Running head: DIVERSITY ISSUES IN CAREER COUNSELING 1 DIVERSITY ISSUES IN CAREER COUNSELING 5 Diversity Issues in Career Counseling Janine Vereen COUN5279 Professor Fred Wilson Diversity Issues in Career Counseling According to Arthur & McMahon (2005), over the years, the population has changed from homogenous groups to mosaic people. The mixture of different groups of people come with diverse customs and cultures. The diversity has influenced many aspects of the society in that the focus has shifted from monoculturalism to a wider focus, and that is multiculturalism. The idea of an integration of society with different groups of people has probed the career counselors to adapt more combative measures in counseling the various groups found in the same society. Various characteristics define the diversity issues in career counseling. Taneka is a teenager in junior high school in need of vocational guidance. As the eldest sibling in a family of three, she exhibits characteristics of a responsible, hardworking and a dependable young adult. In this case, Taneka, an African-American girl from a low-income family needs career counselling. Any career advice that Taneka can get from a career counselor must address some of the characteristics of diversity issues in career development. Age is one of the characteristics which plays a significant role in the type of counseling that a professional counselor must consider so that it can help her to transition from high school to college and the job market as well. By the fact that she is still a teenager, the relationship would be the one of a mentor and a mentee. At this level, Taneka would be required to consider adult questions and make adult choices. The kind of counseling focuses on comparable outcomes, and that is socialization to higher education both socially and academically. At seventeen years, Taneka needs advice on the best career path to follow. Her abilities to deal with people would make her prosper in the sales business. As a professional counselor, I must be able to foster a relationship that respects all parties and in this case, the relationship should employ cultural sensitivity and diplomacy (Arthur & McMahon, 2005). In her family, post-secondary education has never been given much priority due to the lack of the financial resources. However, since Taneka had seen some light on the issue, I should be sensitive to her feeling about the matter and try to make her understand the importance of furthering her studies. In the counselling process, understanding the client is critical. In the case of Taneka, the counselling would be a client-centered approach (Arthur & McMahon, 2005). Gender impacts counselling significantly. Since Taneka is a woman, the advice should be centered on matters affecting women in the societ ...

1. Running head: DIVERSITY ISSUES IN CAREER
COUNSELING 1
DIVERSITY ISSUES IN CAREER COUNSELING
5
Diversity Issues in Career Counseling
Janine Vereen
COUN5279
Professor Fred Wilson
Diversity Issues in Career Counseling
According to Arthur & McMahon (2005), over the years, the
population has changed from homogenous groups to mosaic
people. The mixture of different groups of people come with
diverse customs and cultures. The diversity has influenced many
aspects of the society in that the focus has shifted from
monoculturalism to a wider focus, and that is multiculturalism.
The idea of an integration of society with different groups of
people has probed the career counselors to adapt more

2. combative measures in counseling the various groups found in
the same society. Various characteristics define the diversity
issues in career counseling.
Taneka is a teenager in junior high school in need of vocational
guidance. As the eldest sibling in a family of three, she exhibits
characteristics of a responsible, hardworking and a dependable
young adult. In this case, Taneka, an African-American girl
from a low-income family needs career counselling. Any career
advice that Taneka can get from a career counselor must address
some of the characteristics of diversity issues in career
development.
Age is one of the characteristics which plays a significant role
in the type of counseling that a professional counselor must
consider so that it can help her to transition from high school to
college and the job market as well. By the fact that she is still a
teenager, the relationship would be the one of a mentor and a
mentee. At this level, Taneka would be required to consider
adult questions and make adult choices. The kind of counseling
focuses on comparable outcomes, and that is socialization to
higher education both socially and academically. At seventeen
years, Taneka needs advice on the best career path to follow.
Her abilities to deal with people would make her prosper in the
sales business.
As a professional counselor, I must be able to foster a
relationship that respects all parties and in this case, the
relationship should employ cultural sensitivity and diplomacy
(Arthur & McMahon, 2005). In her family, post-secondary
education has never been given much priority due to the lack of
the financial resources. However, since Taneka had seen some
light on the issue, I should be sensitive to her feeling about the
matter and try to make her understand the importance of
furthering her studies. In the counselling process, understanding
the client is critical. In the case of Taneka, the counselling
would be a client-centered approach (Arthur & McMahon,
2005).
Gender impacts counselling significantly. Since Taneka is a

