Best ever slide of Hypertension, risk factors,cause of it, definition, targets, mechanism of action, classification of antihypertensive drugs, conclusion, references, smocking as risk factor all details.......................................................................................

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3.  Introduction:
It is a cardio-vascular disease commonly known as
Arterial Hypertension ( AHT ) in which the blood pressure
in arteries are elevated as more than 120/80 mm-Hg
systolic & diastolic respectively.
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4.  Classification of Hypertension:
According to European Society of Cardiology,---
Hypertension is classified into 3 categories. These are
following-----
Grade-I = Blood pressure is greater than 140/90 mm-Hg.
Grade-II = Blood pressure is greater than 160/100 mm-Hg.
Grade-III = Blood pressure is greater than 180/110 mm-Hg.
In India, 95% of the hypertensive patient having Grade-III
Hypertension.
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 Cause of Hypertension:

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 Risk Factors of Hypertension:
1. Hyperlipidemia ( Diposition of fat in arteries & kidney )
2. Smoking
3. Diabetes mellitus
4. Stress ( Continuous production of O2
- )
HDL LDL
Blood pressure due to viscosity of blood .
Blood pressure due to g.f.r to plasma volume.

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Smoking:
Tobacco
Nicotine N - receptor
NN NM
Activation of these two receptor
Adrenaline secretion Skeletal muscle contraction
Activate β-receptor work capability
Specially β1-receptor ( cardiac muscle)
Rate & force of cardiac contraction
Blood flow
B.P

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 Management of Hypertension:
TARGETS MECHANISM OF
ACTION
CLASSIFICATION OF
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
PLASMA
VOLUME
(PV)
PV = Blood Volume = B.P
ActivateV1 receptor of Vasopressin
Vasodialation
1. Diuretics: (Increase Urination)
Thiazides: Hydrochlorothiazide
High ceiling: Furosemide
K+ Sparing: Spironolactone, Amiloride
2. Calcium channel blocker:
Diltiazem, Verapamil, Nifedipine,
Amlodipine
Cardiac
Output (CO)
HR = CO = BP
Activate β1 receptor
Rate & force of cardiac contraction
3. a) Non-selective β blocker: Propranolol
b) Cardio selective β1 blocker:
Metoprolol, Atenolol, Esmolol, Sotalol
4. Vasodilators: Nitroprusside, Hydralazine

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TARGETS MECHANISM OF
ACTION
CLASSIFICATION OF
ANTIHYPERTENSIVE DRUGS
Peripheral
Resistance (PR)
(Ability of blood
to flow into
artery)
PR ∞ 1/diameter of arteries
BP = CO × PR
BP = CO × PR
BP = CO × PR
BP = CO × PR
Increased PR is due to imbalance
between vasoconstrictor &
vasodialator molecule in favour of
VC.
5. Direct Renin Inhibitor:
Aliskiren, Remikiren, Fomikiren
6. ACE Inhibitor:
Captopril, Lisinopril, Rabepril
7. AT1 Antagonist:
Losartan, Condesartan, Valsartan,
Telmesartan
8. α1 Blocker:
Prazosin, Terazosin, Doxazosin
9. α+β Blocker:
Labetelol, Carvedilol
10. Central Sympatholytics:
Methyl dopa, Clonidine
Normal condition
VC
VD
VCVD

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 Conclusion:
 Hypertension is a very common disorder, particularly past
middle age.
 It is not a disease in itself, but is an important risk factor
for cardio-vascular mortality & morbidity.
 If hypertension not treated properly then it leads Angina
pectoris.

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Marketed antihypertensive drugs:

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 References:
 KD Tripathi M.D., Essentials of Medical Pharmacology, 7th
Ed., Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd.,
Antihypertensive drug, Page no.: 558-574.
 Anne Waugh, Allison Grant, Ross and Wilson Anatomy and
Physiology in Health and Illness, 9th Ed., Churchill
Livingstone, The cardiovascular System, Disorder of Blood
Pressure, Hypertension, Page no.: 124-126.

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