BCS Handbook Covers English Literature

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A Handbook on English Literature by Sharif Hossain Ahmad Chowdhury 1
A Handbook
on
English Literature
[Including a short history of English literature, famous authors,
works and quotations]
for BCS and other competitive exams
Compiled by:
Sharif Hossain Ahmad Chowdhury
BA (Hons), MA in English, MM
MBA in Mgt Studies (DU)
Senior Teacher, Faculty of English, BCS Confidence
Formerly Lecturer in English, Edinburgh Int‘l College, Dhaka
Follow me: sharif_bmc@yahoo.com; 01728395949 (sms)
Confidence Research Work Ltd.
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A Handbook on English Literature by Sharif Hossain Ahmad Chowdhury2
A Handbook on English Literature
First Edition (Hand Written) : 16 December 2013
Second Edition (Printed) : 07 March 2016
Third Edition : 01 May 2016
Fourth Edition : 01 December 2016
© Reserved by the Publisher
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including
photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system,
without prior permission from the publisher.
Published by:
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Dedicated to―
My daughter
Rusafa Chowdhury
(Words are not enough to express the unconditional love that exists
between Rusafa and me)
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Preface (†cÖwdm&)
All praise belongs to almighty Allah, who allows me finalizing this
book and peace be upon the last Prophet. A Handbookon English Literature
is designed to serve as a handbook to the candidates of BCS Preliminary
exam in their study of English literature. It is expected that this book will
help them secure good marks in their examination. Actually this book has
been published not because there is a scarcity of such notes on English
literature but because always we have opportunity to join with our existing
publications.
I have spared no pains in making this work quite comprehensive.
For overall betterment of the book, I have consulted a considerable number
of reference books specially William J. Long‘s English Literature, M. H.
Abrams‘ A Glossary of Literary Terms, some renowned websites
including Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia, Microsoft® Encarta® 2009 and
several critical notes of Dr. S. Sen, Ramji Lall, Scott A. Boulding, Dr. M.
Mofizar Rahman, Kabir Chowdhury and so on.
I express a deep sense of gratitude to my honourable teacher Mr.
Abdul Latif for his unabashed inspiration at every sphere of my life. I am in
fact thankful to my colleagues Mr. Rahat Hossain Khan and Mr. Mahbub
Shakil. Thanks also deserve Mr. Belal Ahmed Raju, respectable MD of BCS
Confidence for taking the responsibility of publishing the book.
No man is above error. Therefore, in spite of very careful effort,
there may be inadvertent mistake of any kind for hasty writing or lack of
my knowledge. I beg pardon for all those. Suggestions from both the
students and teachers are cordially expected for its further improvement.
Sharif Hossain Ahmad Chowdhury
Dhaka, March 7, 2016
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Table of Contents (m~wPcÎ)
1. The Old English Period 11
1. Caedmon (K¨vWgb) 2. Cynewulf (†K‡bDjd) 3. Saint Venerable Bede
4. King Alfred the Great.
2. The Middle English Period 15
1. Geoffrey Chaucer (wRI‡d« Pmvi) 2. John Wycliff (DBwK¬d) 3. Sir
Thomas Malory 4. Dante (`v‡šÍ) 5. William Langland
3. The Renaissance 21
a) The Elizabethan Period: 24
1. Thomas Norton & Thomas Sackville 2. Christopher Marlowe 3.
Edmund Spenser 4. Nicholas Udall 5. Sir Thomas Wyatt 6. Sir Philip
Sidney 7. John Webster 8. Richard Hooker 9. George Chapman 10.
Ben Jonson 11. Thomas Kyd 12. Thomas Moore 13. Thomas Dekker
14. Arthur Golding 15. Nicholo Machiavelli 16. Cyril Tourneur 17.
Migunl de Cervantes 18. Francis Bacon 19. Galileo (M¨vwjwjI) 20.
William Shakespeare
b) The Jacobean Period: 44
1. John Donne (Rb Wvb) 2. Andrew Marvell 3. Henry Vaughan (†nbwi
fb) 4. George Herbert 5. Cowley (KvDwj)
c) The Caroline Period: 49
Robert Herrick
d) The Commonwealth Period: 51
1. Thomas Hobbes 2. Jeremy Taylor
Previous Questions: 52
4. The Neoclassical Period 67
a) The Restoration Period: 69
1. John Milton 2. John Dryden (Rb WªvB‡Wb) 3. William Congreve:
(KbwMÖf) 4. Samuel Butler 5. John Bunyan (Rb evwbqvb) 6. John Locke
(Rb jK) 7. William Wycherley 8. Aphra Ben 9. George Farquhar
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b) The Augustan Period: 74
1. Alexander Pope 2. Jonathan Swift 3. Daniel Defoe 4. Samuel
Richardson 5. Joseph Addison and Richard Steele
c) The Age of Sensibility: 78
1. Dr. Samuel Johnson 2. Goethe (M¨v‡U) 3. Henry Fielding 4. Oliver
Goldsmith 5. Thomas Gray 6. Edmund Burke 7. Edward Gibbon 8.
Lindley Murray 9. Herasim Lebedeff (†nivwmg †j‡e‡Wd) 10. Sir Walter
Scott 11. Herold J Laski (jvw¯‥) 12. Adam Smith 13. bv_vwb‡qj eªvwm
n¨vj‡nW 14. DBwjqvg †Kwi 15. Rousseau 16. Voltaire (fj‡Zqvi)
5. The Romantic Period 89
1. William Wordsworth 2. S.T.Coleridge 3. P.B.Shelley
4. John Keats 5. William Blake 6. Charles Lamb 7. William Hazlitt 8.
Lord Byron 9. Jane Austen 10. Alexander Pushkin 11. †nbwi jyB wfwfqvb
wW‡ivwRI
6. The Victorian Period 113
1. Lord Alfred Tennyson (†Uwbmb) 2. Robert Browning 3. Matthew
Arnold (g¨v_y Avb©ì) 4. Charles Dickens (Pvj©m wW‡KÝ) 5. Maxim Gorky
(g¨vw·g †MvwK©) 6. William Makepeace Thekary (†_Kvwi) 7. Edward
Fitzgerald (wdRvijW) 8. John Stuart Mill (Rb ÷zqvU© wgj)
9. Thomas Hardy 10. Christina Rossetti (wµw÷bv i‡mwU) 11. Dante
Gabriella Rossetti (D.G. Rosettei) 12. R.L. Stevenson (w÷‡fbmb) 13.
Sir Richard Francis Burton (wiPvW© evU©b) 14. Benjamin Franklin (†eÄvwgb
d«v¼wjb) 15. Charlotte Bronte (kv‡j©vU eªæb‡U) 16. Emily Bronte 17. Leo
Tolstoy (wjD Uj÷q) 18. George Eliot (RR© GwjqU)
19. Elizabeth Barret Browning 20. Charles Robert Darwin (WviDBb)
21. Cardinal Newman 22. Gladstone 23. Alexandre Dumas
(Av‡jKRvÛvi Wzgvm) 24. Karl Marx (Kvj© gv·©) 25. Mark Twain (gvK© †Uv‡qb)
26. H. Christian Unlerson 27. Elizabeth Gaskell 28. Sir Arthur Conan
Doyle 29. A.S. Hornby 30. Kiran Desai 31. Samuel Butler 32. Oscar
Wilde 33. c¨vwiPuv` wgÎ 34. Edgar Allan Poe (GWMvi A¨vjvb †cv) 35. Ck¦iP›`ª
we`¨vmvMi 36. ew¼gP›`ª P‡Ævcva¨vq 37. Napoleon (†b‡cvwjqb †evbvcvU©) 38.
Abraham Lincoln (Aveªvnvg wjsKb)
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7. The Modern and The Post Modern Periods 13
AvaywbK hy‡M A‡bK †ewk †jLK _vKvq wkÿv_©x‡ì myweav‡_© †jLK‡ì bvg
eY©µgvbymv‡i mvRv‡bv n‡q‡Q:
01. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam 02. A.C. Bradley 03. Anthony Mascarenhus
(gvm&Kv‡ibnvm) 04. Adlof Hitler 05. Allen Ginsberg (A¨v‡jb wMbmevM©) 06.
Arther Clarke 07. Alexander Campbell (K¨v¤ú‡ej) 08. Arundhuty Roy
(fviZxq †jwLKv) 09. Alice Munro (Gwjm gb‡iv) 10. Amitav Ghosh (fviZxq
mvwnwZ¨K) 11. Aldus Huxley (GjWvm nv·wj) 12. AgZ©¨ †mb 13. Arbinda
Adigaon (Aiwe›` Avw`MvIu) 14. Albert Camus 15. Aiub Khan (AvBqye Lvb) 16.
Anita Desai (fviZxq mvwnwZ¨K) 17. A¨vbv d«v¼ 18. Bangabandhu Sheikh
Mujibur Rahman 19. Barak Obama 20. Bovey: 21. eveyj †P․ayix 22. †eMg †iv‡Kqv
23. Chinua Achebe 24. Colonel Gaddafi 25. Condoleezza Rice 26. Dan Brown
(W¨vb eªvDb) 27. David Émile Durkheim (`y‡L©Bg) 28. Doris Lessing (Wwim †jwms)
29. D.H Lawrence 30. Dylan Thomas 31. W. mybxwZKzgvi P‡Ævcva¨vq 32. W.
AvKei Avjx Lvb 33. E. M. Milford 34. Emerson 35. Erik Axel Karlfeldt
36. E.M Forster 37. Ernesto che Guevara (†P ¸‡qfviv) 38. Earnest
Hemingway (Av‡b©÷ †nwgsI‡q) 39. Eugene O‘Neil (BDwRb IÕ‡bBj) 40.
Francis Fokuama (dzKzBqvgv) 41. Fidel Castro (wd‡`j K¨v‡÷ªv) 42. Fyodor
Dostoyevsky (wdDì `¯Íqfw¯‥) 43. †d¬v‡iÝ bvBwU‡½j: 44. Guner Myrdal 45.
Gunter Grass 46. Gabriel Garcia Marquez (Mvweª‡qj Mvwm©qv gv‡K©m) 47.
George Orwell (RR© AiI‡qj) 48. George Bernard Shaw (RR© evb©vW k) 49.
MxZv †gnZv 50. H.G. Wells (Herbert George Wells) 51. Hilary Clinton
52. Henry Kissinger 53. Harold Pinter 54. Henrik Ibsen 55. Herman
Melville 56. Henry James 57. Irwin Shaw 57. AvBwib Lvb 58. Jahanara
Imam (Rvnvbviv Bgvg) 59. Jimmy Carter (wRwg KvUvi) 60. John Masefield
(†g‡mwdì) 61. J.K. Rawling 62. Jhumpa Lahiri 63. Jean Paul Sartre 64.
James Joyce 65. Jane Taylor 66. Jefferson 67. Julian Assange (Rywjqvb
A¨vmvÄ) 68. J. M. Synge (Rb wgwjsUb wmÄ) 69. Joseph Conrad 70. Jules
Verne (Ryjm& fv‡b©) 71. John F. Kennedy (Rb Gd †K‡bwW) 72. Rwni ivqnvb 73.
wRqv nvq`vi ingvb 74. Kaiser Haq 75. Lee kuan U (wj Kzqvb BD) 76. Lord
Acton 77. Momota Banerjee 78. Mahatma Gandhi (gnvZ¥v MvÜx) 79. Martin
Luther King Junior (gvwU©b jy_vi wKs Rywbqi) 80. Marshall Macluhan (gvk©vj
g¨vKjynvb) 81. Monika Ali 82. Muhammad Asad 83. gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg
AvRv` 84. gvjvjv BDmydRvB 85. gybxi ‡P․ayix 86. gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë 87. Nathaniel
Hawthorne 88. Nirod C. Chowdhury 89. Neil Armstrong 90. Nelson
Mandela 91. Noam Chomsky (†bvqvg Pgw¯‥) 92. Orhan Pamuk (Iinvb cvgyK)
93. O‘ Henry 94. Pandit Neheru (cwÐZ RInijvj †b‡niæ) 95. Pablo Neruda
(cve‡jv †biæ`v) 96. Pearl S. Buck (cvj© Gm evK) 97. Parvez Mosharraf 98.
cve‡jv wcKv‡mv 99. R. K. Narayan 100. Rudyard Kipling (iæWBqvW© wKcwjs)
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101. wiPvW© BUb 102. †ingvb †mvenvb 103. Steve Jobs (w÷f Rem) 104. Sun Tzu
(myb Ry) 105. Sully Prodhomme (mywj cÖæ‡avg) 106. Seamus Heaney 107.
Salman Rushdi 108. Seikh Hasina 109. Sigmund Freud (wmMgÛ d«‡qW) 110.
Sir Arthur Miller (m¨vi Av_©vi wgjvi) 111. Stephen Hawking (w÷‡db nwKs)
112. Saul Bellow 113. Samuel Beckett 114. Selma Lagerlof (†mjgv †jMid)
115. Samuel Huntington (nvw›UsUb) 116. Salvador Dali 117. ‣mq` gyRZev
Avjx 118. •mq` Avjx Avnmvb 119. •mq` IqvjxDjøvn& 120. kv‡q¯Ív BKivgyjøvn 121.
T.S. Eliot 122. Thomas Carlyle 123. Ted Hughes (†UW wnDR) 124. Tony
Morrison 125. Tahmima Anam 126. Thomas Usk 127. V. S. Neipaul
(we`¨vai m~h©cÖmv` bvBcj) 128. Virginia Woolf (fvwR©wbqv Djd) 129. Victor
Hogo (û‡Mv) 130. føvw`gi BwjP Dwjqv‡bvf (†jwbb) 131. William Golding 132.
W. B. Yeats 133. William Hunter 134. W.H. Auden 135. William
Somerset Maugham (mgvi‡mU gg) 136. Wole Soyinka (I‡j mywq¼v) 137.