3. woman, the advice should be centered on matters affecting
women in the society. The cultural conceptions influence the
career choices that people choose. In the case of Taneka, as a
career counselor, I have to listen to her perception about her
understanding of the career paths and the role that gender plays
in the same. Gender variations in the selection of activities that
constrain occupational choices occur earlier in the life cycle. In
the case of Taneka, she did not put much effort in studies while
in her early years in high school since she saw no need to put
the needed efforts to make her go to college. As a career
counselor, I would advise her on the range of career paths she
can follow with the kind of grades and show her ways of getting
the financial resources in advance to prepare for the course she
chooses.
Biases and Assumptions have a telling effect on the counselling
process both to the counsellor and the client. To start with, the
client may have assumptions about an individual career and a
counselor must have the knowledge on how to explain such
assumptions and biases. Taneka had the perception that college
was out of her reach due to the family’s socioeconomic status
and the fact that no one in her family had proceeded to college
(Ponterotto, 2010).
Also cultural bias can influence the counselling session. The
western culture emphasizes autonomy, competition,
independence and assertiveness while those from the east
emphasize on interdependence, cooperation, maturity and
compliance. The counsellor must realize the differences in the
sets of values and strike a balance between the two when
carrying out the counselling process. The values of the
counselor may have an influence on the client’s values. The
values of the counselor affect how they work with the clients.
Counselors must understand their values and those of their
clients as well. Values act as points of reference for individuals;
the counselors must be careful that their values do not conflict
with those of the clients because this would cause a strained
relationship. Counselors must stay neutral so that the clients can

4. move from an external to an internal locus of control
(Ponterotto, 2010).
Over the years, career counselling in the U.S has
developed a comprehensive network of theories and intervention
strategies that make counselling worthwhile. In the case of
Taneka, various models can be manipulated to give positive
results amid the potential challenges in the counselling process.
The life cycle developmental model can be used to outline the
abilities, personalities, interests, values and self-concepts.
Under the assumption that each occupation requires a set of
characteristics would help the counselor determine Taneka
where would fit best.
The identity development model would assist the client to
develop and implement a self-identity. As the self-concept
becomes more realistic and stable, so does vocational choice
and behavior. People like occupations where they are free to
assert their personal identity, and this would help Taneka. The
gender development theory would help address the challenge of
making it in a male-dominated occupation and help her become
a success in the line of work. The empowerment that comes with
the counselling would give her the confidence to face the
challenges in the chosen career path (Ronzio, 2012).
References
Arthur, N., & McMahon, M. (2005). Multicultural Career
Counseling: Theoretical Applications of the Systems Theory
Framework (1st ed., p. pg. 208). University ofCalgary, 2500
University Dr. N. W, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2.
Ponterotto, J. (2010). Handbook of multicultural counseling.
Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE Publications.
Ronzio, C. (2012). Counseling Issues for Adult Women in
Career Transition. Journal Of Employment Counseling, 49(2),
74-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-1920.2012.00008.x

5. HS320-6: Explain the Immune System’s role in defense against
microbial diseases and
immune disorders.
Instructions
· Write an essay identifying the role of the Immune System in
defense during a microbial infection
· Highlight the main differences between parasitic and fungal
infections
· Show how the role changes within an immunocompromised
patient
Requirements
· The essay should include a minimum of 500 words.
Grading Rubric
· Provides clear defensive role for the immune system during
microbial infection
· Compares parasitic infection between non-
immunocompromised and immunocompromised persons
· Compares fungal infection between non- immunocompromised
and immunocompromised persons

6. Running head: CAREER COUNSELING THEORY
4
CAREER COUNSELING THEORY
Career Counseling Theory and Relationship Strategies
Janine Vereen
COUN5279 – Life Plng & Career Development
January 31, 2016
Professor Fred Wilson
Abstract
The case study chosen is a Taneka, a 17-year-old African
American female. She is a high school junior the oldest of three
siblings living with her single-parent mother. As the oldest
child, Taneka has held major responsibilities throughout her life
to support her working mother, such as carrying for her younger
siblings, Derrick, now age 14, and Kenya, age 12. Krumboltz
Learning Theory of Careers Choice and Counseling (LTCC)
would be the best approach for Taneka, since her environmental
conditions is interfering with her ability to make a career
decision without abandoning her mother and siblings.
The Learning Theory of Career Choice and Counseling (LTCC)
was developed by John D. Krumboltz. Career decisions are the
product of countless numbers of learning experiences made
possible by encounters with the people, institutions and events
in a person’s particular environment. People choose their
careers based on what they have learned. Krumboltz proposed
that there are four main factors that influence career choice,
which are genetic influences, environmental conditions and
events, learning experiences and task approach skills (e.g., self-
observation, goal setting and information seeking) (Mitchell &
Krumbolt, 1996). The consequences of these factors and most

