant are the body shapes.
Warning signs
(red flags)
The marketer is not comparing apples with apples because
the before and after shots use different special effects.
How to avoid
the scam
Look for objective facts and statements. An example is a
truthful statement made in the advertisement such as
“Barbara lost 16 pounds in 4 weeks. The only change she
made in her life style was to switch from her regular diet to
eating our pre-prepared meals three times per day.”
An objective comparison may show a person inside the
same pair of trousers (pants) before and after the diet plan.
The viewer can see how much looser the pants have
become in the after shot.

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Legal scam 4: Ambush marketing and false associations
Good and
services
Complementary and alternative medicine practices.
Marketing P Placement: selling or developing the product on the
premises (location) of an institution that has credibility.
Vulnerable
persons
Sick persons.
Preys on Knowledge gap: persons who may reasonably assume that
businesses are associated because their businesses are
located in a recognized health care precinct.
How the
scam works
Complementary and alternative medicine practitioners
may lease office space that is in the immediate proximity of
a hospital, a major medical clinic or a recognized
conventional health care precinct.
This behavior is a scam if the practitioner deliberately aims
to deceive members of the public into believing that their
alternative medicine practice has an association with a
hospital or medical clinic that is recognized by public
health regulators.
Warning signs
(red flags)
The alternative medical practitioner does not describe their
medical practice using words that are regulated by law. For
example, the words “Internal Medicine”, “Obstetrician”
and “Optometrist” are regulated by laws in most countries.
How to avoid
the scam
Make inquiries with a range of people and professionals to
obtain your own opinion about what forms of medical
support best suit your needs. Some complementary and
alternative medicine practitioners provide excellent
healthcare services that are recognized by health care
authorities in certain contexts.

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Legal scam 5: Suggesting extra work at inflated prices
Services Trades: electricians, plumbers, carpenters, builders etc.
Marketing P Price: inflating the cost of the work.
Product: creating fake work or exaggerating the urgency.
Vulnerable Knowledge gap: the client is not a tradesperson.
Preys on Homeowners. Elderly persons are often victims of such
scams as they may lack the mobility to climb up a ladder
and inspect parts of their home. Their eyesight may also
have reduced capacity to inspect finer details.
How the
scam works
A tradesperson visits a family home or business to offer a
price quote or service. During this process, they apparently
discover additional work that requires urgent attention.
They inform the owners of this discovery and offer a quote.
Warning signs
(red flags)
You could ask the tradesperson to show you the area that
they are talking about and explain why they have formed
this opinion. Few people request the tradesperson to show
them evidence about the problems that they have detected.
Another approach is to offer a comment such as “I know
another person who is also a qualified plumber and lives
close by. I might ask him/her to come over now and have a
talk to you and you can discuss this matter in further
detail”. A scammer will most likely try to avoid being
detected by a qualified tradesperson who knows what they
are talking about. The scammer may change their story or
say they are too busy meet the other person today.
How to avoid
the scam
Take a quote from the person who discovered the urgent
repairs and obtain this in writing. Do not pay for the quote
and do not pay for any preliminary work. Obtain multiple
independent quotes from other qualified tradespersons
and compare their feedback. You should not need to pay
any tradesperson to obtain a simple quote.

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Legal scam 6: Emotional blackmail schemes
Goods and
services
Funeral services and associated purchases.
Marketing P People: Emotions and manipulation.
Vulnerable
persons
Persons arranging funerals for their loved ones.
Preys on Duress: grief.
How the
scam works
Some funeral directors may subtly suggest that you should
purchase the highest quality coffin and full funeral services
because it is disrespectful to the dead to save costs when
arranging their burial or cremation.
Some funeral directors only show the most expensive
products and services unless the person purchasing the
funeral requests to see a list of cheaper alternatives.
Some funeral directors assume that a grieving person is not
thinking rationally and may gloss over issues such as price
and quality. They may also assume that the deceased
person’s estate will cover the cost of an expensive funeral.
In contrast to other purchases, such as holidays, those who
purchase funeral goods/services usually must act fast and
arrange a funeral or cremation within a few days of a death.
This gives them less time to compare alternatives. Some
funeral directors take advantage of these circumstances.
Warning signs
(red flags)
The funeral director may offer you a brochure that is
relatively thin. Thin, selective brochures offer you less
opportunity to obtain a fair price for goods and services.
How to avoid
the scam
Obtain quotes and brochures from multiple funeral
directors. Delegate funeral planning to a responsible adult
who seems to be less emotionally crippled by the death in
the aftermath of the event. The next of kin may not
necessarily be the best person to negotiate the financial
arrangements for a funeral.

