1. Plant Breedi
Plant Breedi
(Selection T
(
P f A
Prof. A.
Departmen
Utkal University, Bhu
Utkal University, Bhu
E-mail: abdas.uu
ing Methods
ing Methods
Techniques)
q )
B D
B. Das
nt of Botany
ubaneswar 751004,
ubaneswar 751004,
ubot@gmail.com
2. Defin
Plant Breeding is the s
raits of plants in order to
raits of plants in order to
haracteristics.
Pl t B di i
Plant Breeding is a me
genetic pattern of plants
nd utility for human wel
Its aims to improve the
p
f plants so that they bec
gronomically and econo
gronomically and econo
nition
science of changing the
o produce desired
o produce desired
th d f lt i th
ethod of altering the
to increase their value
lfare.
e various characteristic
come more desirable
omically
omically.
3. Definit
Plant Breeding as Scienc
and heredity scientists ar
and heredity, scientists ar
traits to more consistentl
characteristics
characteristics.
Plant Breeding as Art – B
observational skills, expe
observational skills, expe
judgment to see plant diff
Plant Breeding as Busine
Plant Breeding as Busine
important characteristics
environment, while also e
environment, while also e
safe and nutritious food s
tion Cont..
e – By understanding gene
re able to select appropriat
re able to select appropriat
y express desired
reeders use their
erience, intuition and
erience, intuition and
ferences.
ess – Consistency of those
ess Consistency of those
can positively impact the
ensuring the availability of
ensuring the availability of
supply.
4. History of Pla
In abroad sense history o
divided into 4 parts
y
divided into 4 parts
Pre mendelian era: before
Pre mendelian era: before
Mendelian era :1900 to 19
Mendelian era :1900 to 19
Post mendelian era:1921
Post mendelian era:1921
Modern era:after 1950.
Modern era:after 1950.
ant Breeding
of plant breeding can be
g
e 1900
e 1900.
920.
920.
to 1950.
to 1950.
5. Pre Mend
The process of bringing a wild species u
DOMESTICATION.
9000 B.C: First evidence of plant domest
700 B.C: Babylonians and Assyrians han
y y
1694:Camerarius of Germany first to dem
crossing as a method to obtain new plan
1717:Thomas Fairchild: Developed first i
carnation species of dianthus popularly
1766:Joseph Koelrueter of germany dem
from both parents and were intermediate
scientific hybrid using tobacco
scientific hybrid using tobacco.
delian Era
under human management is referred to as
tication in the hills above the Tigris river.
nd pollinate date palm artificially.
p p y
monstrate sex in plants and suggested
nt types.
inter specific hybrid between sweet william
known as Fair Childs Mule.
monstrated that hybrid offspring received t
e in most traits observed and produced firs
6. Post Mend
1923:Sex: linkage between quantitative a
1926: East,E.M and Mangelsdorf,A.J: Firs
1926: East,E.M and Mangelsdorf,A.J: Firs
incompatibility in Nicotiana sanderae.
1926:Vavilov,N.I: Identified 8 main center
,
developed concept of parallel series of v
parallel series of variation or law of hom
1927:Muller mutations in fruit flies using
1927:Karpencheko developed first interg
R i
Russia.
1928:Stadler,L.J (US):First used X-rays fo
delian Era
and qualitative traits in beans.
st discovered gametophytic system of self
st discovered gametophytic system of self
rs and 3 sub centers of crop diversity. He a
p y
variation or law of homologous concept of
ologous series of variation.
X-rays.
generic hybrid between Radish and Cabba
or induction of mutations in barley.
7. Moder
1952-Jensen,N.F: First suggested the us
1953- Watson,Crick,and Wilkins propose
1953 Watson,Crick,and Wilkins propose
1965-Graphius, J.E: First applied Single
1994-FlaveSavr tomato developed as firs
market by calgene company of California
1995-Bt corn developed.
2005-Government of India: Approved cul
P j b H d R j th
Punjab,Haryana and Rajasthan.
rn Era
se of multi lines in oats.
ed a model for Double Helical Structure of
ed a model for Double Helical Structure of
Seed Descent (SSD) method in oats.
st genetically modified food produced for t
a.
ltivation of some Bt cotton hybrids in
8. ant Breeding after Instit
1871-The government of India created the
1905-The imperial Agriculture research ins
1956-Project for intensification of regiona
millets(PIRRCOM) was initiated to intensif
different centres throughout the country
different centres throughout the country.