Wallace Stevens 138. Winston Churchil (DBb÷b PvwP©j) 139. William
Faulkner (dKbvi) 140. Walt Whitman, Robert Frost & Emily Dickinson
9. GK bR‡i ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K‡`i Dcvwa 189
10. Av‡iv wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ 190
11. Top 35 Figures of Speech 216
GB eBwU mvgwMÖK Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨ m¤úwK©Z| hy³ivR¨ Z_v
Bsj¨vÛ, ¯‥Uj¨vÛ, mgMÖ Avqvij¨vÛ I I‡qj‡mi mvwnZ¨mn
gvwK©b hy³ivóª Ges c~e©Zb weªwUk Dcwb‡ek¸‡jv‡Z iwPZ
Bs‡iwR mvwnZ¨I GB eB‡q Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e 19k
kZvãx ch©šÍ GB eB‡qi AwaKvsk Av‡jvPbv weª‡Ub
I Avqvij¨v‡Ûi mvwnZ¨‡K †K›`ª K‡i n‡q‡Q|
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Important Periods of English Literature
1. The Old English Period : 450-1066
 G hy‡Mi Ab¨ bvg The Anglo Saxon Period
 Saxon †ì fvlv Rvg©vb (Gmgq Bsj¨vÛ Rvg©vwbi m¨v·b‡ì Aax‡b wQj)
2. The Middle English Period : 1066-1500
1066-1340: The Anglo Norman Period (fvlv- †d«Â)
 G mgq Bsj¨vÛ d«v‡Ýi bg©¨vb‡ì Aax‡b wQj
1340-1400: The Age of Chaucer (Pmv‡ii hyM)***
(14th
Century Gi AšÍM©Z; Pmv‡ii gva¨‡g Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï hvÎv ïiæ)
1400-1485/1500: The Dark/ Barren Period
3. The Renaissance : 1500-1660
(i) 1500-1558: Préparation for Renaissance
(†i‡bmuvi cÖ¯‘wZ hyM)
(ii) 1558-1603: The Elizabethan Period***
 GwU 2nd
half of 16th
Century Gi AšÍM©Z
(iii) 1603-1625: The Jacobean Period
 King James (1st
) Gi bvgvbymv‡i G hy‡Mi bvgKiY
 Z‡e, 1590-1616 = Age of Shakespeare Ges
 1620-1660 = Puritan Period wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ
(wLª÷vb wcDwiUvb‡ì Avwac‡Zï Kvi‡Y)
(iv) 1625-1649: The Caroline Period
 King Charles (1st
) Gi bvgvbymv‡i G hy‡Mi bvgKiY
 Zv‡K nZ¨v Kivi gva¨‡g Bsj¨v‡Û cÖ_g ivRZ‡š¿i cZb N‡UwQj
(v) 1649-1660: The Commonwealth Period
 G hy‡M England G †Kvb Monarch wQj bv
 GwU wQj cÖRvZ‡š¿i hyM
Shorter
Ages
G hyM‡K
Early
Modern
PeriodI
ejv nq|
Shorter
Ages
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4. The Neo-Classical Period : 1660-1798
1660-1700: The Restoration Period
 Restoration ej‡Z ivRZ‡š¿i cybiæ×vi †evSvq
 GB hyM‡K Kwe John Dryden Gi hyMI ejv nq
1700-1745: The Augustan Period
 GB hyM‡K Kwe Alexander Pope Gi hyMI ejv nq
1745-1785/98: The Age of Sensibility
 Ab¨ bvg The Age of Reason/Transition
 GwU‡K Dr. Samuel Jhonson Gi hyMI ejv nq
5. The Romantic Period : 1798-1832
 †gvU 34 years; GwU Early 19th
6. The Victorian Period : 1832-1901
 GwU 19th
1848-1860: The Pre-Raphaelites (wc«-i¨v‡djvBUm)
1880-1901: Aestheticism and Decadence
(b›`bZË¡/bv›`wbKZv I ¶wqòyZv)
7. The Modern Period : 1901-1939
 GwU 1st
half of 20th
1901-1910: The Edwardian Period
1910-1936: The Georgian Period
8. The Post Modern Period : 1939-present
 GwU 2nd
half of 20th
century Gi AšÍM©Z
we.`ª.: g~jZ mgmvgwqK †Kvb weL¨vZ ivRv, ivbx ev †Kvb we‡kl mvwnwZ¨‡Ki bvgvbymv‡i
wKsev †Kvb hy‡Mi we‡kl †Kvb •ewk‡ó¨i bvgvbymv‡i Gme hy‡Mi (Period/Age)
bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| GRb¨ GKB hy‡Mi wewfbœ bvg cwijwÿZ nq|
Shorter
Ages
Shorter
Ages
Shorter
Ages
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1. The Old English Period
Duration: 450-1066
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1. The Old English Period
Duration: 450-1066
G hyM m¤úwK©Z wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 G hy‡Mi Ab¨ bvg The Anglo Saxon Period;
Saxon Rvg©vwbi GKwU DcRvwZi bvg|
 A_©vr 450-1066 mvj ch©šÍ Rvg©vwbi Saxon, Angles Ges Jutes mn
wewfbœ `ya©l© RvwZ‡Mvôxi †jv‡Kiv England †K `L‡j †i‡LwQj| Z‡e Saxon †`i
c~‡e© England †ivgvb‡`i kvmbvaxb wQj| g~jZ, English is a West Germanic
Language.
 Literature was oral in this period. (AwjwLZ mvwnZ¨)
 King Alfred the Great spread educational institutions in this
period.
 According to Bede, the original Anglo-Saxon settlers came to
England from many of these continental locations:
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Anglo Saxon Period Gi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:
1. Caedmon: (K¨vWgb)
 Zv‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Avw`Kwe ejv nq|
 Earliest poet/ first known poet in English Literature
 †hgb: evsjv mvwn‡Zï Avw`Kwe jyBcv
 wZwb wLªóxq fveavivi Kwe wQ‡jb|
 Zv‡K Father of English Sacred Song-I ejv nq|
 †KD †KD Zv‡K Anglo-Saxon hy‡Mi Milton-I e‡j _v‡Kb|
 Zvi cÖavb mvwnZ¨K‡g©i bvg Paraphrase|
2. Cynewulf: (†K‡bDjd)
 He is one of twelve Old English poets known by name, and
one of four whose work is known to survive today.
 Juliana Zvi GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv|
3. Saint Venerable Bede: (673-735)
 Zvi Dcvwa: Doctor of the Church
 Zv‡K Father of Learning Ges
 First historian in English language ejv nq| (we.`ª: evsjv mvwn‡Zï
cÖ_g BwZnvm welqK MÖš’ `x‡bk P›`ª †m‡bi e½fvlv I mvwnZ¨)
4. King Alfred the Great: (849-899)
 Zvi Dcvwa: The Law Governing (AvB‡bi kvmK)
 wZwb 871 mvj †_‡K 899 mvj ch©šÍ ZrKvjxb England Gi ivRv wQ‡jb|
 He compiled the Anglo Saxon Chronicle. (A_©vr The Anglo
Saxon Chronicle bv‡g cÖ_g M`¨MÖš’ G hy‡MB msKwjZ nq|)
 GwU‡K First monument in English prose ev Bs‡iwR M‡`ï Avw`
wb`k©b ejv nq|
 G Kvi‡Y Zv‡K Founder of English Prose-I ejv nq| (†hgb:
evsjv M‡`ï RbK Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi)
[D‡jøL¨: cixÿvi option-G Alfred the Great ev ga¨hy‡Mi John Wycliffe
Gi bvg bv _vK‡j Elizabethan period Gi Francis Bacon †KB Founder of
English Prose ejv n‡e|]
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Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï Avw` wb`k©b:
1. Beowulf (†eIDj&d):
 GB gnvKv‡eï †jL‡Ki bvg
Rvbv hvq wb|
 GwU‡K Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï
Avw` wb`k©b, Z_v First
Monument in English
Literature ejv nq| [†hgb: evsjvq Ph©vc`] First page of Bewulf
 GwU‡K The Earliest Epic (gnvKve¨) in England-I ejv n‡q
_v‡K| m¤¢eZ 650 mv‡j iwPZ n‡qwQj| (†hgb: evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g Ges
mv_©K gnvKve¨ gvB‡Kj gaym~`‡bi †gNbv` ea -1861 mv‡j)
 Kve¨wU ¯‥¨vwÛ‡bwfqv AÂ‡ji cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ n‡jI Bsj¨v‡Ûi RvZxq
gnvKv‡eï ¯^xK…wZ cvq|
 GB Heroic Epic wU‡Z 3182 wU jvBb wQj| gnvKv‡eï bvq‡Ki bvg
nj Beowulf, whwb England †K cÖ_‡g (†h․e‡b) cvZvjcyixi ivÿm‡ì
nvZ †_‡K iÿv K‡iwQ‡jb| c‡i (†kl eq‡m) WªvMb‡ì nvZ †_‡K iÿv Ki‡Z
wM‡q wb‡R gviv hvb| GB MÖ‡š’i g~j cvÐwjwc jÛ‡bi weªwUk wgDwRqv‡g
msiwÿZ Av‡Q|
2. Beowulf QvovI The Wanderer, The Seafarer, The Husband‘s
Message, The Wife‘s Lament, Traveler cÖf…wZ bv‡g wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
KweZv cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jvi mywbw`©ó †Kvb †jL‡Ki bvg cvIqv hvq bv|
we.`ª.: Rvg©vwbi `ya©l© Saxon-iv 450 mv‡j ïay Bsj¨vÛ `LjB K‡iwb eis Bs‡iwR
fvlv PP©vi Dci GK ai‡bi wb‡lavÁv Av‡ivc K‡i| Zviv `wi`ª Bs‡iR‡ì‡K
`vm-`vmx‡Z cwiYZ K‡i Ges m¤£všÍ Bs‡iR‡ì‡K †`k †_‡K weZvwoZ K‡i|
d‡j G hy‡M weï× Bs‡iwR fvlvq †Kvb mvwnZ¨ iwPZ nqwb|
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2. The Middle English Period
Duration: 1066-1500
G Aa¨v‡q D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wZbwU hyM i‡q‡Q:
(a) 1066-1340: The Anglo Norman
(b) 1340-1400: The Age of Chaucer
(c) 1400-1485/1500: The Dark/ Barren Period
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2. The Middle English Period
Duration: 1066-1500
ga¨hy‡Mi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv:
 1066 mv‡j d«v‡Ýi Norman RvwZ G‡m Rvg©vb Saxon-†ì‡K civwRZ K‡i
England `Lj K‡i †bq| G Rb¨ 1066-1340 mvj ch©šÍ mgq‡K Anglo
Norman Period ejv nq| G hy‡M divwm fvlv I ms¯‥…wZ †Rvi K‡i Bs‡iR‡ì
Dci Pvwc‡q †`qv nq|
 1400-1500 mvj ch©šÍ mgq‡K Barren/ Dark Period ejv nq|
[†hgb: evsjv mvwn‡Zï AÜKvi hyM 1201-1350]
 ag©xq wkÿv m¤úªmvi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ GB Anglo Norman hy‡MB weL¨vZ
Oxford (1168) Ges Cambridge (1209) wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq|
 Magna Carta (gnvmb`) was passed on 15 June 1215.*
 King John mvgšÍ‡ì Pv‡c c‡o ivwb‡gW (Runnymede) Øx‡c ivRvi
AwaKvi msµvšÍ G Pzw³‡Z ¯^vÿi K‡ib|
 It was a great charter, which limited the power of monarch.
 Av‡M ejv n‡Zv = King can do no wrong. (g¨vMbv KvU©v cÖRv‡ì AwaKvi
cÖwZôv Ges ivRv‡ì ÿgZv n«v‡mi GKwU †h․w³K `wjj)
 GUv‡K weªwUk kvmbZ‡š¿i evB‡ej Ges great charter of freedom ejv nq|
 evsjvi Magna Charta n‡jv 6-`dv/ Six point demand (1966)|
 In 1295, English Parliament was established.
 GB hy‡M (11th
-13th
Century) gymjgvb I wLª÷vb‡ì gv‡S HwZnvwmK
Crusade (ag©hy×) nq| BwZnvm g‡Z, cweÎ f~wg †RiæRv‡jg Ges
KÝUvw›U‡bvc‡ji AwaKvi †bIqvi Rb¨ 1096 †_‡K 1292 mvj ch©šÍ
BD‡iv‡ci wLª÷vb‡ì mw¤§wjZ kw³ gymjgvb‡ì weiæ‡× †h hy× cwiPvjbv K‡i
Zv‡K µz‡mW e‡j|
 1337-1453 mvj ch©šÍ Bsj¨vÛ-d«v‡Ýi gv‡S kZel© hy× (Hundred Year
War) nq| (Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv 3q GWIqvW© d«v‡Ýi wmsnvmb `vwe Ki‡j G hy×
ïiæ nq)
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 dLiæÏxb †gveviK kvn Gi Avg‡j 1345-46 mv‡j weL¨vZ cwieªvRK Be‡b eZzZv
evsjv‡`‡k G‡mwQ‡jb| Zvi g‡Z, †m mgq G‡`‡k 7 UvKvq 8.75gY Pvj Ges 3
UvKvq 14 †mi wN cvIqv †hZ|
 1362 mv‡j cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Bs‡iwR‡K Language of law and court wn‡m‡e
†NvlYv Kiv nq| (D‡jøL¨, 1837 mv‡j fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡k dviwm fvlvi cwie‡Z©
Bs‡iwR fvlv‡K ivóªfvlv Kiv nq| Avi cvwK¯Ív‡bi MYcwil‡` evsjv fvlv‡K 16
†deªæqvwi 1956 mv‡j Ab¨Zg ivóªfvlv wnmv‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq|)
 Gi Av‡M Norman Period G Latin and French were the
only recognized languages in Norman courts.