7. particularly learning experiences lead people to develop beliefs
about the nature of careers and their role in life (self-
observational generalizations). These beliefs, whether realistic
or not, influence career choices and work related behavior.
Unit 3 - Career Counseling Theory and Relationship Strategies
Career counseling has been regarded as a personal emotional
type counseling ( Osipow & Walsh 1990). However, clients
attempting to choose careers need more than solutions to their
emotional problems. Counselors must be prepared to choose for
a client, who is considering a career choice intervention that is
appropriate. Taneka needs a career counselor who will be
supportive. Supportive therapy helps the client to deal with his
or her problem, and provides the client with an understanding
and accepting counselor.
The Learning Theory of Career Choice and Counseling helps the
client by identifying the origin of his career choices and assist
with creating a guide to challenge career related problems. The
counselor starts with understanding how a client came to their
career related view of themselves and the world and what is
limiting or problematic about this view. Once this has been
established, the counselor and client can identify what career
relevant learning experiences, modeling or skill building will
help them redirect their view (Mitchell & Krumbolt, 1996).
The basic tenets of LTCC involve cooperation between client
and counselor. They include: (1) Clients need to expand their
capabilities and interests with the help of the counselor to
explore new activities (2) Clients need to prepare for changing
work tasks and, with the counselor help, learn to cope with the
stress of learning new skills throughout their careers (3) Clients
need to be set free from fear and set free to courageously take
responsibility for directing their own career path and making
tough career decisions, and (4) Though the counselor is crucial
in helping clients attain the first three tenets, the counselor is

8. most needed to provide ongoing counseling where career and
personal counseling is blended to help the client deal with all
career related concerns including “burnout, underemployment,
relationships with co-workers” (Niles & Harris-Bowlesby,
2009) and any other life issues.
Career counselors need to use assessment results of abilities,
interest, viewpoint, principles and personality types to search
for potential areas for development and to create additional
learning experiences (Bimrose, 2004). The intended goal for the
career practitioner is to help their clients “to create satisfying
lives for themselves" (Niles & Harris-Bowlesby, 2009, p. 79)
both now and for the future (Feller, Honaker, Zagzebski, 2001).
Krumboltz stated that the way a person thinks ultimately
controls his or her actions, including career choices. If a person
is unsure on what path they want to take, then it could possibly
lead them in the wrong direction. (Krumboltz, 1994).
References
Archer, J, McCarthy, C. 1. (2007). Theories of counseling and
psychotherapy. Upper Saddle
River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc.
Kirschenbaum, H., & Jourdan, A. (2005). The current status of
Carl Rogers and the person-
centered approach. Psychotherapy:Theory, Research, Practice,
Training, 42(1), 37-51 .
Bimrose, J. (2004, August 29). Learning theory of careers
choice & counselling. NGRF –
National Guidance Research Forum. Retrieved January 31, 2016
from

9. http://www.guidance-
research.org/EG/impprac/ImpP2/traditional/learning-theory/
Feller, R. W., Honaker, S. L., & Zagzebski, L. M. (2001).
Theoretical voices directing the career
development journey: Holland, Harris-Bowlsbey, and
Krumboltz. Career Development
Quarterly, 49(3), 212-24. Retrieved January 31, 2016 from
EBSCOhost.
Krumboltz, J. D. (March 01, 1994). The career beliefs
inventory. Journal of Counseling &
Development, 72(4), 424-28. Retrieved January 31, 2016 from
EBSCOhost.
Niles, S. G., & Harris-Bowlsbey, J. A. (2009). Career
development interventions in the 21st
century. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Merrill/Pearson.
Osipow, S. H., & Walsh, W. B. ( 1990). Career counseling:
Contempora1y topics in vocational
psychology.Lawrence Erlbaum Association. Broadwa y
Hillsdale, H. J.
Mitchell, L.K. & Krumbolt, J.D. (1996) Krumboltz’s Learning
Theory of Career Choice and
Counseling in Brown, D., Brooks, L. & Associates (eds) (3rd
edition) Career Choice and
Development San Francisco, California: Jossey Bass