1960-First Agricultural University establis
1961-The first hybrid maize varieties relea
coordinated projects for improvement of t
1964-First sorghum hybrid (CSH-1) was re
1965-First bajra hybrid (HB-1) was release
1991-First pigeon pea hybrid (ICPH-8) was
utional Development In
e department of Agriculture.
stitute was established in Pusa,Bihar.
l research on cotton, oilseeds and
fy research on these crops located at 17
hed at Pantnagar, Nainital,U.P.
ased by the project. ICAR initiated
the other crops.
eleased.
ed.
s released from ICRISAT.
9. Objec
Higher Yields
Improved Quality
Disease and Insect Resistance
Disease and Insect Resistance
Change in Maturity Duration
Agronomic Characteristics
Agronomic Characteristics
Photo and thermo Insensitivit
Synchronous Maturity
y y
Nonshattering Characteristics
Determinate Growth
D
Dormancy
Varities for New Seasons
Moisture Stress and Salt Toler
Moisture Stress and Salt Toler
Elimination of Toxic Substanc
ctives
e
e
y
s
rances
rances
ces
10. Activ
Creation of Genetic Variation
Selection
Evaluation
Multiplication
Distribution
Distribution
vities
11. onventional and Non Co
Plant Br
Self Pollinated Crops-In self-p
reproduction only of those pla
Plant Br
reproduction only of those pla
characteristics, i.e., the plants
Cross Pollinated Crops-Popul
are highly heterozygous as we
g y yg
variable inbreeding depressio
severe. So,breeding methods
i i i i i d t
or minimising in order to esca
onventional Methods of
eeding
pollinated crops,selection perm
ants that have the desirable
eeding
ants that have the desirable
s that have been selected.
lations of cross-pollinated cro
ell as heterogenous.They show
g y
on,ranging from low to very
for these crops aim at avoidin
it d i bl ff t
ape its undesirable effects.
13. Mass Selecti
In mass
selection, a large
f
number of plants
of similar
phenotype are
phenotype are
selected and
their seeds are
their seeds are
mixed together
to constitute the
new variety…
ion method
14. Advantages of M
It can be practiced both in self
The varieties developed throug
widely adopted than pure lines
It retains considerable variabil
improvement is possible in fut
improvement is possible in fut
Disadvantages of
Varieties are not uniform.
Since no progeny test is done,
p g y ,
plant is not known.
Mass Selection
f and cross pollinated crops.
gh mass selection are more
s.
lity and hence further
ture by selection
ture by selection.
f Mass Selection
, the genotype of the selected
, g yp
15. Pure line S
A pure line is the progeny o
homozygous self pollinated
homozygous,self pollinated
n this method a large num
n this method a large num
selected from self pollinate
ndividually individual plan
ndividually, individual plan
are evaluated and best prog
pureline variety
pureline variety.
Selection
of a single,
d plant
d plant.
ber of plants are
ber of plants are
ed crops and harvested
nt progenies from them
nt progenies from them
geny is released as
16. Advantages of Pu
The pure lines are extremely u
the variety will have the same
f
Attractive and liked by the farm
Pure lines are stable and long
Disadvantages of P
New genotypes are not created
This method is applicable to se
pp
re line Selection
uniform since all the plants in
genotype.
mers and consumers.
test for many years.
Pure line Selection
d by pure line selection.
ell pollinated crop only.
p p y
17. Pedigree
The pedigree may be defined
ancestors of an individual and
some distant ancestors or an
In pedigree method, individua
d th b t ti
and the subsequent generatio
tested.
Pedigree Record;
Pedigree Record;
During the entire operation
offspring relationship is ke
p g p
record.
It should be simple and accur
Method
as a description of the
d it generally goes back to
cestors in past.
al plants are selected from F2
d th i i
ons, and their progenies are
n, a record of all the parent
ept: this is known as pedigree
p p g
rate.
21. Advantages of Pe
Provide maximum opportunity
skills and judgement for the s
in the early segregating genera
Take less time then Bulk Metho
Disadvantages of P
Maintenance of accurate pedig
Success of this method largely
g y
breeder.
edigree Method
y for the breeder to use his
selection of plants, particularly
ations.
od.