 William Caxton established printing press in 1476. GRb¨ Zv‡K
First English Printer ejv nq [we.`ª: 1777 mv‡j †Rgm wnwK cÖ_g Kv‡Vi
†cÖm •Zwi K‡i e½‡`‡k gy`ªY e¨emv Pvjy K‡ib| Z‡e Pvj©m DBjwKÝ‡K evsjv
gy`ªvÿ‡ii RbK ejv nq Ges Zvi wb‡`©‡k cÂvbb Kg©Kvi evsjv Aÿi †Lv`vB K‡ib]
 1492 mv‡j BZvjxq bvweK Christopher Columbus AvUjvw›UK gnvmvMi
AwZµg K‡i evnvgv Øx‡c AeZi‡Yi gva¨‡g Av‡gwiKv gnv‡`k Avwe®‥vi K‡ib|
 In 1498, Vasco Da-Gama reached India. (fv‡¯‥v `v Mvgv GKRb
cZz©wMR bvweK wQ‡jb)
 G ga¨hy‡MB 1204 mv‡j jÿY †mb‡K civwRZ K‡i eLwZqvi wLjRx evsjv
Rq K‡ib Ges 1333 mv‡j gynv¤§` web ZzNj‡Ki ivRZ¡Kv‡j gi‡°vi ch©UK
Be‡b eZzZv evsjvq AvMgb K‡ib|
 G hy‡MB †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx Copernicus (Rb¥ 1473) cÖgvY K‡iwQ‡jb †h,
―The Sun is the center of all planets.‖ Avi †Kvcvwb©Kv‡mi gZev`
cÖPv‡ii `v‡q Zvi QvÎ wRqv`©v‡bv eªæ‡bv‡K Av¸‡b cywo‡q nZ¨v Kiv nq|
 G hy‡Mi Bs‡iR mvwnwZ¨Kiv BZvjxq Kwe Dante (`v‡šÍ), Petrarch, (†cÎvK©)
Boccaccio (†evKvwPI) cÖgyL weL¨vZ mvwnwZ¨K‡K AbymiY K‡iwQ‡jb|
 Roger Bacon (1214-1292) was a famous literary person of
Anglo Norman Period. Opus Majus Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’| (iRvi
†eKb‡K AvaywbK weÁv‡bi RbKI ejv nq)
 GB hy‡MB Miracle Play, Mystery Play, Morality Play, Interlude
(Mf©bvwUKv) cÖf…wZ bv‡g English Drama Gi cÖPjb ïiæ nq|
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Middle English Period Gi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:
1. Geoffrey Chaucer: (wRI‡d«/†Rwd« Pmvi, 1340-1400)
 wZwb 14th
century'i weL¨vZ Kwe (Representative Poet) wQ‡jb|
 wZwb GKvav‡i K~UbxwZK, `vk©wbK, Avgjv, ivR-Dc‡`óv I ivóª`~Z wQ‡jb|
 Zvi bvgvbymv‡i Age of Chaucer (1340-1400) bvgKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 Zv‡K A‡b‡K Morning Star of Renaissance e‡j _v‡Kb|
 Zv‡K
The first great modernist
Father of English Language
Father of English Literature
First Humourist in English Literature
Father of English Modern Poetry *
The first great English story-teller
ejv nq|
 wZwbB weï× Bs‡iwR fvlvq cÖ_g KweZv wj‡Lb| (Saxon Ges Norman hy‡M weï×
Bs‡iwR wQj bv| we.`ª: Father of Bengali Modern Poems- gvB‡Kj gaym~`b)
Canterbury Tales (K¨v›Uvi‡ewi †Ujm&&) Zvi †kÖô Kve¨MÖš’| GwU 1478 mv‡j cÖ_g
Qvcv nq| GwU g~jZ 17,000 jvBb wewkó Kv‡e¨ iwPZ GKwU Amgvß eY©bvg~jK MíMÖš’ (a
collection of 24 stories)| The tales are presented as part of a story-telling
contest by a group of pilgrims as they travel together on a journey from
London to Canterbury in order to visit the shrine of Saint Thomas
Becket at Canterbury Cathedral. The prize for this contest is a free meal at
the Tabard Inn at Southwark on their return.
Pmv‡ii Kve¨ mvwnZ¨‡K wZbwU fv‡M wPwýZ Kiv nq:
 The French Period
 The Italian Period
 The English Period
GQvovI Zvi weL¨vZ KweZv¸‡jv n‡jv:
 The House of Fame
 Troilus and Criseyde
 Nun Priest‘s Tale
 The Parliament of Fowls
 The Legend of Good Women wRI‡d« Pmvi
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2. John Wycliff: (DBwK¬d, 1331-1384)
Titles
 Morning Star of the Reformation
 Reformer of English Church (Pv‡P©i ms¯‥viK)
 Evening Star of English Scholasticism (ga¨hyMxq
GKwU `vk©wbK gZev`)
 Father of English prose (M`¨) / First prose writer
in English (Avj‡d«W `¨ †MÖ‡Ui bvg bv _vK‡j)
 He was an English scholastic philosopher, theologian,
Biblical translator, reformer, seminary professor at Oxford.
 He was an influential dissident (wfbœ gZvej¤^x) within the
Roman Catholic priesthood (†c․iwnZ¨) during the 14th century.
 Zvi Abymvixiv Lollards bv‡g cwiwPZ, hviv cieZ©x‡Z †cvc we‡ivax
Av‡›`vjb Z_v Protestant Reformation Gi Rb¨ mgv`„Z|
 wZwb cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Bible (wbD †U÷v‡g›U, 2q LÐ) Gi Bs‡iwR Abyev`
K‡ib (M`¨ ixwZ‡Z)| †hgb:
 Rvg©vb fvlvq cÖ_g Bible Abyev` K‡ib Rvg©vwbi ag© ms¯‥viK Martin Luther|
 বvsjv, হ঵হি, উহিষ্যা, ঴ংস্কৃত, অ঴মীয় ঑ আরহব fvlvq cÖ_g evB‡ej Abyev`
K‡ib †dvU© DBwjqvg K‡j‡Ri evsjv wefv‡Mi cÖwZôvZv cÖavb DBwjqvg †Kwi|
 cweÎ KziAvb evsjvq cÖ_g Abyev` K‡ib gvIjvbv Avwgi DwÏb emzwbqv (AvswkK)|
 fvB wMwikP›`ª †mb (biwms`x) m¤ú~Y© KziAvb Abyev` K‡ib (1881-1886)|
 Marmaduke Pickthall (gvigvWzK wcK_vj) weï× Bs‡iwR‡Z KziAvb Abyev`
K‡ib|
3. Sir Thomas Malory: (1415-1471)
 Zvi weL¨vZ M`¨MÖ‡š’i bvg Morte D‟ Arthur ।
কর্তৃক 1485 ঵য়।
 GwU Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Z¨i First Romance in prose |
 Z‡e King Morte D‘ Arthur bv‡g weL¨vZ KweZv wj‡L‡Qb Victorian
hy‡Mi Kwe Alfred Tennyson|
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4. Dante: (`v‡šÍ AvwjwMwi; 1265-1321)
 cy‡iv bvg: Dante Alighieri
 Rb¥: BZvwji †d¬v‡i‡Ý
 Titles:
The Father of the Italian Language
The Supreme Poet of Italy
 Zvi weL¨vZ Epic Gi bvg: The Divine Comedy
 `v‡šÍ (Dante), Petrarch (†cÎvK©) Ges Boccaccio (†ev°vwPI) GB wZb
Rb weL¨vZ BZvjxq Kwe‡K GK‡Î The Three Crowns/ The Three
Fountains ejv nq|
 Kwe †ngP›`ª e‡›`¨vcva¨vq Dante Gi Divine Comedy Aej¤^‡b Zuvi
weL¨vZ Qvqvgqx Kve¨ iPbv K‡ib|
 Inferno (gv‡b Hell/ biK) bv‡g Kwe DanteÕi GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv Av‡Q| It is
the first part of the Divine Comedy.
5. William Langland:
 Zvi weL¨vZ Kve¨MÖš’: Piers Plowman
Drama & Play Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨:
 Drama: before staged (gÂ‡¯’i Av‡M)
 Play: after staged (gÂ‡¯’i c‡i)
 Playwright means: dramatist
When life shows you a hundred reasons to cry,
Show life that
You have a thousand reasons to smile.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
3. The Renaissance
Duration: 1500-1660
5.
G Aa¨v‡q Renaissance Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ PviwU hyM Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q:
(a) The Elizabethan Period (1558-1603)
(b) The Jacobean Period (1603-1625)
(c) The Caroline Period (1625-1649)
(d) The Commonwealth Period (1649-1660)
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Florence, birthplace of Renaissance
6. 3. The Renaissance
Duration: 1500-1660
†i‡bmuv hyM m¤úwK©Z wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 Actually European Renaissance began in 14th
Century in Italy.
 Z‡e A‡b‡K 1453 mv‡j †i‡bmuv ïiæ n‡qwQj e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
 Renaissance means- Revival/ Regeneration/ Rebirth, re-
awakening (cybR©b¥) of classical (ancient Greek) learning, culture
and free thinking.
 Renaissance is an Italian word (gZvšÍ‡i French). It is considered
the bridge between the Middle ages and the Modern history.
 †i‡bmuv PZz`©k kZ‡K cÖ_‡g Florance
kn‡i Ges c‡i Venice I Rome
kn‡i Qwo‡q c‡o|
Z‡e, England G †i‡bmuv ïiæ nq
1500 mv‡j|
 Renaissance Gi hyM‡K Re-
discovery of Ancient
Civilization of Greece and
Rome ejv nq|
 Renaissance †K Early Modern Period-I ejv nq| KviY, AvaywbKZv I
†ivgvw›UwmR‡gi m~Pbv G hyM †_‡KB ïiæ nq| It started as a Cultural
Movement in Italy.
 A‡b‡K BZvjxq Kwe †cÎvK©‡K Father of Renaissance, Father of
Humanism g‡b K‡ib|
 1500-1558 mvj ch©šÍ mgq‡K England Gi RenaissanceÕi cÖ¯‘wZ hyM ejv nq|
 Gw`‡K 1526 mv‡j cvwbc‡_i cÖ_g hy‡× Beªvwng †jv`x‡K civwRZ K‡i Rwni DwÏb
†gvnv¤§` evei (1526–1530) fviZe‡l© †gvNj mv¤ªvR¨ cÖwZôv K‡iwQ‡jb|
 The Bengal renaissance can be said to have started with Raja Ram
Mohan Roy (1772-1833) and ended with Rabindranath (1861-1941).
Raja Ram Mohan Roy is regarded as the "Father of the Bengal
Renaissance."
†i‡bmuv hy‡Mi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ •ewkó¨:
Humanism, Free Thinking, Nationalism, Individualism BZ¨vw`|
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ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i (1558-1603) c~‡e© G hy‡Mi
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wUDWi es‡ki kvmKMY n‡jv:
1. Henry (vii): 1485-1509 (ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i `v`v)
2. Henry (viii): 1509-1547 (ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i evev)
3. Edward (vi): 1547-1553 (GwjRv‡e‡_i mr fvB;
16 eQi eq‡m h²v †iv‡M gviv hvb)
4. Queen Mary: 1553-1558 (GwjRv‡e‡_i eo mr †evb Z_v K¨v‡_wi‡bi GKgvÎ
RxweZ Kb¨v wQ‡jb| AmsL¨ †cÖv‡U÷¨v›U nZ¨vi `v‡q Zv‡K i³ wccvmy †gwi ev Bloody
Mary ejv nq| KzBb †gwi Uterine Z_v Rivqy msµvšÍ cancer G gviv hvb)
D‡jøL¨: ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i evev Henry (viii) 6wU we‡q K‡iwQ‡jb| Zviv n‡jb:
1. Catherine of Aragon (divorced, died while detained under guard at
Kimbolton Castle, mother of Mary I) 2. Anne Boleyn (executed, mother of
Elizabeth I) 3. Jane Seymour (died days after giving birth to Edward VI,
believed to be caused by birth complications) 4. Anne of Cleves (divorced,
outlived the rest of the wives) 5. Catherine Howard (divorced and later
executed) 6. Catherine Parr (widowed).
 Elizabethan Period Gi AwaKvsk bvUK Queen Elizabeth Gi mvg‡b gÂ¯’
n‡q‡Q| cÖ_g gÂ¯’ bvUK Gorboduc -1562 mv‡j|
 A‡b‡K g‡b K‡ib, ZrKvjxb weL¨vZ Constantinople mv¤ªv‡R¨i cZ‡bi ciB
†i‡bmuv ïiæ nq|
 Leonardo Da Vinci (Rb¥ 1452, †d¬v‡iÝ, BZvwj) Gi weL¨vZ The Last
Supper, La Giaconda, Mona Lisa, Virtuvian Man, The Madonna
and Child †i‡bmuv hy‡Mi †kÖô wPÎKg©| wZwbB cÖ_g †nwjKÞv‡ii wPÎ A¼b
K‡iwQ‡jb| (Z‡e 1740 mv‡j cÖ_g †nwjKÞvi •Zwi Kiv nq)|
 wjDbv‡`©v `¨ wfwÂ QvovI BZvwji gvB‡Kj G‡Ä‡jv (1475) G hy‡Mi weL¨vZ wPÎKi wQ‡jb|
Zvi †kÖô wPÎKg© n‡jv Ô†gv‡RmÕ, †WwfW, wc‡qZv Ges The Creation of Adam|
Mona Lisa wfwÂi AuvKv KwíZ †nwjKÞvi Madonna and Child
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a. The Elizabethan Period
Duration: 1558-1603
Titles of the Age:
 Golden/Glorious Period of
English Literature/Drama
 A nest of singing birds
(MvqK cvwLi evmv)
G hy‡Mi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨:
 Queen Elizabeth (i) Gi bvgvbymv‡i G hy‡Mi bvgKiY Kiv nq|
 wZwb 1533 mv‡j Rb¥MÖnY K‡iwQ‡jb| Zv‡K Virgin Queen ejv nq|
 wZwb wUDWi es‡ki ivRv Henry (viii) I ivbx Anne Boleyn Gi Kb¨v wQ‡jb|
 GwjRv‡e‡_i eqm hLb AvovB eQi ZLb Zvi gv Gwb †evwjb‡K wki‡ñ` K‡i
nZ¨v Kiv nq Ges GwjRv‡e_‡K A‣ea mšÍvb wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq|
 GB kZ‡K (†i‡bmuvi hy‡M) wLª÷vb ag© `ywU fv‡M wef³ n‡q c‡o:
(a) Catholic/Papist: ag©¸iæ Pope Gi Abymvix
(b) Protestant: Against the Pope
 Rvg©vwbi ag© ms¯‥viK Martin Luther Ges Switzerland Gi Calvin
Ges Zwingli ZrKvjxb Pope I ag©hvRK‡ì †¯^”QvPvwiZvi weiæ‡×
Protest K‡iwQ‡jb| ZvB Zv‡ì Abymvix‡ì Protestant ejv nq|
 ivRv Henry (viii) Zvi personal advantage (Z_v wØZxq we‡q msµvšÍ
welq) Gi Rb¨ England G Protestantism Pvjy K‡ib| d‡j England
G Civil War ïiæ nq| ivbx Elizabeth 1558 mv‡j ÿgZvq G‡m
religious problems `~i Kivi Rb¨ Anglicanism
Pvjy Kivi gva¨‡g
Civil War Gi mgvwß NUvb|
 Anglicanism means England‘s own church.