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Legal scam 7: Delayed and increasing payment schedules
Service Sub-prime mortgage model: copycat schemes.
Marketing P Price
Vulnerable
persons
Homeless persons, families with children.
Preys on A person’s knowledge gap.
Greed: buy now and deal with the financial stress later.
How the
scam works
Many sellers of large items resell credit plans similar to the
subprime mortgage plan. The pay back rate starts off small
in the first year and becomes much steeper over time. The
pay back rate is not linked to a person’s income stream.
Many sellers prey on the fact that many people are focused
on getting goods that they cannot afford now, and pay little
attention to the detail contained in financial contracts.
Some people also tend to focus more on the short-term and
have an “it will be alright” delusional attitude about their
long-term prospects.
The seller may realize that the buyer can never meet the
payback schedule in future years unless their income grows
dramatically. In many cases the seller does not care for one
or two reasons. First, they are guaranteed of receiving a
commission for closing a sale. Second, they may plan to
bankrupt the person in future years, and use this process to
recover the lender’s assets that they have listed as security.
Warning signs
(red flags)
The pay back schedule is much higher in future years.
The pay back rate during the first year/s is zero or it is
relatively very low.
How to avoid
the scam
Consult a qualified independent financial advisor that you
trust. Read the contract carefully. Take responsibility for
your own actions. Ask the vendor as many questions as
necessary. Do not buy things that you cannot afford.

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Legal scam 8: Distorting mock up pictures of products
Good Popular in the fast food and processed food industries.
Marketing P Product
Vulnerable New customers.
Preys on Knowledge gap.
How the
scam works
Concept pictures of products look larger and more
appealing than the actual product. Popular with images
that display food and drink in fast food restaurants.
Warning signs
(red flags)
Any concept picture should be a warning sign. Marketers
aim to make the product look as appealing as possible.
How to avoid
the scam
Inspect the product before purchasing. Take a look at the
food on the tables that people are eating in the dining
room.
Legal scam 9: Real estate agents who aggressively promote auctions
Service Real estate auctioneer services.
Marketing P Product: pushing a product that the client may not desire.
Vulnerable Those who do not understand the real estate industry.
Preys on Knowledge gap.
How the
scam works
The real estate agent encourages you to select the auction
option over the in store sales negotiation option. If the
auction fails, the real estate agent still gets paid
handsomely for hosting the auction. If the property does
not sell in store, the real estate agent does not get paid a
sale fee.
Warning signs
(red flags)
The real estate agents is dismissive of the in store
negotiation option and does not offer convincing reasons.
How to avoid
the scam
Speak with a range of people and compare the advice
offered by different real estate agents.