Pedigree Method
gree records take time.
y depends upon the skill of
y p p
22. Bulk Me
In this, F2 and the subsequen
mass or as bulk to raise the n
At the end individual plants a
i il i di
similar manner as in pedigree
ethod
nt generations are harvested in
next generation.
re selected and evaluated in a
th d
e method.
25. Advantages of
This method is simple, conven
eliminates undesirable types a
f
desirable types by artificial sel
Disadvantages o
It takes much longer to develo
It is suitable for self pollinated
p
Natural selection may also wo
f Bulk Method
nient and inexpensive. It
and increases the frequency of
lection.
of Bulk Method
ops a new variety.
d crops only.
p y
rk against desirable traits.
26. Back cross
In back cross ,the hybrid and
subsequent generations are r
of the parents of F1.
Th i bj ti f thi
The aim objective of this cros
specific defects of high yieldi
adapted to area and has othe
adapted to area and has othe
s Method
the progenies in the
repeatedly backcrossed to one
i t i t
ss is to improve one or two
ng variety, which is well
r desirable characteristics
r desirable characteristics.
29. Advantages of Bac
It is not necessary to test the v
method because the performa
already known.
It does not require record keep
It is not affected by environme
It is not affected by environme
Disadvantages of B
Undesirable genes may also b
Hybridization has to be done f
y
required is more.
New variety cannot be superio
for the character transfer from
ck cross Method
variety developed by this
nce of recurrent parent is
ping.
ental conditions
ental conditions.
ack cross Method
e transferred to the new variet
or each backcross so time
or to the recurrent parent excep
m donor to parents.
30. Cross Pollin
Intra-population Improvement
Mass Selection
M difi d M S l ti
Modified Mass Selection
Recurrent selection
Recurrent selection
Reciprocal recurrent Selectio
p
Hybrid and synthetic varieties
ated Crops
t
n
s
31. Mass Se
Selection of Individual.
Sampling seed of selected ind
generation.
Old t th d f i
Oldest method of crop improv
Improvement of heterogenous
Improvement of heterogenous
landraces.
election
dividuals to plant next
t
vement.
s native populations or
s native populations or
32. Mass Sele
Same form as with self pollina
Essentially a form of materna
control.
Selected desirable plants
B lk d
Bulk seed
Repeat cycle
With strict selection breeder w
With strict selection breeder w
Slow genetic gain since lack p
Must be able to ID superior ph
p p
Not suitable for quantitative tr
ction Conti..
ated crops.
al selection since no pollination
will reduce populations size
will reduce populations size
pollination control.
henotypes.
yp
raits.
33. Mass Sele
Higher percentage of desirab
genotypes.
Method can only be used in
environments where trait is
d t b it bl
expressed may not be suitabl
for off season winter nurserie
Effectiveness is function of
Effectiveness is function of
heritability.
Manage field to enhance
g
differences: eg. Irrigate
excessively to increase disea
pressure.
ction Conti..
le
l
le
es.
ase
34. Achievements in
Early varieties of bajra babap
Toria – increase the yielding a
Abohar.
Rai – many early ,erect to sem
Y ll R i T 42 T 16
Yellow Rai – T-42,T-16.
Brown Rai- 17 dwarf, 17 medi
Maize- T-41 19 jaunpuri
Maize- T-41,19,jaunpuri.
Desi cotton- C-402,C-520.
American cotton-100F,216F.
,
Castor-B-1,B-4.
Mass Selection
uri, Jamnagar giant, pusa mot
ability by 30% and oil 56% in
mi erect types developed, type
um, DS-1,DS-2.
35. Modified Mas
Also known as stratified mass
mass selection.
This modification is suggeste
Field is divided into several s
plants each
plants each.
Selection is done within the p
p
Seeds are selected and comp
ti
generation.
ss Selection
s selection or grid method of
ed by GARDNER in 1961.
mall plots, eg., having 40-50
plots and not among the plots.
p g p
posite to raise the next
36. Recurrent S
Designed to increase the freq
population.
Developed in the 1940s for de
First suggested by Hayes and
independently by East and Jo
independently by East and Jo
Selection
q. of desirable genes within a
eveloping inbred lines.
d Garber in 1919 and
ones in 1920
ones in 1920.
37. Recurrent S
The schemes are divided into
Simple recurrent selection
R t l ti f GCA
Recurrent selection for GCA.
Recurrent selection for SCA
Recurrent selection for SCA.
Reciprocal recurrent selection
p
Selection
o following four types:-
n.