ivbx GwjRv‡e_
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m¤ªvU AvKei (1542 - 1605)
 ―A good face is the best letter of recommendation.‖
(gv‡b, †c‡n‡j `k©b`vix †di ¸Y wePvix; GwU Queen Elizabeth Gi weL¨vZ Dw³)
1560 mv‡j ivbx GwjRv‡e_ jÛ‡b West Minister Abbey bv‡g GKwU PvP© cybwb©g©vY
K‡ib| GLv‡b weªwUk ivRv ivbx‡ì wmsnvmb Av‡ivnY Abyôvb I †klK…Z¨ AbywôZ nq|
GLv‡b 2q wek¦hy‡× wbnZ A‡bK AÁvZbvgv †hv×v‡ì mgvwa i‡q‡Q| GLv‡b Poet‘s
Corner G Kwe Pmvi, weÁvbx wbDUb, চা঱ৃ঴ হিককন্স,
†Uwbmb, e«vDwbs, nvwW©, iæWBqvW© wKcwjs, WviDBbmn
AmsL¨ weL¨vZ e¨w³‡ì mgvwa i‡q‡Q|
g‡b ivLybt
ivbx GwjRv‡e_ Ges w`wjøi m¤ªvU AvKe‡ii
Avg‡j 1600 mv‡j 218 Rb Bs‡iR ewY‡Ki
cÖ‡Póvq weªwUk B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwb MwVZ nq|
ivbx GwjRv‡e_ GB †Kv¤úvwb‡K 21 eQi ch©šÍ
GK‡PwUqv evwYR¨ Kivi ivRKxq mb` cÖ`vb
K‡iwQ‡jb|
D‡jøL¨, Gi Av‡M 1556 mv‡j cvwbc‡_i 2q hy‡× AvdMvb †bZv wngy‡K civwRZ
Kivi gva¨‡g m¤ªvU AvKei w`wjøi wmsnvmb jvf K‡iwQ‡jb| 1576 mv‡ji 12 RyjvB
ivRgn‡ji hy‡× AvKe‡ii wbKU evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxb myjZvb AvdMvb eskxq `vD` Lvb
Kiivbx civwRZ n‡j evsjv‡`k †gvMj m¤ªv‡Rï Aax‡b P‡j hvq|
Elizabethan Theatre Gi •ewkó¨:
1. There were no female writers in that period.
2. Women were not allowed to act.
3. The boys played the role of women.
4. Elizabethan tragedy Gi Ab¨Zg •ewkó¨ wQj:
(a) Revenge (b) Love
5. First English Theatre was established in 1576.
G hy‡Mi †hme mvwnwZ¨K‡ì wb‡q Avgiv Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Zviv n‡jb:
1. Thomas Norton & Thomas Sackville 2. Christopher Marlowe
3. Edmund Spenser 4. Nicholas Udall 5. Sir Thomas Wyatt 6. Sir
Philip Sidney 7. John Webster 8. Richard Hooker 9. George
Chapman 10. Ben Jonson 11. Thomas Kyd 12. Thomas Moore
13. Thomas Dekker 14. Arthur Golding 15. Nicholo Machiavelli
16. Cyril Tourneur 17. Migunl de Cervantes 18. Francis Bacon 19.
M¨vwjwjI 20. William Shakespeare
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Elizabethan Period Gi wKQz ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:
1. Thomas Norton (1532-1584) Ges
Thomas Sackville: (1536-1608)
 Giv `yBRb Literary collaborator (mvwnZ¨ mn‡hvMx) wQ‡jb|
 Zv‡ì‡K pioneers (cw_K…r) of English tragedy-I ejv nq|
 First Tragedy (we‡qvMvZ¥K bvUK) in English:
The Tragedy of Gorboduc (ivRv M‡e©vWv‡Ki Uª¨v‡RwW)
 GwUi Ab¨ bvg Ferrex and Porrex
 GwU 18 Rvbyqvwi 1562 mv‡j ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i mvg‡b cÖ_g gÂ¯’ nq
 evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ cÖ_g mv_©K Uª¨v‡RwW n‡jv gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `‡Ëi K…òKzgvix
2. Christopher Marlowe: (1564-1593)
 Rb¥¯’vb: Canterbury of England
 wZwb GKRb University Wit-I wQ‡jb|
 ১৫৯৩ ঴াক঱র ৩০ মম 29 eQi eq‡m ¸ßP‡ii QzwiKvNv‡Z
(stabbing) wZwb wbnZ nb| এর আকগ ১৮ মম নাহিকতার
অহভকযাকগ তাকক মেফতার করা ঵কয়হিক঱া।
 Title: Father of English Drama/ Tragedy (mv_©K RbK)
 wZwb Shakespeare Gi c~‡e© England Gi †kÖô bvU¨Kvi wQ‡jb| মলক্সহিয়র মাক঱ৃার
ম঱খাক঱হখ মেকক হবকল঳ভাকব প্রভাহবত ঵কয়হিক঱ন।
 wZwb Shakespeare Gi Contemporary ev mgmvgwqK nIqv m‡Ë¡I
predecessor/ c~e©m~wi †jLK| (Though Marlowe and Shakespeare were born in
the same year, Shakespeare became prominent after Marlowe‘s mysterious
early death.)
 wZwb bvU‡K Blank verse (AwgÎvÿi Q›`) cÖeZ©b K‡ib| (evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ AwgÎvÿi
Q‡›ì cÖeZ©K gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë)
 „The Passionate Shepherd to His Love‟ Ges „Hero and Leander‟
Zvi Ab¨Zg lyric (MxwZKweZv) । gv‡j©vi g…Zyï ci RR© P¨vcg¨vb Hero and
Leander KweZvwU mgvß K‡ib|
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GWgvÛ †¯úÝvi
Famous Tragedies of Marlowe:
(i) Doctor Faustus (W±i d÷vm&) ***
 GwU‡K Morality play-I ejv nq|
 cy‡iv bvg: The Tragical History
of Doctor Faustus
 Faustus †K Renaissance Héro ejv nq|
 bvqK Faustus Zvi AvZ¥v‡K 24 eQ‡ii Rb¨
kqZv‡bi Kv‡Q wewµ K‡iwQj| Satanic figures-
Lucifer, Mephistophilis. W±i d÷vm& bvU‡Ki
evsjv Abyev` K‡i‡Qb wRqv nvq`vi (1936-2008)
(ii) The Jew (Ry¨) of Malta (Malta'i Bûw`, Pov my`‡Lvi)
 bMi KZ…©c‡ÿi weiæ‡× GK gvëv wbevmx Bû`xi ee©‡ivwPZ cÖwZ‡kva MÖn‡Yi
Kvwnbx wb‡q G bvUKwU †jLv n‡q‡Q| Bûw`wUi bvg Barabas|
 G bvUK c‡o Shakespeare Zvi The Merchant of Venice wj‡L‡Qb
e‡j aviYv Kiv nq|
(iii) Tambeurlaine the Great
 GwU †gvNj mgªvU eve‡ii c~e©cyiæl ivRv •Zgyi js‡K wb‡q †jLv। ততমুর
হকভাকব রাখা঱ মেকক মযাদ্ধা ঵কয় উকেহিক঱ন ম঴টিই এ নাটকক মেখাকনা ঵কয়কি।
(iv) Edward (II): GwU GKwU historical play
(v) The Massacre of Paris (1593)
(vi) Dido, Queen of Carthage (1586; মাক঱ৃার প্রেম bvUK)
3. Edmund Spenser: (GWgvÛ †¯úÝvi; 1552-1599)
Titles
 Poets‟ poet/ The poet of poets / Kwe‡ì Kwe ***
(evsjv mvwn‡Z¨ Kwe‡ì Kwe wbg©‡j›`y ¸Y)
 The Child of Renaissance and Reformation
 Second Father of English Poetry
 Court Poet/ Divine Master/ The Prince of Poets
 Zvi g„Zzï c‡i eû Kwe mvwnwZ¨K we‡kl K‡i
Romantic hy‡Mi (1798-1832) KweMY Zvi
KweZvi Style AbymiY K‡ib| ZvB Zv‡K Kwe‡ì
Kwe ejv nq|
 wZwb Spenserian Sonnet cÖeZ©b K‡ib|
 Zvi m‡bU msKj‡bi bvg- Amoretti|
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†¯úÝv‡ii weL¨vZ gnvKv‡eï bvg:
The Faerie Queen (†dqvwi KzBb; fvev_©t cixi b¨vq my›ìx ivbx)*
 ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i cÖksmv K‡i GwU iwPZ
 GB ig¨ Dc¨vL¨vbwU Allegory wn‡m‡eI L¨vZ
 Gi Theme: Patriotism (Amgvß gnvKve¨)
 Red Cross Knight GB gnvKv‡eï bvqK Ges Una wQ‡jb bvwqKv|
Famous books and poems:
(i) The Shepherds Calendar (ivLvwjqv ev‡ivgvm¨v)
(ii) The Ruins of Time
(iii) Amoretti (Collection of 89 sonnets)
 Sir Philip SidneyÕi g„Zz¨ wb‡q †jLv Zvi GKwU weL¨vZ pastoral elegy
n‡jv: Astrophel|
4. Nicholas Udall: (1505-1556)
Title: Father of English Comedy (wgjbvZ¥K bvUK)***
First comedy in English:
Ralph Roister Doister (ivj&d i‡q÷vi W‡q÷vi) ***
 GwU e¨_© †cÖ‡gi K‡gwW; bvqK- ivj&d
 GwU ivbx GwjRv‡e‡_i eo mr‡evb Queen Mary Gi mvg‡b 1553 mv‡j
cÖ_g gÂ¯’ nq|
 D‡jøL¨, evsjv mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g mv_©K K‡gwW gvB‡Kj gaym~`‡bi cÙveZx|
 Respublica bv‡g Zuvi GKwU Interlude (Mf©bvwUKv) Av‡Q|
 Z‡e A‡b‡KB John Still iwPZ Gammer Gurton‘s Needle (1533)
†KB Bs‡iwR mvwn‡Zï cÖ_g comedy g‡b K‡ib|
5. Sir Thomas Wyatt: (1503-1542)
Dcvwa: Father of English sonnet***
First Sonneteer in English literature
 Earl of Surrey wn‡m‡e L¨vZ Kwe Henry Howard
Zvi Literary Collaborator wQ‡jb|
 wZwb BZvjxq Kwe Petrarch মক AbymiY Ki‡Zb Ges
Zvi avivq sonnet wjL‡Zb|
 Zv‡ì †h․_ Kve¨- Tottel‟s Miscellany (GwU‡K First Fruit of
Renaissance ejv nq)
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 we.`ª. Kwe Howard †ivgvb fvlvi weL¨vZ Kwe fvwR©‡ji Aeneid (CwbW)
gnvKv‡e¨i Bs‡iwR Abyev` K‡ib|
g‡b ivLyb
* Sonnet is a form of poem consisting of three
quatrains ending with a rhyming couplet.
* m‡b‡Ui RbK: BZvjxq Kwe †cÎvK©
* evsjv m‡b‡Ui RbK: gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë (PZz`©kc`x KweZvejx)
* evsjv fvlvq BZvjxq m‡b‡Ui cÖeZ©K: cÖg_ †P․ayix
6. Sir Philip Sidney: (1554-1586)
 A famous critic and was also a poet and soldier.
 Sidney was one of the leading members of Queen
Elizabethan court.
 Famous books:
(i) The Lady of May
(ii) An Apology for Poetry
(GwU GKwU mvwnZ¨ mgv‡jvPbv MÖš’)
(iii) Arcadia (Av‡K©wWqv; It is called the
embryo (seed/ åæY) of English novel)
7. John Webster: (1580-1634)
 Zuvi †kÖô bvUK¸‡jv Jacobean hy‡M iwPZ nq|
 Famous tragedies:
(i) The White Devil
(ii) The Devil‘s Law Case
(iii) The Duchess of Malfi**
 GwU GKwU Revenge play
 Bosola GB bvU‡Ki KzL¨vZ PwiÎ
 Bosola †K Machiavellian/ selfish character ejv nq|
8. Richard Hooker: (1554-1600)
 The greatest prose writer (M`¨ †jLK) of the Elizabethan period
 Influential theologian and clergy man
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†eb Rbmb
9. George Chapman: (1559-1634)
 wZwb Homer Gi Iliad Ges Odyssey Gi Bs‡iwR Abyev` K‡ib|
BwjqvW GKwU MÖxK gnvKve¨| cÖvPxb MÖx‡mi BwjIb kn‡ii bvgvbymv‡i G gnvKv‡eï bvgKiY Kiv
n‡q‡Q| 16,000 cO&w³ wewkó GB gnvKv‡eï welqe¯‘ Uª‡qi hy×, †hwU †n‡jb bv‡gi GK bvix‡K
†K›`ª K‡i msNwUZ nq| MÖxK‡ì †miv exi GwKwjm Ges Uª‡qi †miv exi †n±i| hy× †k‡l MÖxK
†mbviv myiwÿZ I mvRv‡bv bMix Uªq‡K R¡vwj‡q †`q|
10. Ben Jonson: (1572-1637)
 Father of English Realistic Comedy
 Father of Comedy of Humours
(K‡gwW Ae wnDgvi †gwW‡Kj w_Dwii mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z|
†`nZ‡Ë¡i c«vPxb ÒPvi wnDgviÓ n‡jv PviwU †g․wjK Zij
c`v_©t i³, †kølv, †µva ev njy` wcË Ges welv` ev K…ò
wcË| GB c`v_©My‡jvi cwigvY Ges †`‡n Zv‡ì Dcw¯’wZ I wgk«‡Yi c«K…wZ Øviv gvby‡li
kvixwiK I PvwiwÎK UvBc wba©vwiZ nq e‡j wek¦vm Kiv nZ| my¯’ Pwi‡Îi g‡a¨ me KwU
Dcv`vb mymgwš^Zfv‡e Dchy³ cwigv‡Y Dcw¯’Z _v‡K|
 g‡b ivLyb: †eb Rbmb evbv‡b h †bB|
 wZwb Elizabethan period-G †jLv‡jwL ïiæ Ki‡jI Jacobean period G †ewk
myL¨vwZ jvf K‡ib| ivRv cÖ_g †Rg‡mi Avg‡j †k·wcq‡ii c‡i Zv‡K †kÖô bvU¨Kvi
g‡b Kiv nq|
Famous plays of Ben Jonson:
(i) Every Man in His Humour
(ii) Every Man Out of His Humour
(iii)The Silent Woman (or Epicoene)
(iv)Volpone (fj‡cvwb) or the Foxes
 G bvU‡Ki Ab¨Zg PwiÎ Mosca| GUv‡K beast fable-I ejv nq|
(v) The Alchemist
11. Thomas Kyd: (1558-1594)
 A famous university wit
 Title: Father of English Revenge Tragedy
(Z‡e BZvwjq bvU¨Kvi Seneca †K Father of Revenge Tragedy ejv nq)
 Famous play of Kyd:
The Spanish Tragedy (প্রেম bvUK)
 GwU‡K Bloody Drama ejv nq|
 The Spanish Tragedy c‡o Shakespeare Zvi Hamlet bvUKwU
†jLvi Aby‡cÖiYv †c‡qwQ‡jb|
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12. Thomas More: (1478-1535)
 তাকক রাজা অষ্টম ম঵নহর হলরকেে ককরহিক঱ন।
 Famous book:
Utopia (KvíwbK ¯^M©ivR¨), [A kingdom of no-where; an
imaginary island where there is no problem]
 GwU wZwb j¨vwUb fvlv †_‡K Bs‡iwR fvlvq Abyev` K‡i‡Qb|
13. Thomas Dekker: (1572 –1632)
 was an English Elizabethan dramatist and pamphleteer, a versatile
and prolific writer.