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Legal scam 10: Direct debit only purchases
Goods and
services
Any sales agent that pretends that the direct debit option is
the only payment available.
Marketing P People: busy people often forget to make time to cancel a
direct debit for a product that they no longer require.
Vulnerable
persons
knowledge gap: lack of consumer awareness.
Preys on Potentially any person.
How the
scam works
The seller informs the buyer that the direct debit is the only
payment option when this is not true.
The direct debit option guarantees a regular fixed income
and continuous sales until the end of the contract or until
the buyer finds time to cancel the direct debit.
This scheme is popular with some retail suppliers of
disposable contact lenses. The seller may claim that the
only option available is to have 30-day supply posted to
your home every month and you must pay by direct debit.
The seller may claim that the manufacturer enforces these
terms.
Most people will not use 365 sets of disposable contact
lenses in one year. The seller knows this and will try to
force you to use a set a day - ‘take it or leave it’ as the
saying goes.
If the customer rejects this option and says they are leaving
the store, the sales agent may advise that alternative
payment plans are available.
Warning signs
(red flags)
The seller offers an alternative payment option only after
the customers selects the ‘leave it’ option.
How to avoid
the scam
If you want to take control of your bank account, shop
around and find an alternative supplier that does not want
you to sign over regular access to your bank account. I am
not aware of any good or service that is only available as a
direct debit option among all suppliers.

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Legal scam 11: Setting customers up to fail for repeat businesses
Service example Predatory English language global testing business partners.
Marketing P Product: purposefully delivering sub-standard services.
Vulnerable
persons
High stakes scenarios: Skilled migrants, international students,
foreign workers.
Preys on Fear: not being awarded a student/work/residency visa.
How the
scam works
The language testing staff is a rogue operator at a branch office
level or at the individual examiner level. English language
examiners know that the more times a candidate fail their
English language exam, the more times they need to purchase
language testing services from their local branch office. Some
English language testers fear that they may lose their job if too
many candidates receive a good and fair score at their first
attempt. An examiner may purposefully act in a way that is
cold, authoritarian and intimidating as a strategy to undermine
the confidence of the candidate during a speaking test or
another test. Such behavior is very difficult to prove and will
rarely qualify as an illegal scam. The examiner’s intimidating
behavior is not witnessed by others or captured on camera. It is
not possible for a court to demand that an English language
tester has a warm and approachable personality.
Possible
Warning signs
(red flags)
● Candidates must inform the English language tester of
their intended use of the exam as a condition of
enrolling. A fail score can be gauged from this data.
● The assessment system is not transparent.
● Candidates may not secure a copy of their English
language test content and examiner’s notes unless they
obtain a court order.
● Candidates do not receive the minimum required score
for one language skill each time they test and fail this
skill by the smallest of margins. A marginal fail is most
likely awarded for a subjective skill: speaking or writing.
How to avoid
the scam
Avoid English language testers and branch offices that have a
bad reputation. Research the reputation of each test
alternative. Type the words “International English language
tests scam” into a search Engine and read consumer reviews
for each test type.

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Legal scam 12: Exaggerating the key ingredient quantity
Good Popular in manufactured/processed food and drink.
Marketing P Product
Vulnerable
persons
Those who are not fluent readers of the language used to
label the product description.
Preys on Knowledge gaps: food and beverage.
How the
scam works
The label manufacturer prominently displays an ingredient
used in the food or drink that is the most:
● nutritious ingredient
● expensive ingredient
● popular among consumers.
If the consumer reads the product label in full, they will
discover that the ingredient that is featured on the front of
the package comprises a very small percentage of all
ingredients.
Warning signs
(red flags)
The language used on the front of the package seems to
contradict the featured words and images. For example, a
juice carton may show many fresh cranberries on the front
of the package. To conform to local laws, the manufacturer
calls the product “cranberry flavored drink” because the
beverage contains 50% water, 49% corn syrup and 1%
cranberries. Furthermore, it is made from frozen
concentrate and not from freshly squeezed cranberries.
Some juice companies that only sell frozen reconstituted
juice use the words ‘fresh’, ‘daily’ or ‘squeezed’ in their
company names. It is possible that some consumers may
assume the juice sold is fresh and was not frozen for years.
How to avoid
the scam
Read the product labels carefully.

