Introduction to Automobile engineering, Body Engineering, Basic elements of Automobiles. Types of 4 Wheelers and 2 Wheelers.

1. An
Introduction to
Automobile & Body
Engineering
by
*Prof. Sumit S Dharmarao

2. Components of Automobile
Essential
units
Basic
Structure/
Running Gear
Power Plant
/Engine
Transmission
/Driving
System
Auxiliaries
Controls
Superstructur
e
2Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

3. 1.Basic Structure / Running Gear:
contd
Basic
Structure
Frame
Suspension
System
Axle
Wheels &
tyre
3Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

4. 2.Engine/ Power Plant:
Power required to move vehicle
P= m g µ V
Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) may be of SI or
CI type
• Turbine Engines
• Electrical Vehicles
• Hybrid Vehicles
• Solar Vehicles
contd
4Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

5. 3.Transmission / Driving System:
• Functions:
1. connect and disconnect without shock
2. vary leverage between engine & drive line
3. reduce engine speed permanently as required
4. turn drive in 90 degrees
5. allow relative motion between engine and driving
wheel
• Clutch/Torque Converter GB Prop. Shaft
Uni. Jt. Diff. GB
contd
5Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

6. 4.Control System:
1. Steering System
2. Braking System
5.Auxiliary / Electrical System:
1. Supply System
2. Starter
3. Ignition System
4. Auxiliary Devices
6.Super Structure
contd
6Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

7. General Layout of Automobile
Frame, Engine , Clutch, GB, Propeller Shaft, Diff. GB,
Rear Axle, Front Axle, Wheels
7Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

8. Types of Layout of
Automobiles
1. Front Engine Rear Wheel Drive: (FERWD)
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9. 2. Rear Engine Rear Wheel Drive: (RERWD)
contd
9Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

10. 3. Front Engine Front Wheel Drive: (FEFWD)
contd
10Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

11. 4. Four / All Wheel Drive: (4WD)
contd
11Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

12. 5. Articulated Vehicle Layout: (AVL)
contd
12Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

13. Body / Superstructure
• Requirements of Automobile Body:
1. Strength
2. Stiffness
3. Torsional Stiffness
4. Space
5. Air Drag
6. Weather Protection
7. Light Weight
8. Corrosion Resistance
9. Safety
13Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

14. Types of Bodies of Automobiles
• Classification of Automobile:
• Classification of Vehicles in India:
1. Use
2. Capacity
3. Make & Model
4. Fuel Used
5. Body Style
6. Wheel
7.Drive
8.Transmission
1. HCV- 7.5 to 16.2
Tons
2. MCV- up to 7.5
Tons
3. Passenger cars-
seating capacity
up to 6 persons
Passenger Cars
UV, MUV,SUV
14Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

15. • Other Body Styles:
1.Saloon/Sedan
2.Hatchback
3.Coupe
4.Limousine
5.Fastback
6.Sports
7.Convertible
8.Cabrio/Semi Convertible
9.Coupe Convertible
10.Eastate/Station Wagon
11.SUV
12.Van
13.Truck
14.Articulaed Vehicle
15.Buses and Coach
contd
2W:
Standard/Street
Cruiser
Sport
Tourer
Scooters
Mopeds
15Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

16. 16Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

17. 17Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

18. Material for Automobile Body
• Wood Components joined with Steel Brackets
• Steels
• High Strength Steel [HSS]
• High Strength Low Alloy Steel [HSLA]
• Ultra Light Steel Auto Body [ULSAB]
• Aluminum And its Alloys
18Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

19. Chassis
• Chassis Consists of
Chassis
Engine
Radiator
Transmissio
n
System
Suspension
System
Wheels &
Tyres
Steering
System
Brakes
Fuels
controls
Auxiliary
19Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

20. • Framed & Frameless:
• Functions: 1. Support Component & Body
2. Withstand Static & Dynamic loads
• Loads on Frame:
contd
Chassis
Types
Conventional
control
Semi Fwd
Control
Full Fwd
Control
1.Weight of vehicle and passengers vertical bending of side members
2.due to road irregularity (bump) longitudinal torsion of lifted wheel
3.due to road camber, side wind, cornering force causes lateral bending of Side member
4.due to impact of road causes distortion of frame into parallelogram
5.Engine and Braking torque causes vertical bending of side members
6.Sudden impact loads during results in general collapse
20Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

21. • Frame construction:- Wheelbase, Overhang,
hole (bearings for axle), side bar, cross bar, body
support, bracket for mounting spring, X member to resist
twisting
contd
21Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

22. Types of frames
1. Ladder Frame:
Simplest, Oldest
2 symmetrical rails
Good flexing strength
Poor Torsional resistance 22Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

23. 2. Tabular / Space frame:
3D design, good strength against forces coming from all
directions, tubes welded & forms complex structure, for
sport car where strong structure required
contd
23Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

24. 3. Monocoque Chassis :
3D design, good strength against forces coming from all
directions, tubes welded & forms complex structure, for
sport car where strong structure required
contd
24Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

25. 4. Backbone Chassis :
For lighter vehicle, strength against bending due to driving
torque
contd
25Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

26. 5. ULSAB Chassis: Ultralight Steel Auto Body
(ULSAB)
contd
26Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao
ULSAB AVC , targets using steel, high strength,
hydroforming

27. 6. ASF Chassis :
For lighter vehicle, expensive
contd
27Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao
Aluminum Space Frame (ASF)

28. 7. CF Chassis :
Extreme stiff light weight, most expensive
contd
28Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

29. • Defects in frame: Alignment Fault due to accident
• Stainless Steel & aluminum
29Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao
Frameless or Unitary Type

30. Aerodynamics
• Complex due to air flow, ground, geometrical shapes
involved. Affects both stability and fuel
consumption
• Drag Force (Fd)
30Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

31. Types of Drag Forces on Body
1. Form or Pressure Drag
2. Skin or Viscous or Friction Drag
3. Induced Drag
4. Excrescence Drag
5. Interference Drag
31Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

32. Drag Reduction Methods
• Streamlining automobile body
• Large eddy breakup devices
• Study of drag flow in airflow and water flow
• Automobile spoiler installed at rear & trail end
32Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

33. Different Forces and Moments
• Cross wind forces
• Pitching Moment
• Rolling Moment
• Yawing Moment
33Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

34. Ergonomics for driver &
Passenger Seat
• Correct driving position (W r t o steering
wheel, foot control other controls)
• Driver’s comfort & road safety
• Seat – adjustable seat
• Inclination of steering column
• Distance between seating position & floor of
vehicle
34Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao

35. Prof. Sumit S. Dharmarao 35
Thank You
Sumit S Dharmarao
sumitdharmarao@gmail.com