14. Arthur Golding: (1536 –1606)
 an English translator of more than 30 works from Latin into English.
15. Niccolo Machiavelli: (g¨vwKqv‡fwj, 1469-1527)
 Titles: Father of Modern Political Science
 wZwb BZvwj‡Z Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
 Zvi weL¨vZ MÖš’: The Prince ***
 mvwn‡Z¨ Machiavellian Character ej‡Z eySvq selfish character
 Belief of Machiavellian character: The end justifies the means.
 During the Italian Renaissance, Niccolò Machiavelli established
the emphasis of modern political science on direct empirical
observation of political institutions and actors. Machiavelli was
also a realist, arguing that even evil means should be considered if
they help to create and preserve a desired regime.
 A_©vr, wZwb ÿgZvq Av‡ivnY ev Kvw•ÿZ mvdj¨ jv‡fi Rb¨ mKj A‣ea cš’v‡K •ea
g‡b Ki‡Zb|
16. Cyril Tourneur: (1575-1626)
Famous plays:
1) The Revenger‘s Tragedy (1607)
2) The Atheist‘s Tragedy (1611)
17. Migunl de Cervantes: (1547-1616)
 †¯ú‡bi weL¨vZ Kwe, bvU¨Kvi I Jcb¨vwmK
 cÖavb mvwnZ¨Kg©: Don Quixote (Wb KzBK&‡RvU)
GwU‡K AvaywbK BD‡iv‡ci cÖ_g Ges Ab¨Zg †miv Dcb¨vm
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
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18. Francis Bacon: (1561-1626)
Dcvwa:
 Father of English Essay (cÖeÜ)
 Father of Modern Prose
 Father of Empiricism
(AwfÁZvev`/ cÖ‡qvMev‡`i RbK)
 First essayist in English literature
 He was an English courtier (statesman), lawyer and natural
philosopher. covïbv K‡ib K¨vgweÖR wek¦we`¨vj‡q|
 wZwb GKvav‡i Bsj¨v‡Ûi Attorney General Ges Lord Chancellor wQ‡jb|
 Zvi mKj cÖe‡Üi bvg Of w`‡q ïiæ n‡q‡Q| (†hgb Of Studis, Of Love)
Famous quotes of Francis Bacon:
(i) Reading maketh a full man; conference (Av‡jvPbv) a ready
man; writing an exact man. (Av‡M es-†K th †jLv nZ)
(ii) Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability.
(wkÿv gvbyl‡K wZbwU wRwbm †`q: Avb›`, m¤§vb Ges RxweKv DcvR©‡bi ÿgZv)
(iii) History makes man wise.
(iv) Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed
(MjvaKiY) and some few to be chewed and digested.
** (Dc‡ii 4 wU quotation Of Studies cÖe‡Ü Av‡Q)
(v) Wives are young men‟s mistresses, companions for the
middle age and old men‘s nurses. (Of Marriage and Single Life)
(vi) A mixture of lie does ever add pleasure. (Of Truth)
(vii) A good friend is another himself. (Of Friendship)
(viii) It is impossible to love and be wise. (Of Love)
(fvj‡e‡m †KD Ávbx n‡Z cv‡ibv)
(ix) Suspicions among thoughts are like bats among birds.
(wPšÍvi g‡a¨ m‡›`n, cvwL‡`i g‡a¨ ev`y‡oi gZ)
(x) Opportunity makes a thief. (my‡hvM gvbyl‡K †Pvi evbvq)
(xi) The secret of success is the constancy of purpose.
(mdjZvi †Mvcb inm¨ n‡jv D‡Ï‡k¨ AwePj _vKv)
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we.`ª: Father of English
Prose cÖ‡kœ Alfred the
Great ev John Wycliff
Gi bvg bv _vK‡j Francis
Bacon†K Father of
English prose ejv nq|
(ix) Revenge is a kind of wild justice. (Of Revenge)
(x) Silence is the sleep that nourishes wisdom.
(xi) Unmarried men are best friends, best masters, best servants
but not always best subjects (wbf©i‡hvM¨ e¨w³).
(Of Marriage and Single Life)
(xii) Old wood best to burns, old wine to drink, old friends to trust
and old author to read.
Famous books of Francis Bacon:
(i) Advancement of Learning
(ii) Novum Orgamum
(iii) The Wisdom of Ancients
(iv) Divine and Humane
(v) The New Atlantis
19. M¨vwjwjI M¨vwj‡jB: (Galileo Galilei; 1564-1642)
 AvaywbK †R¨vwZwe©Áv‡bi RbK
 BZvwjq c`v_©weÁvbx, †R¨vwZwe©Ávbx, MwYZÁ I `vk©wbK
 Galileo has been called the
"father of observational astronomy", the
"father of modern physics", and the "father
of science".
 He played a major role in the scientific revolution during the
Renaissance.
 wZwb `~iexÿY h‡š¿i Avwe®‥vi K‡ib Ges e…n¯úwZ MÖ‡ni mÜvb Lyu‡R cvb|
 His contributions to observational astronomy include the telescopic
confirmation of the phases of Venus, the discovery of the four
largest satellites of Jupiter (named the Galilean moons in his
honour), and the observation and analysis of sunspots.
 weL¨vZ Dw³- Ôm~h© c„w_exi Pviw`‡K bq, eis c„w_ex m~‡h©i Pviw`‡K Nyi‡Q|Õ
(Z‡e G K_vwU wLª÷c~e© 3q A‡ã †R¨vwZwe©` A¨vwi÷Kvm© cÖ_g e‡jwQ‡jb|)
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g‡b ivLyb:
gv‡j©v, †k·wcqi
Ges weÁvbx
M¨vwjwjI GB
wZbRb GKB
mv‡j (1564)
Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Qb|
20. William Shakespeare: (1564-1616)
 Birth: 23 April 1564 (gZvšÍ‡i 26 April)
 Death: 23 April 1616n (52 eQi eq‡m)
 Birth place: Stratford-upon-Avon
 GB kniwU Warwickshire G Aew¯’Z;
G¨fb GKwU b`xi bvg|
Titles:
 National poet of England
 The greatest dramatist
 The greatest superstar of the world
 King without crown (gKzUwenxb m¤ªvU)
 The Bard of Avon (G¨f‡bi bard/ Kwe)
(†hgb, gvB‡Kj gaym~`b `Ë‡K K‡cvZv‡ÿi Kwe ejv nq|)
 William Shakespeare †K Poet of Human Nature wnmv‡e AvL¨vwqZ
K‡i‡Qb Dr. Samuel Johnson|
 Shakespeare Gi Nickname n‡jv: The Swan of Avon
 Father: John Shakespeare (wZwb GKRb wkíx wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ)
 Mother: Mary Shakespeare (W. Shakespeare Zv‡`i PZy_© mšÍvb)
 Wife: Anne Hathaway (8 years senior to Shakespeare- 18:26); we‡q
K‡ib 1582 mv‡j। অযাহনর গকভৃ মলক্সহিয়করর হতনটি ঴ন্তান ঵কয়হি঱। এরা ঵ক঱ন কন্যা
সু঴ান এবং ঵যামকনট ঑ জুহিে নাকমর দুই জমজ। হবকয়র ৬ মা঴ িকরই সু঴াকনর জন্ম ঵কয়হি঱।
 †ckvMZ Rxe‡b wZwb GKRb Actor (Awf‡bZv) wQ‡jb; bvUK Ki‡Zb Globe
Theatre G| Shakespeare †K Trinity Church G mgvwnZ Kiv nq|
 Francis Meres bvgK GK AvBbRxex 1598 mv‡j †k·wcqi‡K Britain‘s
greatest dramatist wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib ।
Shakespeare was famous for:
(i) 37 plays (মতান্তকর ৩৮ টি; ২৫ wU ivbxi RxeÏkvq, evwK¸‡jv Jacobean
period G iwPZ)
(ii) 154 sonnets
(iii) 2 long narrative poems (eY©bvg~jK/আখ্যান KweZv)
 wZwb Jacobean Period G A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© bvUK wjL‡jI Zuv‡K Elizabethan
period Gi bvU¨KviB ejv nq| Zvi RxeÏkvq 18 wU bvUK cÖKvwkZ nq|
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GB Globe Theatre G Shakespeare
Gi AwaKvsk bvUK gÂ¯’ n‡q‡Q
g‡b ivLyb:
Quatrain- A
stanza of four
lines.
Quintain-A
stanza of five
lines.
Shakespeare wrote four types of play:
(i) Tragedy (12 wU)
(ii) Comedy (15 wU)
(iii) Tragi-comedy
(Tragi-comedy Gi cÖeZ©K
wQ‡jb Shakespeare wb‡RB)
(iv) Historical play
 His each play consists of
five (5) acts
 Shakespeare composed much of his plays in iambic pentameter.
 Soliloquy means- ¯^M‡Zvw³; a speech by an actor on a lonely stage.
Soliloquy-†Z Awf‡bZvi g‡bi K_v †kÖvZv ïb‡Z cvq|
 Aside means- GKv‡šÍ; a brief comment by a character
addressing the audience, unheard by other characters.
Shakespeare Gi m‡bU:
 He is the innovator (cÖeZ©K) of Shakespearean Sonnet.
 wZwb তাi A‡bK m‡bU eÜz Earl of Southampton †K DrmM© K‡ib| তকব
তার ২৬টি ঴কনট তোকহেত মকান িাকৃ ম঱হির উকেকে রহচত।
 Sonnet Style: Three quatrains and a couplet (4 + 4 + 4 + 2)
 The rhyme scheme (AšÍwgj) of his sonnet: abab, cdcd, efef, gg
Shakespeare Gi wKQz weL¨vZ KweZv:
(i) The Rape of Lucrece (GwU narrative poem)
(ii) A Lovers Complaint
(iii) The Passionate Pilgrim
(iv) The Phoenix and the Turtle
(wdwb· GKwU mythological bird)
(v) Venus and Adonis (Narrative poem)
(Z‡e Adonais bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ elegy wj‡L‡Qb Romantic Kwe P B Shelley)
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Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ Tragi-comedy/Problem play:
(a) The Merchant of Venice: (†fwb‡mi ewYK)
 GB bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ wKQz PwiÎ:
(i) Antonio
(ii) Shylock (my`‡Lvi Bûw` / Jew userer)
(iii) Portia (bvwqKv)- Zvi law trick Gi Kvi‡Y Antonio †eu‡P hvb my`‡Lvi
Bûw` Shylock Gi nvZ †_‡K|
(iv) Bassanio (v) Jessica
 Merchant of Venice Gi wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
(i) It is a wise father that knows his own child.
(wZwbB weÁ evev whwb Zvi mšÍvb m¤ú‡K© AeMZ)
(ii) All that glitters is not gold.
(iii) Love is blind.
(iv) In sooth, I know not why I am so sad.
(b) All’s Well that Ends Well: (কল঳ fv‡jv hvi, me fv‡jv Zvi)
(c) Measure for Measure: (†hgb KzKzi †Zgb gy¸i)
 GwU‡K Dark/Black comedy/ problem play-I ejv n‡q _v‡K|
"Measure for Measure" is neither a pure tragedy nor a fair
comedy. It is a tragi-comedy because it "ends with forced
marriages, not necessarily true love." Source: nosweatshakespeare.com
 GB bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ wKQz Dw³:
(a) Some rise by sin and some by virtue fall.
(cv‡c Kv‡iv DÌvb nq Ges c~‡Y¨ Kv‡iv cZb nq|)
(b) The miserable have no other medicine but only hope.
Shakespeare Gi HwZnvwmK bvUK:
 wZwb wZbRb ivRv‡K wb‡q 10 wU historical play wj‡L‡Qb|
(i) King Henry
(ii) King John
(iii) King Richard
 ―Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.‖ (gyKzU cwiwnZ
e¨w³ ¯^w¯Í‡Z Nygv‡Z cv‡i bv)- Dw³wU Henry (iv) G Av‡Q|
 ―Men of few words are the best men.‖ – Henry (v)
 Henry (VI) †k·wcq‡ii cÖ_g bvUK|
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Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ Tragedies:
a. Hamlet: ((1602 mv‡j iwPZ)
†WbgvK© mvgªv‡R¨i cUf~wg‡Z iwPZ GwU †k·wcq‡ii me©e„nr Uªv‡RwW| †Wbgv‡K© ivRnZ¨v Ges
cy‡Îi cÖjw¤^Z cÖwZ‡kva- G bvU‡Ki g~j DcRxe¨ welq| G bvU‡K 7 wU Soliloquy i‡q‡Q|
 Hamlet k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© –
―A small village that doesn‘t have its own church‖
Hamlet bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ wKQz PwiÎ:
(i) King Hamlet (†Wbgv‡K©i ivRv)
(ii) Prince Hamlet
(cyÎ+protagonist/central character, Rvg©vwbi
Wittenberg wek¦we`¨vj‡q covïbv Ki‡Zb)
(iii) Gurtrude (gv) - welcv‡b gviv hvq|
(iv) Claudius (PvPv)- Hamlet Gi QzwiKvNv‡Z
gviv hvq|
(v) Horatio (†nvivwkI; †ng‡j‡Ui eÜy)
(vi) Ophelia (heroine; I‡dwjqv) – cvwb‡Z Wz‡e gviv hvq|
(vii) Laertes (Polonius' son and Ophelia's brother)
Hamlet bvU‡Ki wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
 To be or not to be that is the question. (a soliloquy of Hamlet)
ÑGwU Øviv indecisiveness of human mind / gvbe g‡bi wm×všÍnxbZv‡K
eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Every modern man is a Hamlet.