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Chapter Eight
Ignoring marketing messages
Whether you wish to ignore sellers and advertisers to some degree in the future is
your choice. This chapter aims to offer advice to aid those who wish to reduce
their exposure to commercial advertising and high-pressure sales tactics.
You may wish to consider deliberately reducing your exposure to sellers and
marketers if you are on or more of the following:
● Having difficulties servicing your existing debt payments;
● A shopping ‘addict’ who frequently regrets the purchases that you have
made after the sale is finalized;
● A person who finds it difficult to say ‘no’ to sales offers;
● A person who finds it difficult to ignore marketers when you wish that you
were able to.
Just say no
One strategy that you may employ to reduce your exposure to marketing
messages and sales agents is to ‘just say no!’. Just say no every time.

83
Never feel embarrassed, guilty or ashamed for ignoring a marketer/seller or for
abruptly ending the conversations with such persons at any point in time.
Virtually all marketers/sellers expect that most people will ignore them or end
the conversation fast. This is the norm in their industry.
If you ignore a marketer/seller or end the conversation they will simply move
on to the next person and think nothing of you ignoring them.
You are not a bad person because you ignored a
pushy marketer or an aggressive sales person.
A marketer or salesperson who uses pushy or aggressive sales tactics is the sort
of person that you have every right to ignore or move away from.
Global ignore policy
If you struggle to find a way to selectively ignore sellers and marketers, the
easiest way may be to have a policy of always ignoring marketers/sellers that
contact you first. This includes direct contact and indirect contact.

84
Direct contact occurs when a seller/marketer is engaging with you as individual.
This may be in person, such as in the store or on the doorstep of your residence.
It may also occur via modes such as email or over the telephone.
Indirect contact occurs when the marketer/seller communicates a message that
reaches yourself and the masses at the same time. Examples include television
advertisements and radio advertisements.
Selective engagement policy
You may choose to engage with marketing messages on your own terms if you
adopt the global ignore policy. For example, if you know that your car no longer
works, and cannot be fixed, you may read only the Internet advertisements and
speak only with the car salespersons that you want to engage with.
Cooling off period
A good way to avoid purchases that you do not want/need or cannot afford is to
have a policy of never purchasing an item on the day that you first see the item.
This policy is useful for major purchases and will help you avoid impulse buying.
This policy works best when you have good self-discipline and stick with this

85
policy at least 98% of the time. On rare occasions there will be an impulse buying
situation that is good value. You may genuinely need an item that may be on sale
for a very short period of time. A flashing light inside a department store that has
genuinely marked 90% off of the original marked price of household goods that
you need is a good example.
Please remember that many marketers and sellers are trained to coax wary
people into making impulse purchases. For example, you may inform a sales
person inside the store “I will make a decision tonight and get back to you” and
start to walk away. In response to this polite assertive statement some marketers
may call out to you as you are walking away “I will give you a further 15%
discount, but only if you make the purchase now”.
Refunds
It is a good idea to favor buying products from sellers that allow you to return the
good for a full refund if you change your mind. Many department stores will
allow you to do this if you keep your receipt and the packaging and goods are in
their original condition.
This policy can be expensive if you buy goods on the Internet that are refundable.
You will be required to pay the cost of the incoming postage/handling charges
and outgoing postage. This can sometimes exceed $100 in total.

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Chapter nine
Checklists: scams and genuine purchases
This chapter offers a general checklist that you may find useful for most
situations that require you to engage with advertising, marketers and sellers. It is
also useful to refer to any time that you make a purchase.
This chapter also offers a general checklist that may aid you to identify scammers
and scam business practices.
These two checklists presented in this chapter partially overlap. Table 7 focuses
on assessing general criteria to aid you to decide if you want to deal with a
supplier and purchase a product. Table 7 provides a shorter set of criteria that
may be ‘red flags’ which suggest that a seller and its goods and services should be
avoided.
Purchasing
Some of the items shown in Table 7 may not relate to all situations. You need to
decide for yourself on a case-by-case basis which criteria are relevant and what
responses best suit your needs. A ‘yes’ or ‘no’ answer does not automatically
mean that purchasing a good or service is a good, bad or neutral option.

