1. Life cycle of PharmaceuticalManufacturing GreenPharmEdu.org

2. Life cycle of PharmaceuticalManufacturing Energy Water Air Solid Waste Transportation

3. Energy Healthcare organizations spend over $6.5 billion on energy each year. http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/challenge/learn_more/Healthcare.pdf Pharmaceutical manufacturing plants in the U.S. spend nearly $1 billion each year for the fuel and electricity they need to keep their facilities running. Improving Energy Efficiency in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Operations Authors: Galitsky, Christina; Chang, Sheng-chieh; Worrell, Ernst; Masanet, Eric2006-06-01 LBNL-60288 http://ies.lbl.gov/node/351

4. Water In 2005, the average pharmaceutical company used 22 million cubic meters of freshwater 17 (59%) which is sourced mainly from municipal water supplies 13 (40%) wells or boreholes Water consumption has been targeted by Pharma for conservation practices. Programs are continuing to reduce consumption

5. Air The heavy use of solvents in drug research, development, and manufacturing results in the emission of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs), such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Theemissions of VOCs can give rise to ground level ozone in the presence of UV light, which has adverse effects on human and plant life. In order to curb air pollution, the pharmaceutical industry is increasing the reuse and recycling of solvents during drug manufacturing and installing VOC abatement equipment.

6. C02 and Pharm Footprint Procurement forms 60% of the emissions for which National Health Service England is responsible; within the procurement sector pharmaceuticals are the largest subsector, making up 22% of total emissions. Emissions from procurement of pharmaceuticals make up one fifth of the total CO2 emissions for NHS England, and are comparable to emissions from either building energy use or travel sectors.

7. NHS Recommendation Examine usage/wastage of pharmaceuticals manufactuers Work with key manufacturers on lowering GHG emission Study the carbon intensities by world region for generic and R&D based medicines Investigate alternative models of care which may be less drug intensive

8. Solid Waste More than 80% of the hazardous waste in drug development consists of solvents that are used in production processes, and a daunting number of regulations guide and restrict the way hazardous waste is handled. Solid waste trends for many of the larger pharmaceutical companies continue to show reductions in quantities needing to be incinerated or disposed of in landfills

9. Transportation Transportation of pharmaceutical by manufacturers is equivalent to the impact of transportation by patients and staff for the entire health care sector. Pharmaceuticals developed overseas have a far greater CO2 footprint due to lower standards many developing countries.

10. Sustainability Initiatives Sustainability initiatives are an essential aspect of most of the major companies. Abbott Labs Johnson & Johnson Pfizer GlaxoSmithKline Roche All have initiative well under way http://www.sustainability-index.com/