 Frailty, thy name is woman. (bvixi Aci bvg Aejv ev `ye©jZv)
 The play is a thing, where I will catch the conscience of the king.
 "What a piece of work is a man, how noble in reason, how infinite
in faculties, in form and moving how express and admirable, in
action how like an angel, in apprehension how like a god!"
 Brevity is the soul of wit. (mswÿß K_vB iwmKZvi cÖvY)
 There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so.
(c„w_ex‡Z fv‡jv-g›` ej‡Z wKQz bvB, wPšÍvB fvj-g›` •Zwi K‡i)
 There are more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, than are
dreamt of in our philosophy. (†nvivwkI, ¯^M© I c„w_ex‡Z Ggb A‡bK welq
i‡q‡Q hv Avgiv ¯^‡cœI Kíbv Ki‡Z cvwibv)
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 Neither a borrower nor a lender be;
For loan oft loses both itself and friend
(avi`vZv I aviMÖnxZv †KvbUvB n‡qv bv, KviY avi eÜz Ges A_© DfqB bó K‡i)
 There is divinity that shapes our end. (fvM¨B P~ovšÍ cwiYwZi w`‡K wb‡q hvq)
 When sorrows come, they come not single spies but in
battalions. (wec` GKvwK Av‡m bv; m`je‡j Av‡m)
b. Macbeth:
GwU †k·wcq‡ii me©v‡cÿv ÿz`ªvKvi Uªv‡RwW| ¯‥Uj¨v‡Ûi ivRv WvbKvb‡K nZ¨vi c~e© Ges
cieZ©x NUbvcÄx G bvU‡Ki g~j DcRxe¨ welq| bvU‡Ki ïiy‡Z ¯‥Uj¨vÛ‡K biI‡qi mv‡_
hy×iZ †`Lv hvq| ivRv WvbKv‡bi cy‡Îi bvg Malcolm|
Macbeth bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ wKQz PwiÎ:
(i) King Duncan (Scotland Gi ivRv)
(ii) Three Witches (3 WvBwb; g¨vK‡e_‡K Zviv wZbwU fwel¨lØvYx K‡i)
(iii) Macbeth ( A brave general + protagonist of the play)
(iv) Lady Macbeth (wife of Macbeth, Zv‡K Super-witchI ejv nq)
(v) Banquo (Macbeth Gi mn‡hv×v) (vi) Macduff (a nobleman)
Macbeth bvU‡Ki wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
 Fair is foul, foul is fair,
Hover through the fog and filthy air.
(A_©vr Ôfv‡jv †gv‡`i g›`, g›` †gv‡`i fv‡jvÕ
- bvU‡Ki ïiæ‡Z wZb WvBwb GB MvbwU †M‡qwQj)
 Your face is a book,
Where man may read strange matters.
 Look like an innocent flower
But be the serpent under it.
(Macbeth †K Lady Macbeth Gi civgk©)
 Here is still the smell of blood.
All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.
(Lamentation of Lady Macbeth)
 Life is but a walking shadow. (GwU Metaphor Gi D`vniY)
ÑRxeb GKUv Pjgvb Qvqv (Macbeth)
 Life is a tale, told by an idiot, (GwUI Metaphor Gi D`vniY)
Full of sound and fury
Signifying nothing. – (famous soliloquy of Macbeth)
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c. Othello (The Moor):
 I‡_‡jv bvU‡Ki †K›`«xq PwiÎ I‡_‡jv- whwb BZvwji †fwbwmqvb †mbvevwnbxi
GKRb gywik †Rbv‡ij (gyi- ga¨hy‡M gi‡°vi gymwjg Awaevmx)| eY©ev`, Bl©v I
fv‡jvevmvi Awfbe mswgk«Y GB bvU‡Ki g~j DcRxe¨| I‡_‡jvi fyj m‡›`‡ni wbg©g ewj
n‡Z n‡q‡Q Zvi ¯¿x †WmwWgbv‡K|
 A Domestic Tragedy (†h bvU‡K ¯^vgx ¯¿x-KZ©„K A_ev ¯¿x ¯^vgx-KZ©„K wbnZ nq)
 Theme: Fatal consequence of doubt (m‡›`‡ni gvivZ¥K Kzdj)
 Othello gave Desdemona a handkerchief as a token of love.
 g‡bvweÁv‡b, I‡_‡jv wmbW«g ej‡Z m‡›`nevwZK ev gvbwmK weKviMÖ¯’ †ivMxi Ae¯’v eySvq|
I‡_‡jv bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ wKQz PwiÎ:
Othello ( a brave Moorish solder)
 Desdemona (heroine)
 Brabantio (Venetian Senator, father of Desdemona)
 Iago (B‡q¸, lohš¿Kvix/ wf‡jb)
 Cassio (assistant of Othello)
d. King Lear:
 A tragedy of an arrogant king
 Father of three daughters
 Goneril – (myweav‡fvMx Z‡e wek¦vmNvZK)
 Regan – (myweav‡fvMx Z‡e wek¦vmNvZK)
 Cordelia–(myweav ewÂZ Z‡e loyal/wek¦¯Í)
King Lear bvU‡Ki wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
 I am a man more sinned against than sinning (
 King Lear Gi g‡Z, How sharper than a serpent‟s tooth it is
To have a thankless child.
 My love is richer than my tongue. (Avgvi fv‡jvevmv gy‡L eySv‡bv m¤¢e bq)
 Nothing will come of nothing.
e) Julius Caesar:
 Was a ruler of Rome about 2000 years ago
 wZwb 46 wLªóc~e©v‡ã †iv‡gi m¤ªvU n‡qwQ‡jb
 wmRv‡ii wek¦vmNvZK (betrayer)eÜz: Brutus (eªæUvm)
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wmRv‡ii weL¨vZ Dw³:
 Veni, Vidi, Vici (I came, I saw, I conquered).
-GwU ‗climax‘ Gi D`vniY| K¬¨vBg¨v· ej‡Z, GKB ai‡Yi kã¸”Q
eënvi K‡i GKwU we‡kl fve‡K Zy‡½/ kxl©we›`y‡Z wb‡q hvIqv †evSvq|
 Cowards die many times before their death,
But the valiant never taste of death but once.***
(fxiæiv g„Zzï c~‡e© eûevi g‡i; wKš‘ ex‡iiv g„Zz¨‡K eiY K‡i GKevi)
 Brutus, you too! (eªæUvm, ZzwgI!)
f) Romeo and Juliet:
 A tragedy of eternal love
 Romeo and Juliet belong to two ever
hostile families.
 †ivwgI Ges Rywj‡q‡Ui cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ kÎæZvi m¤úK©
wQj| c‡i Zviv kZ evav D‡cÿv K‡i bvbv bvUKxqZvi gv‡S we‡q K‡i| me‡k‡l `yB
cwiev‡ii kÎæZvi †R‡i welcv‡b AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡i GB †cÖwgK hyMj|
g) Antonio and Cleopatra:
 Cleopatra was a queen of Egypt (wgki)
 ivbx wK¬I‡cUªv‡K Serpent of the Nile
(bxj b‡ì mc©) ejv nq|
 Z‡e Caesar and Cleopatra bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ
Play wj‡L‡Qb Father of Modern English
Literature bv‡g L¨vZ G B Shaw|
 wgkixq ivbx wK¬I‡cUªv I Zvi cÖavb †mbvcwZ G‡›Uvwb
cÖ_g `k©‡bB ci¯ú‡ii †cÖ‡g c‡o hvb Ges ivRKxq NvZ-cÖwZNvত D‡cÿv K‡i Zviv
we‡q K‡ib| aviYv Kiv nq, †ivgvb‡ì mv‡_ hy×iZ Ae¯’vq wK¬I‡cUªv wbnZ nevi
wg_¨v msev` ï‡b G‡›Uvwb AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡ib| c‡i wK¬I‡cUªv G Lei Rvb‡Z †c‡i wb‡Ri
mv‡_ memgq ivLv welv³ mv‡ci Kvg‡o AvZ¥nZ¨v K‡iন|
h) Titus Andronicus:
 GwU GKwU Tragedy
 Titus Andronicus was a renowned Roman general.
i) Timon of Athens:
 GwU Unfinished/ Incomplete play
 GwU Shakespeare Gi 38Zg Play; wZwb GwU †kl Kivi mgq cvbwb|
 Famous quote: Life is an uncertain voyage.
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Shakespeare Gi weL¨vZ Comedies:
1. As You Like It:
 Theme: Love at first sight
GB bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ wKQz PwiÎ:
 Orlando, Rosalind, Celia, Duke Senior
GB bvU‡Ki wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
 All the world‟s a stage (GwUI Metaphor Gi D`vnviY)
And all the men and women are merely players.
(mgMÖ c„w_exUvB GKUv i½gÂ Ges me gvbe-gvbex GB g‡Âi Kzkxje)
 Sweet are the uses of adversity. (`y:†Li cÖ‡qvRbxqZv gayi)
 Under the green wood tree/ Who loves to lie with me, And
turn his merry note/ Unto the sweet bird's throat,/ Come hither, come
hither, come hither/ Here shall he see/ No enemy/ But winter and rough
weather. (meyR ebvbxi wb‡P- GwU GKwU Song; G‡Z winter Øviv kÎæ Ges Tree Øviv
Forest eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q|)
 Blow, blow the winter wind (e‡q hvI kx‡Zi evZvm/
Thou (you) are not so unkind Zzwg AZ wb`©q bI/
As man‘s ingratitude. gvby‡li AK…ÁZvi gZ)
2. Comedy of Errors:
 Gi evsjv Abyev` K‡i‡Qb Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvMi åvwšÍwejvm bv‡g| bvU‡K †`Lv
hvq, GK KvV e¨emvqx Zvi Kv‡Ri †jvK‡K mv‡_ wb‡q wbR kni †Q‡o Ab¨ GKwU kn‡i e¨emvi
Kv‡R Av‡m| wKš‘ GB kn‡iB Zvi †Pnvivi ûeû Ab¨ GK f`«‡jvK Av‡Qb; GgbwK `yRb PvK‡iiI
GKB †Pnviv| ïiy nq åvwšÍ wejvm| Ae‡k‡l Rvbv hvq, Giv PviRb `yB †Rvov RgR| †QvU‡ejvq
hviv GK `yN©Ubvq wew”Qbœ n‡qwQj|
3. Twelfth Night: (G bvU‡Ki mve-UvB‡Ujt Or, What You Will)
 GB bvU‡Ki wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
 Some are born great, some achieve greatness
and some have greatness thrust upon them.
(†KD gnr n‡q Rb¥vq, †KD gnË¡Zv AR©b K‡i Ges Kv‡iv Dci gnË¡Zv Pvwc‡q †`qv nq)
 If music be the food of love, play on.
 Love sought is good but given unsought is better.
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4. The Taming of the Shrew:
 GB bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ evsjv Abyev` K‡ib gybxi †P․ayix-
gyLiv igYx ekxKiY bv‡g|
 * GB bvU‡K Katherine bvgK GKwU bvix PwiÎ‡K
 Shrew (Kjnwc«q igYx) wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
5. Mid Summer Night’s Dream:
 A romantic comedy
GB bvU‡Ki wKQz weL¨vZ Dw³:
 Love looks not with the eyes but with the mind.
 The course of true love never did run smooth.
6. The Tempest :(
 A_©: `~išÍ So/ violent storm
 Calliban, Ariel, Prospereo, Miranda
-G bvU‡Ki weL¨vZ PwiÎ
 GwU‡K Shakespeare Gi Swan song (last work) ejv nq|
 g‡b ivLyb: jÛ‡bi White Hall cÖvmv`wU 1530 †_‡K 1698 wLªóvã ch©šÍ weªwUk
ivR cwiev‡ii evmfeb wQj| 1611 mv‡ji 1 b‡f¤^i ivRv cÖ_g †Rg‡mi mvg‡b G
†nvqvBU n‡jB The Tempest bvUKwU cÖ_g gÂ¯’ nq|
Other Comedies of Shakespeare:
1 The Two Gentleman of Verona
2 The Merry Wives of Windsor
3 The Winter‘s Tale (a romance comedy,
A‡b‡K GwU‡K Tragi-comedy g‡b K‡ib)
4 Cymbeline (a romance)
5 Pericles, Prince of Tyre
6 The Two Nobel Kinsman
7 Troilus and Cressida
Dw³: The common curse of mankind folly and ignorance.
8 Much Ado About Nothing (AKvi‡Y •n‣P)
9 Love‘s Labours Lost (†cÖ‡gi dj e„_v †Mj)
*** Z‡e Love‟s Labours Won Ges The History of Cardenio
bv‡gi `ywU bvUK †jLvi ci Shakespeare nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Qb|
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University Wits Kx/ Kviv?