87
The criteria listed in Table 7 are objective. The answers to all questions are ‘black
or white’ type responses if you remain honest with yourself. You may need to
think critically to find the truthful answer. For example, recall that fake
accreditation bodies exist.

88
Table 7: A checklist for purchasing goods and services
Criteria Your response
Can I afford this good or service?
Is this purchase urgent or essential?
How old is the company?
Can I find details about the company’s website on
WHOIS? If yes, when was the domain name registered?
Is the company/product accredited by a government
authority or a recognized independent agency?
Are the organization’s professional staff licensed and
regulated by an independent professional organization?
Does the company have a physical office in my country?
Can I take this company to a small claims court in my
local jurisdiction (state/province or national)?
Does the company have a refund policy?
Does the company have a detailed corporate website?
Does the corporate website show the names, faces, work-
history and contact details of its executive leadership?
What sort of stories do I see if I type the company name
into a search engine such as Yahoo, Bing or Google?
Does the company use asterisks * to footnote important
details about the contract that are not included in the
headline or in the speaker’s comments?
Does the company use smaller font to list conditions and
exceptions in footnotes or at the end of the contract?
Does the company employ scam tactics such as those
listed in this digital book?
Are the company’s financial statements audited and
made available for public inspection?

89
Asterisks
Many advertisers use asterisks to highlight exceptions and additional conditions
beyond what is stated in advertising headlines and what the speaker may say
during a television commercial.
In some cases there are good reasons for this. It is sometimes not possible to list
all details inside a headline.
In some cases, the use of asterisks and small footnotes to highlight exceptions
and special conditions is a cynical ploy used by marketers to mislead consumers
into focusing on the product benefits as stated in the headline. These benefits are
usually placed in a prominent place and displayed in large, bold, colored font.
Figure 17 is an example of the use of asterisks in advertisements by predatory
marketers.

90
Figure 17
The use of asterisks by scammers
XYZABC Newbie cell phone plan Limited
SPECIAL OFFER:
FREE PHONE CALLS FOR
APRIL IF YOU PURCHASE
1 GIG OF DATA*
Dial 1855-recharging-now to take
advantage of this special offer.
Hurry! Offer ends in 2 days.
*Excludes calls made on weekends, calls between 7pm and midnight and calls to: international
destinations, chat lines and the use of the callback option.
For many, it is natural to focus on the big picture and ignore the details.
I argue that such behavior is a legal scam because the single benefit is shown in a

91
relatively large blue colored font. In contrast to this presentation style, the
multiple exceptions are in a much smaller font. If the seller can find the space to
display one benefit in large font, it should replicate the same format for the
exclusions. Take note how the asterisk and the text are shown in a lighter font
that italicize the words.
Fine print
Some contracts list exceptions and other terms and conditions in smaller font
sizes than is displayed in the main body of the contact. The terms and conditions
displayed in smaller font are normally shown as footnotes or as endnotes. These
clauses are of equal standing to clauses in the main body of the contract that
appear in regular sized font.
Figure 18 is an example of the use of fine print by those who engage in legal
scams.

92
Figure 18
The use of fine print by scammers
XYZABC Travel Insurance Limited
Insurance sales contract (continued) page 22 of 22.
Clause 112
Original receipts must be provided to support claims for all items that were
lost or stolen. If you cannot provide original receipts, your claim for that item
will be rejected.
____________________________________
Notes
You have no right of claim against the insurer in cases where we have acted negligently.
The insurer reserves the right to alter the terms and conditions of this contract without reason and
without notice.
I argue that this business practice is a scam if there is no fair and logical
explanation for using shrunken fonts for the terms and conditions inserted as
footnotes or endnotes that advantage the seller.
This business practice disadvantages persons with below average eyesight such as
long sighted persons.
Red flags
You are advised to be extremely cautious of dealing with any seller where the
answer is ‘yes’ to every question listed in Table 8.