40. Reciprocal Recu
Proposed by Comstock, Robi
select for both general and sp
General combining ability (GC
t i t bi f bl
strain to combine favorably w
lines.
Analogous to ADDITIVE gene
Analogous to ADDITIVE gene
Specific combining ability (SC
p g y (
combine favorably with one o
A l t DOMINANT
Analogous to DOMINANT gen
urrent Selection
nson, and Harvey (1949) to
pecific combining ability.
CA) is the ability of a breeding
ith th t i i b
with many other strains or inbre
action
action.
CA) is the ability of a genotype
) y g yp
or a few other genotypes.
ti
ne action.
41. Reciprocal Recu
Although recurrent and recipr
were originally designed and
developing superior inbreds o
used explicitly in private indu
Most new inbreds in SORGHU
PEDIGREE or pedigree type p
PEDIGREE or pedigree type p
DOUBLED HAPLOIDS proced
about 2000.
urrent Selection
rocal recurrent selection meth
used to improve the chances
of corn, these procedures are
ustry for that purpose today.
UM are developed through
procedures and in CORN
procedures and in CORN
dure have become popular sinc
42. Hybrid Pro
Producing of heterozygous po
homozygous lines.
Mostly used for cross-pollina
The hybrid seed must be repr
The word HYBRID denotes a p
by crossing inbreed lines,clon
y g ,
any population that are genet
oduction
opulations from the crossing o
ted crops.
roduced each year.
population of F1 plants derive
nes,open-pollinated varieties o
, p p
tically dissimilar.
43. Hybrid Produc
Produce inbreed lines.
Cross the inbreed lines.
Si l h b id
Single cross hybrid.
Harvest the female rows
Harvest the female rows
because they have the hybrid
seed.
• Double cross hybrid.
• Three way cross hybrid.
ction (Steps)
d
44. Hybrid Production
First hybrid varieties in maize
Ganga-1,Ganga-101, Ranjit a
First hybrid bajra was develop
Ludhiana in 1965 as HB-1. Su
Subsequently, B -3 and HB-5 w
released.
Bajra-PHB-10,PHB-11,BJ-104
n (Achievements)
e were released in 1961, viz.,
nd Deccan.
ped by PAU.
bsequently,HB -3 and HB-1.
were
and BK-560.
45. Synthetic
Steps involved in the product
Step -1 Evaluation of lines for
T l t t f
Topcross or polycross test fo
selected as parents.
Step -2 Production of the synt
Method 1. Equal seed from all
in isolation.
O lli t d d h t
Open-pollinated seed harvest
variety(syn1)
Varieties
tion of synthetic varieties:-
r GCA
GCA t t di li
or GCA; outstanding lines
thetic
l the lines mixed and planted
t d th th ti
ted as the synthetic
46. Synthetic
Method 2. The parental lines a
block. All the possible intercr
Equal seed from all the cross
th ti i t ( 1)
ynthetic variety(syn1).
Step-3 seed multiplication
Step-3 seed multiplication
Seed of the synthetic variety
y y
two generations before distrib
O lli ti i i l ti (
Open pollination in isolation(s
Varieties
are planted in a crossing
rosses are made.
es mixed to produced the
may be multiplied for one or
y p
bution.
2 3)
syn2 or syn3).
47. HETEROSIS
The increased growth vigour
parents is known as Heterosis
It is often called heterobeltios
Crop breeding to manifest het
breeding
breeding.
It brings out the Superiority in
g p y
tends to decrease from F2 ge
BREEDING
or yield of hybrids over the
s or Hybrid vigour .
sis.
terosis is called Heterosis
n F1 individuals but the vigour
g
neration onwards.
48. HETEROSIS
Heterosis means deviation of
character of parents.
In, plants heterosis appears d
ti l ti i d d b th U
stimulation induced by the Un
two genetically complementin
BREEDING
f offspring from the actual
due to development
i f t i f
nion of gametes coming from
ng parents.
49. HETEROSIS
Heterosis means deviation of
character of parents.
In, plants heterosis appears d
ti l ti i d d b th U
stimulation induced by the Un
two genetically complementin
BREEDING
f offspring from the actual
due to development
i f t i f
nion of gametes coming from
ng parents.
50. Undesirable Co
Genetic erosion.
Narrow Genetic Base.
I d S tibilit t Mi
Increased Susceptibility to Mi
Yield Platear
Yield Platear.
onsequences
i di
inor disease.