 Elizabethan Period Gi GK`j Young dramatist and
pamphleteers (ÿz`ª cyw¯ÍKv iPwqZv)|
 Zviv Oxford Ges Cambridge University Gi scholar/witty
students wQ‡jb|
 Zviv A‡bK weL¨vZ bvUK iPbv I gÂ¯’ Kivi gva¨‡g L¨vwZ AR©b K‡iwQ‡jb|
weL¨vZ University Wits n‡jb (cÖvq 7 Rb):
Christopher Marlowe: (1564-1593)
 wZwb †k·wcqi c~e©eZ©x †kÖô bvU¨Kvi wQ‡jb| Zv‡K wb‡q G hy‡Mi ïiæ‡ZB
Avgiv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ|
Thomas Kyd:
 wZwb G `ywU University Gi QvÎ bv n‡qI
University Wits Gi AšÍfy©³ wQ‡jb|
Robert Greene:: (1558-1592)
 Friar Bacon Zvi weL¨vZ Comedy|
George Peele (cxj): (1556-1596) The house, believed to be
 The Old Wife‘s Tale Shakespeare's birthplace,
 Famous Chronicle of King Edward (I) in Stratford-upon-Avon
Thomas Nashe: (1567-1601)
 Summer‘s Last Will and Testament Zvi weL¨vZ bvUK|
 Zv‡K The greatest of English Elizabethan pamphleteers ejv nq|
John Lyly: (1553-1606)
 King Midas Ges The Woman in the Moon Zvi weL¨vZ bvUK;
 The Anatomy of Wit Zvi †kÖô MÖš’|
Thomas Lodge: (1553-1606)
 wZwb GKRb Physician wQ‡jb
 wZwb GwjRv‡e_vb I †R‡Kvweqvb hy‡M †jLv‡jwL K‡ib|
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Stuart es‡ki ivRv James i
Emperor Jahangir (1605–1627)
b. The Jacobean Period
Duration: 1603-1625
 This age was named after King James (I),
who reigned England from 1603-1625.
 1603 mv‡j GwjRv‡e‡_i g„Zzï ci Stuart
es‡ki ivRv cÖ_g †Rgm& GKB mg‡q Bsj¨vÛ I
¯‥Uj¨v‡Ûi ivRv nb|
 King James †K The Wisest Fool ejv nq|
KviY wZwb wb‡R‡K Ck¦‡ii cÖwZwbwa g‡b Ki‡Zb |
 Latin fvlvq James †K Jacobus ejv nq|
 Jacobean kãwU Jacobus kã †_‡K D`&MZ|
 1608 mv‡j ivRv James (I) Gi mycvwikcÎ wb‡q K¨v‡Þb nwKÝ evwYR¨ KzwV
¯’vc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii (1605–1627)
ìev‡i Av‡mb| 1613 mv‡j GK digv‡bi gva¨‡g
m¤ªvU Rvnv½x‡ii AbygwZ‡Z Ômyiv‡UÕ cÖ_g Bs‡iR KzwV
¯’vwcZ nq Ges wKQz w`‡bi g‡a¨B Ab¨vb¨ ¯’vbmn
ûMwj‡Z evwYR¨ KzwV ¯’vwcZ nq| G mgq
Bs‡iRiv webv ï‡é evwYR¨ Kivi AwaKvi cvb|
 D‡jøL¨, my‡e`vi Bmjvg Lvb 1608 (gZvšÍ‡i 1610) mv‡j fu~Bqv‡ì `gb Kivi
D‡Ï‡k¨ evsjvi ivRavbx ivRgnj †_‡K XvKvq ¯’vbvšÍi K‡ib Ges XvKv‡K
Rvnv½xibMi bvgKiY K‡ib|
PZz_© †gvNj m¤ªvU Nuruddin Salim Jahangir Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRv James (I) †K
wb‡¤œv³ cÎwU wj‡LwQ‡jb:
Upon which assurance of your royal love I have given my general
command to all the kingdoms and ports of my dominions to receive all
the merchants of the English nation as the subjects of my friend; that in
what place soever they choose to live, they may have free liberty without
any restraint; and at what port soever they shall arrive, that neither
Portugal nor any other shall dare to molest their quiet; and in what city
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soever they shall have residence, I have commanded all my governors
and captains to give them freedom answerable to their own desires; to
sell, buy, and to transport into their country at their pleasure.
For confirmation of our love and friendship, I desire your Majesty
to command your merchants to bring in their ships of all sorts of rarities
and rich goods fit for my palace; and that you be pleased to send me your
royal letters by every opportunity, that I may rejoice in your health and
prosperous affairs; that our friendship may be interchanged and eternal.
— Nuruddin Salim Jahangir, Letter to James I.
 Jacobean Period Gi †k‡li 5 eQi Puritan Period (1620-1660)
Gi AšÍfy©³|
 GB hy‡Mi Kweiv Metaphysical poetry Gi Rb¨ weL¨vZ|
 G me KweZvi welq Abstract (¸YwelqK)|
 ‗Meta‘ means beyond (Qvov); Physics means physical.
 G me KweZvi welqe¯‘ nj •`wnK welq †_‡K Aegy³|
†hgb t Love, God, Soul, Death etc.
 W. m¨vgy‡qj Rbmb G hy‡Mi Kwe‡`i‡K Metaphysical poet
wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
G hy‡Mi †hme Metaphysical poet †`i wb‡q Avgiv Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ Zviv n‡jb:
1. John Donne (Rb Wvb) 2. Andrew Marvell 3. Henry
Vaughan (†nbwi fb) 4. George Herbert 5. Cowley (KvDwj)
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Jacobean Period Gi wKQz mvwnwZ¨K:
1. John Donne: (Rb Wvb, 1572-1631)
Titles:
 Father/ Leader of Metaphysical poets
 Poet of love
(Z‡e ¯¿x G¨vwb Wv‡bi g„Zz¨i ci Kwe eû ag©xq KweZv wj‡Lb)
Famous book: An Anatomy of the World
Famous poems:
 The Good Morrow (mycÖfvZ)***
 The Sun Rising
–G KweZvq Kwe m~h©‡K wZi¯‥vi K‡ib| (Z‡e The Sun Also Rises bv‡g GKwU
Dcb¨vm wj‡L‡Qb Av‡gwiKvi weL¨vZ Jcb¨vwmK Earnest Hamingway)
 The Canonization (cweÎKiY)
 A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning (we`vq †ejvq †kvK cÖKvk wbwl×)
 The Flea
 The Undertaking
 Twicknam Garden
 For Whom The Bell Tolls (Gi Ab¨ bvg No Man Is An Island ev †KD
wew”Qbœ Øxc bq| Z‡e For Whom The Bell Tolls bv‡g Av‡b©÷ †nwgsI‡qi GKwU
weL¨vZ Dcb¨vm i‡q‡Q)
Famous quotes:
(i) I wonder by my truth, what thou and I did till we love.
Avgvi wek¦v‡mi Kmg, Avwg wew¯§Z nB ‡f‡e Zywg-Avwg wK KiZvg fv‡jvevmvi Av‡M|
(The Good Morrow)
(ii) For love, all love of other sights control and make a little room an
everywhere. fv‡jvevmv Ab¨ mKj Abyf~wZ‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i Ges †QvU Ni‡K K‡i
Zy‡j wek¦ PivPi| (The Good Morrow)
(iii) Busy old fool, unruly sun
Why dost thou thus?
Through windows and through curtains
Call on us? (The Sun Rising)
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(iv) She‘s all states and all princesses I,
Nothing else is. (The Sun Rising)
(v) For God‟s sake, hold your tongue and let me love.
(মেv঵াই মতাকের একটুকু চুি কর; ভাক঱াবাহ঴বাকর মে মমাকর অব঴র)-The Canonization
 Kwe iex›`ªbv_ VvKzi Zvi †k‡li KweZv bvgK †ivgvw›UK Kve¨agx© Dcb¨v‡m
John Donne Gi GB jvBbwU GKvwaKevi D×…Z K‡i‡Qb| (D‡jøL¨, †k‡li KweZvi
GKwU weL¨vZ Dw³ n‡jv ÔMÖnY K‡iQ hZ, FYx ZZ K‡iQ Avgvq- †n eÜz we`vq|Õ)
(vi) If they be two, they are two so,
As stiff twin compasses are two.
(GwU A Valediction KweZv †_‡K †bIqv)
2. Andrew Marvell: (1621-1678)
 wZwb gnvKwe wgjU‡bi Nwbô Ges Aby‡cÖiYv`vbKvix eÜz wQ‡jb| Z‡e John
Donne Gi Abymvix wQ‡jb|
 Famous poems:
(i) To His Coy Mistress (j¾veZx‡K)
– †kÖô KweZv|
(ii) The Definition of Love
(Theme: out of sight, near to mind)
(iii) The Garden
(iv) An Horatian Ode
3. Henry Vaughan: (†nbwi fb; 1621-1695)
 wZwb GKRb weL¨vZ Metaphysical poet, Z‡e †ckvMZ Rxe‡b
Physician wQ‡jb|
Famous poems:
 Mount of Oliver
 The Chemist‘s Key
 Silex Scintillans
(He is chiefly known for this religious poetry)
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4. George Herbert: (1593-1633)
 Title: Religious Poet
 wZwb GKvav‡i Kwe Ges hvRK (Priest) wQ‡jb|
 Famous poems:
(i) The Collar
(ii) The Easter Wings
(GB KweZvq Kwe hxï wLª‡÷i
cybiæ×v‡ii K_v e‡j‡Qb)
(iii) On the Progress of Soul
(iv) The Temple
(v) Affliction
Quote: Help thyself (yourself) and God will help thee (you).
(wb‡R‡K mvnvh¨ Ki, Avjøvn †Zvgv‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡eb)
5. Cowley: (KvDwj; 1618-1667)
 cy‡iv bvg : Aveªvnvg KvDwj|
Poem : Constantia and Philetus
Famous quotes:
 Life is an incurable disease.
 Of all ills that one endures, hope is a cheap and universal
cure.
 Curiosity does, no less than devotion, pilgrims make.
 God the first garden made, and the first city Cain.
 For the whole world, without a native home,
Is nothing but a prison of larger room.
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King Charles (I)
c. The Caroline Period
Duration: 1625-1649
 This age was named after Charles (I),
who reigned England from 1625-1649.
 Caroline is derived (DrcwË) from ―Carolous‖
which is Latin version of Charles.
 GwUI Puritan hy‡Mi AšÍf©~³, Bsj¨v‡Ûi M…nhy‡×i Kvj|
 GB mgq Bsj¨v‡Û Cavaliers (Supporter of King)
Ges Roundheads (Supporter of Parliament) Gi g‡a¨ civil war PjwQj|
 GB M„nhy‡× Cavalier-iv civf~Z nq Ges 30 Rvbyqvwi 1649 mv‡j ivRv cÖ_g Pvj©m‡K
a‡i wki‡ñ` Kiv nq| (King Charles (I) was caught and publicly
beheaded.)
 Gi d‡j Bsj¨v‡Ûi ivRZ‡š¿i cZb N‡U|
 ZrKvjxb ivRZ‡š¿i mg_©K Kwe‡ì‡K Cavalier poet ejv nq| Zviv Secular
(ag©wbi‡cÿ) wQ‡jb| Gme Kwe‡ì‡K Sons of Ben (bvU¨Kvi †eb Rbm‡bi Abymvix)
ejv nq| G hy‡Mi weL¨vZ Cavalier poet n‡jb: Robert Herrick|
 Puritan leader Oliver Cromwell came to power 1649.
 GB hy‡M AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Drama eÜ K‡i †Ìqv nq| KviY wQj Puritan attack|
 GB hy‡MI Metaphysical Kwe‡ì KweZv weL¨vZ wQj|
 1628 mv‡j weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U gvbevwaKvi msµvšÍ Petition of Rights AvBb cvm nq|
 1633 mv‡j m¤ªvU kvnRvnvb Bs‡iR‡ì‡K nwinicy‡i evwYR¨KzwV ¯’vc‡bi AbygwZ †`b|
 1636 mv‡j hy³iv‡óªi g¨vmvPz‡mUm G weL¨vZ Harvard wek¦we`¨vjq cÖwZwôZ nq|
 -
বাং঱া-
ó বাং঱াকেকল
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Caroline Period Gi GKRb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvwnwZ¨K:
Robert Herrick: (1591-1674)
 A famous poet of Caroline period
 Zv‡K The greatest Cavalier poet ejv nq
 KviY wZwb ivRvi mg_©K wQ‡jb|
 wZwb clergyman (hvRK) wQ‡jb|
†nwi‡Ki weL¨vZ KweZv:
To Daffodils
 GB KweZvi Theme n‡jv 'short living of human being' ev 'Life is short, so
live to the fullest'| A_©vr Daffodil dy‡ji gZ gvby‡li Rxeb cÖùzwUZ n‡q GK mgq
S‡i hvq| Daffodil Kwe‡K g„Zzï K_v g‡b Kwi‡q †`q| G KweZvq Hasting day
ej‡Z Hurriedly passing day eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q Ges Human life †K Summer‘s
morning dew Gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
 Z‡e The Daffodils (I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud) bv‡g GKwU weL¨vZ KweZv
wj‡L‡Qb †ivgvw›UK hy‡Mi Kwe William Wordsworth (GwUi welqe¯‘ n‡jv- cÖK…wZi wbivgq
ÿgZv Av‡Q|)
Other poems of Herrick:
 Delight in Disorder
 The Night Piece of Julia
 His Slitany to the Holy Spirit
(GwU‡K Sacred poem ejv nq)
Famous quotes from To Daffodils:
 Fair daffodils, we weep to see
You haste away so soon;
 We have a short time to stay, as you,
We have as short a spring;
Never to be found again. (The last line of ―To daffodils‖)
(fvev_©t D¾¡j W¨v‡dvwWj hZ †`wL wf‡R D‡V †PvL/ KZB bv `ªyZ P‡j hvq/ †Zvgv‡ì gZ
GK msw¶ß Rxeb| Avgv‡ì †h․eb emšÍKv‡ji gZB, G‡mB Avevi P‡j hvq/ cjK †div‡jB
bvB, me duvKv|)
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Oliver Cromwell
d. The Commonwealth Period
Duration: 1649-1660
 GB hyMI puritan hy‡Mi AšÍfz©³|
 There was no monarch in England
in this period.
 KviY 1649 mv‡j ivRv cÖ_g Pvj©m‡K wki‡ñ` Kiv
n‡qwQj|
 1658 mv‡j Oliver Cromwell Gi g„Zz¨i ci Zvi cyÎ Richard Cromwell
England Gi ÿgZvq Av‡ivnY K‡ib Ges wZwb Aেক্ষতার কারকে জনহপ্রয়তা ঵ারান
(became gradually unpopular)|
 Then English people realized that Monarchy was essential for them.
 1658 mv‡j m¤ªvU AvIi½‡R‡ei Avg‡j (1658–1707)
B÷ BwÛqv †Kv¤úvwbi GKRb cÖwZwbwa wn‡m‡e †Rgm nvU©।
XvKv cÖ‡ek Kivi ga¨ w`‡q evsjvq Bs‡iR AvMgb ïiæ nq|
 AvIi½‡R‡ei
‡l© wl©
b©‡Ki
Commonwealth Period Gi wKQz mvwnwZ¨K:
1) Thomas Hobbes: (1588-1679)
 A political philosopher
Zvi weL¨vZ eB‡qi bvg- Leviathan
(GB MÖ‡š’ nem& mvgvwRK Pyw³i c‡¶ hyw³ cÖ`k© K‡ib)
Quote: The end of knowledge is power.