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Table 8
A checklist for identifying suspected scammers
Criteria Yes or No
This seller has contacted me by telephone, email or
postal mail even though I have no association with this
firm. I have never purchased from them in past and I
have never provided them with my contact details.
Question 2 (a)
The seller that is trying to sell me this good or service is
using a pop up banner on the Internet that has no
connection to the web page that I am reading.
Question 2 (b)
Urgent red flag:
The pop up banner has been designed to go around
firewall blocks such as adware and spyware that my
computer uses to block pop up advertisements.
Urgent red flag:
The company is using unauthorized adware or spyware
to control my computer and communicate messages.
Urgent red flag:
The seller only takes payment via credit cards or money
transfer companies such as Western Union or
MoneyGram.

94
Chapter 10
Ethical marketing template
This chapter puts forward a suggested template that sales agents, marketers,
consumers and others may refer to as a point of reference to reflect on ethical
marketing practices.
This chapter and the decision template is a work-in-progress project. I argue that
the template shown in Table 9 lists the essential guidelines that ethical sellers
and marketers should adhere to.
I welcome constructive feedback from others.

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Table 9
10 point plan for ethical marketing
Issue Your comments
1. The seller has a refund policy that is accessible
prior to the purchase. This refund policy is
never changed without adequate notice.
2. All conflicts-of-interest related to the sale of
goods and services are disclosed in full detail
and in a timely manner.
3. The organization has a grievance policy.
4. The corporate contact details of senior
management are made available.
5. The seller does not engage in lawful or unlawful
misleading and deceptive scam practices.
6. The seller’s business model is transparent.
7. The seller offers full product disclosure about
its products including details such as risk and
consequences of long-term usage.
8. The seller does not request that customers sign
away their right to take legal action against the
seller for malpractice or negligence.
9. The seller adheres to consumer protection laws
and other laws at all times.
10. The seller has a policy that details the ethical
business practices that it supports throughout
its entire supply chain. The content of this
policy document states that it aims to ensure
that it does not exploit plants, animals, people,
and the environment.

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Engaging stakeholders
The influence that others may exert over sellers, marketers and manufacturers
may vary by context and jurisdiction. Table 10 discusses the role that
stakeholders may play in eliminating scam practices that affect their business and
its reputation.
The details provided in table 10 offer you alternative points of contact in cases
where you are unable to achieve a satisfactory outcome when you complain to the
seller or manufacturer of a good or service.

97
Table 10
Stakeholders who have an interest preventing legal business scams
Stakeholder Example
Marketing associations http://www.nordma.no/about-nordma-norwegian-
direct-marketing-association.338295.html
Other
professional bodies https://www.ama-assn.org/
Business partners:
Licensors, advertisers,
sponsors, shareholders
http://www.cbcf.org/central/PartnersSponsors/Page
s/default.aspx
Manufacturers https://www.cdc.gov/safewater/oxfam-bucket.html
Small claims courts https://www.statecourts.gov.sg/SmallClaims/Pages/
GeneralInformation.aspx
Consumer Affairs
Statutory Authorities http://www.fcnb.ca/consumer-affairs.html
Consumer’s rights
advocates
https://www.consumerprotectionbc.ca/consumers-
alias/help-for-consumer-rights
The media http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/c/world/canada/
These website addresses were active as of 1 May 2017.
Not all marketers and sales agents are members of professional bodies that
impose a code of ethics on their members. Marketing is a relatively new discipline
compared to other professions such as Accounting and Nursing.

98
Chapter 11
Consumer protection
This chapter provides contact details of institutions that may be able to assist
those who have been scammed by employers and the sellers of goods and
services.
For illustration purposes, this chapter centers on what I term members of the
CRANZUKUS club: Canada, the Republic of Ireland, Australia, New Zealand,
United Kingdom and the United States.
Most other countries offer comparable services and associations to the six
countries listed in this chapter. You may locate these via Internet search engines.
The contact details listed in this chapter center on the needs of three vulnerable
groups: foreign workers, immigrants and international students.
Local resources and support
International students, migrants and foreign workers have the same rights and
legal protections as local citizens. You should not hesitate to contact a legal officer
of a government authority or another party such as a trade union attorney if you

99
have been mistreated or cheated by another person or organization.
Free assistance is available for International students, migrants and foreign
workers who have been treated unlawfully. These sources include student unions,
workers unions, legal aid and consumer protection agencies.
The resources listed overleaf are initial points of contact. They are peak bodies
and do not necessarily help individuals. Their websites and staff may direct you
to the most appropriate contact.
The institutions that may help you will vary depending on factors such as the
industry that you work in and the college where you study (i.e. the local student
union).

100
Table 11
Consumer protection agencies
Country National government website
Canada http://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/oca-bc.nsf/eng/home
Ireland http://ccpc.ie/
Australia http://consumerlaw.gov.au/consumer-affairs-forum/
New Zealand https://www.beehive.govt.nz/portfolio/commerce-and-
consumer-affairs
United States https://www.justice.gov/civil/consumer-protection-
branch
United Kingdom https://www.gov.uk/government/policies/consumer-
protection
State, territory, regional and provincial governments may also offer consumer
protection services. For example, see
http://www.gov.scot/Topics/Business-Industry/ConsumerCompetition
Table 12
Small claims courts
Country National government website
Canada http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/csj-sjc/ccs-ajc/02.html
Ireland http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/justice/courts_system/
small_claims_court.html
Australia https://www.accc.gov.au/contact-us/other-helpful-
agencies/small-claims-tribunals
New Zealand https://www.disputestribunal.govt.nz/
United States https://www.usa.gov/consumer-complaints
United Kingdom https://www.gov.uk/make-court-claim-for-money/overview

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Table 13
Student unions
Country National peak body
Canada http://cfs-fcee.ca/
http://www.casa-acae.com/
Ireland http://usi.ie/
Australia http://www.nus.org.au/
New Zealand http://www.students.org.nz/
http://www.students.org.nz/contactus
United States http://usstudents.org/
United Kingdom https://www.nus.org.uk/
Table 14
Workers’ unions
Country National peak body
Canada http://canadianlabour.ca/
Ireland http://www.ictu.ie/
Australia http://www.actu.org.au/
New Zealand http://www.union.org.nz/
United States https://aflcio.org/
United Kingdom https://www.tuc.org.uk/

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Table 15
Legal aid
Country National government reference
Canada http://www.justice.gc.ca/eng/fund-fina/gov-gouv/aid-aide.html
Ireland http://www.legalaidboard.ie/en/
Australia http://www.australia.gov.au/content/legal-aid
New Zealand https://www.justice.govt.nz/courts/going-to-court/legal-aid/
United States https://www.usa.gov/legal-aid
United Kingdom https://www.gov.uk/legal-aid/overview
Legal aid may be provided by state/provincial governments (e.g. Ontario) and
regional governments (e.g. Scotland). Example - Ontario Government:
http://www.legalaid.on.ca/en/

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Chapter 12
An ethical corporation case study
This chapter aims to end this book on a positive note.
There are many ethical corporations on our planet that add massive positive net
value to our global society. Choosing one to show case is not an easy task.
I have chosen the Body Shop. I have not received payment for this endorsement
and I have no connection to the Body Shop whatsoever. I made a handful of
purchases at Body Shop outlets in London during the mid to late 1990s.
My affection for the Body Shop stems from the positive memories I have of this
business from friends and acquaintances who are regular customers.
Positive attributes of The Body Shop:
● It uses only natural ingredients
● It does not test active ingredients on animals
● Business ethics remain at the forefront of its business model
● The business model does not attack women’s self-esteem for profit.
Further reading:
http://theconversationspace.com/wpcontent/pdfs/The_Body_Shop_Case_Stud
y_Article.pdf

Avoid legal scams and save money : free digital book

Avoid legal scams and save money : free digital book

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