2) Jeremy Taylor: (1613-1667)
Famous prose:
♦ Holy Living ♦ Holy Dying
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Previous Questions
The Old English Period to The Renaissance Period
01. Which is the oldest period in English Literature? [mve-‡iwR÷ªvi
wbe©vPbx cixÿv- 1992 / Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2010-2011]
(a) Anglo-Norman (b) Anglo-Saxon
(c) Chaucer's Period (d) Middle Ans. b
02. Which one of the following is first long poem in English? [miKvwi
gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi mnKvix wkÿK- 2006]
(a) The Wanderer (b) Beowulf
(c) The Seafarer (d) Dream of the Road Ans. b
03. Choose the right answer: Chaucer is the representative poet of-
[AvBb, wePvi I msm` gš¿Yvj‡qi mve †iwR÷ªvi- 2012]
(a) 17th century (b) 14th century
(c) 16 the century (d) 18th century Ans. b
04. Who is known as the father of English poetry? Who is called
the father of English Poetry? [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) Milton (b) Wordsworth
(c) Chaucer (d) Charles Dickens Ans. c
05. Who is the father of Modern English Poetry? [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨v. fwZ© c- 2010-11]
(a) Cynewulf (b) Geoffrey Chaucer
(c) Robert Browning (d) None of the above Ans. b
06. „The Canterbury Tales‟ are told by- [cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mn .cwiPvjK-2011]
(a) Geoffrey Chaucer (b) John Wycliffe
(c) Boccaccio (d) Thomas Barth Ans. a
07. The Canterbury Tales is as alive and---today as it was nearly
600 years ago. [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2010-11]
(a) appealing (b) fruitful (c) repelling (d) enhanting Ans. a
08. Geoffrey Chaucer wrote— [cwi‡ek Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2011]
(a) Canterbury Tales (b) Piers Plowman
(c) Morte d‘ Arthur (d) The Maid‘s Tragedy Ans. a
09. Who is considered to be the father of English Poem? [moK I Rbc_
Ges MYc~Z© Awa`ß‡ii Dc-mncÖ‡K․kjx (wmwfj) c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2001]
(a) William Langland (b) Thomas Moore
(c) Rozer Bacon (d) Geoffrey Chaucer Ans. d
10. Who translated the Bible into English for the first time?
[wcGmwmi mnKvix cwiPvjK Ges cvm‡cvU© A¨vÛ Bwg‡MÖk‡b mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2016]
(a) Nicolas Udall (b) Thomas Norton Ans. c
(c) John Wycliffe (d) Edmund Spenser
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11. Who translated „The New Testament‟?
[WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi wnmveiÿY Kg©KZ©v- 2003]
(a) Langland (b) John Wycliffe
(c) Layaman (d) Touci Ans. b
12. „Renaissance‟ means— [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ©- 2007-08]
(a) regain (b) reborn
(c) re-arrange (d) rebirth Ans. d
13. „Renaissance‟ means — [WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM gš¿Yvj‡qi †Uwj‡dvb †ev‡W©i mnKvix
cwiPvjK / wnmve iÿY Kg©KZ©v cixÿv- 2004]
(a) the revival of learning (b) the revival of hard task
(c) the revival of life (d) the revival of new country Ans. a
14. Renaissance K_vwUi A_© wK? [gnvwnmve iÿK I wbixÿK Awd‡mi AaxÿK cixÿv- 1998]
(K) g„Zz¨ (L) eva©K¨
(M) †c․pZ¡ (N) beRxeb DËi: N
15. The beginning of the Renaissance may be traced to the city
of—[Rbkw³ I Kg©ms¯’vb ey¨v‡iv Dc-cwiPvjK- 2001]
(a) Venice (b) London
(c) Paris (d) Florence Ans. d
16. Renaissance is — word.
(a) an Italian (b) a Russian
(c) a European (d) a French Ans. a
17. Where did the Renaissance start from?
(a) England (b) Germany
(c) Italy (d) U.S.A Ans. c
18. The main feature of the Renaissance is—
(a) Humanism (b) Utopia
(c) Polyolbian (d) Opus Majas (a)
19. Who is the 'University Wits' in the following list? [¯^ivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi
Aaxb ewnivMgb I cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2011]
(a) William Shakespeare (b) Thomas Gray
(c) Robert Greene (d) John Dryden Ans. c
20. Elizabethan tragedy is centred on- [kÖg Awa`ß‡ii Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿK
ey¨v‡iv Dc-mnKvix cwiPvjK wb‡qvM-2001 / Lyjbv wek¦ we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2010-11]
(a) love (b) war
(c) revenge (d) philosophy Ans. c
21. Which period is known as 'the golden age' of English
Literature? [cvewjK mvwf©m Kwgk‡bi mnKvix cwiPvjK- 1994]
(a) the Victorian age (b) the Eighteenth century
(c) the Restoration (d) the Elizabethan Age Ans. d
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22. Who wrote the plays “The Tempest‟ and “The Mid Summer
Night‟s Dream”? [29Zg wewmGm]
(a) Ben Jonson (b) Christopher Marlowe
(c) John Dryden (d) William Shakespeare Ans. d
23. Julius Caesar was the ruler of Rome about— [28Zg wewmGm]
(a) 1000 years ago (b) 1500 years ago
(c) 2000 years ago (d) 3000 years ago Ans. c
24. Shakespeare is known mostly for his- [16Zg we‡kl wewmGm (wkÿv)]
(a) poetry (b) novels
(c) autobiography (d) plays Ans. d
25. Which of the following is a play by Shakespeare —
[†mvbvjx e¨vsK Awdmvi/ Awdmvi (K¨vk)- 2014]
(a) King Lear (b) The Duchess of Malfi
(c) Candida (d) Waiting for Godot Ans. a
26. William Shakespeare was an English dramatist and poet of the-
---- century. [†mvbvjx e¨vsK wmwbqi Awdmvi- 2014]
(a) fifteenth (b) sixteenth
(c) fourteenth (d) seventeenth Ans. b
27. Which of the following plays is by William Shakespeare?
[†mvbvjx e¨vsK Awdmvi- 2014]
(a) Desire Under the Elms (b) Measure for Measure
(c) Pygmalion (d) Cocktail Party Ans. b
28. „Shakespeare‟ is the writer of— [ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2012-13]
(a) The Tempest (b) The Idea of University
(c) The Hairy Ape (d) Riders to the Sea Ans. a
29. A sonnet is a lyric poem of— [cÖevmx Kj¨vY I •e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi
mnKvix cwiPvjK- 2012]
(a) 12 lines (b) 24 lines
(c) 14 lines (d) 10 lines Ans. c
30. William Shakespeare is the author of— [evsjv‡`k nvDR wewìs dvBbvÝ
K‡c©v‡ikb wmwbqi Awdmvi- 2011 / ciivóªgš¿Yvjq mvBdvi Awdmvi- 2012]
(a) Pride and Prejudice (b) Waiting for Godot
(c) Sound of Music (d) King Lear Ans. d
31. “Twelfth Night” is— [Kviv ZZ¡veavqK (¯^ivóª gš¿Yvjq) wb‡qvM cixÿv-2012]
(a) a comedy (b) an elegy
(c) a novel (d) a tragedy Ans. a
32. Which book is a Tragedy? [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi-2012]
(a) Hamlet (b) Measure for Measure
(c) As you like it (d) She stoops to conquer Ans. a
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33. „Macbeth‟ is — [AvBb wePvi I msm` welqK gš¿Yvj‡qi mve-†iwR÷ªv-2012]
(a) a play (b) a novel
(c) an essay (d) a poem Ans. a
34. William Shakespeare is the author of- [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mvBdi Awdmvi- 2012]
(a) Paradise Lost (b) Old Man & the Sea
(c) Daffodils (d) King Lear Ans. d
35. Which is not true of an English sonnet? [Lyjbv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) It has fourteen lines
(b) It has fourteen syllables in each line
(c) It has five feet in each line
(d) It is written in iambic pentameter lines Ans. b
36. William Shakespeare is a famous— [cÖevmx Kj¨vY I •e‡`wkK Kg©ms¯’vb
gš¿Yvj‡qi mnKvix cwiPvjK-2012]
(a) dramatist (b) novelist
(c) essayist (d) critic Ans. a
37. The play „Romeo and Juliet‟ was written by- [÷¨vÛvW© e¨vsK 2012]
(a) Charles Dickens (b) William Shakespeare
(c) Jane Austen (d) Michael Modhusudon Ans. b
38. Who wrote „The Tempest‟? [mnKvix _vbv wkÿv Awdmvi-2012]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) Ben Jonson
(c) William Shakespeare (d) Tennyson Ans. c
39. Romeo and Juliet is a— [Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-12]
(a) Comedy (b) Tragedy
(c) Romance (d) Morality play Ans. b
40. William Shakespeare is not the author of— [Rv.we. fwZ©- 2011-12]
(a) Titus Andronicus (b) Taming of the Shrew
(c) White Devil (d) Hamlet Ans. c
41. The poem „Under the Green Wood Tree‟ was written by— [Lywe2011-12]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) Robert Browning
(c) William Shakespeare (d) Ralph Hodgson Ans. c
42. Macbeth is a — by Shakespeare. [RvZxq wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv-2011-12]
(a) novel (b) short story
(c) verse (d) play Ans. d
43. Who is the greatest dramatist of all times? [MYc~Z© Awa.(wmwfj)-2011]
(a) G.B. Shaw (b) William Shakespeare
(c) William Wordsworth (d) Jonathan Swift Ans. b
44. Which of the following is a „Comedy‟ written by Shakespeare?
(a) Macbeth (b) King Lear
(c) As You Like It (d) Hamlet Ans. c
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45. Who is the writer of „The Merchant of Venice‟? [cwimsL¨vb Kg©KZ©v-2010]
(a) Tolstoy (b) William Shakespeare
(c) Goethe (d) Edmund Spenser Ans. b
46. Which is known as Shakespeare‟s Swansong? [Ly.we. fwZ© cix¶v-2009-10]
(a) Hamlet (b) Macbeth
(c) The Tempest (d) Twelfth Night Ans. c
47. „To be or not to be that is the question‟ From which novel the
above sentence has been taken? [ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cix¶v- 2009-10]
(a) Macbeth (b) Merchant of Venice
(c) Tempest (d) Hamlet Ans. d
48. One of the following plays is not a tragedy- [mnKvix Dc‡Rjv wk¶v Awdmv-09]
(a) Hamlet (b) Macbeth
(c) Othello (d) Tempest Ans. d
49. Shakespeare was born in the year--- [cÖv_wgK cÖavb wk¶K wb‡qvM cix¶v- 98]
(a) 1540 (b) 1564 (c) 1340 (d) 1610 Ans. b
50. William Shakespeare is a famous ___ century English
Playwright [Kg©ms¯’vb e¨vsK mnKvix Awdmvi (mvavib)- 2008]
(a) nineteenth (b) sixteenth
(d) eighteenth (d) fifteenth Ans. b
51. Shakespeare‟s King lear‟ is a ___ [†mvbvjx, RbZv I AMÖYx e¨vsK- 2008]
(a) Satire (b) comedy
(c) Tragedy (d) Historical Play Ans. c
52. In what year did Shakespeare die? [mnKvix AvenvIqvex` c‡` wb‡qvM cix¶v
2004 /kªg I Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b †gwW‡Kj Awdmvi 2003 / miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vj‡qi cÖavb
wk¶K wb‡qvM cix¶v- 1997]
(a) 1570 AD (b) 1580 AD (c) 1630 AD (d) 1616 AD Ans. D
53. Shakespeare wrote brilliant--- [Dc‡Rjv wbe©vPb Awdmvi wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2004]
(a) poems (b) essays
(c) novels (d) dramas Ans. d
54. Hamlet is __ [cÖwZi¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi Aaxb ¸ß ms‡KZ cwi`ß‡ii Awdmvi c‡`i wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2005]
(a) a tragedy by Shakespeare (b) a play by G.B Shaw
(c) a poem by Shelley (d) a novel by Hardy Ans. a
55. „The Merchant of Venice‟ is a drama by __
[mnKvix cÖ‡K․kjx GjwRBwW c‡`i wb‡qvM- 2005]
(a) Webster (b) Ben Jonson
(c) William Shakespeare (d) Christopher Marlowe Ans. c
56. Shakespeare‟s „Julius Caesar‟ is a -- [`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨v‡ivi 2004]
(a) comedy (b) satire
(c) tragedy (d) historical play Ans. c
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57. Who wrote the world famous tragic play „King Lear‟? [kªg I
Kg©ms¯’vb gš¿bvj‡qi kªg I cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix kªg cwiPvjK- 2006]
(a) Shelley (b) Wordsworth
(c) Shakespeare (d) Miltion Ans. c
58. gybxi †P․ayixi ÔgyLiv igYx ekxKiYÕ Kvi †jLvi Abyev`? [cwievi Kj¨vY Kg©KZ©v- 03]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) W. Somerset Maugham
(c) William Shakespeare (d) Charles Dickens Ans. c
59. Hamlet by Shakespeare is ----- [`yb©xwZ `gb ey¨v‡ivi cwi`k©K wb‡qvM cix¶v-2003]
(a) a comedy (b) a tragic-comedy
(c) an epic (d) a tragedy. Ans. d
60. Who is the author of „The Taming of the Shrew‟ [mve †iwR: c‡` wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2001]
(a) Shaw (b) Shakespeare
(c) Ibsen (d) Jonson Ans. b
61. Hamlet is a __ by Shakespeare. [ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡q cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2001]
(a) play (b) novel (c) tale (d) story Ans. a
62. Shakespeare lived during the reign of - [ciivóª gš¿Yvjq 2001]
(a) Elizabeth i (b) Elizabeth ii
(c) Queen Victoria (d) King Charles Ans. a
63. Shakespearean play consists of ----- [wmwfj BwÄwbqvwis 1999]
(a) Three acts (b) two acts
(c) five acts (d) two acts Ans. c
64. Ck¦iP›`ª we`¨vmvM‡ii ÔåvwšÍwejvmÕ †Kvb MÖ‡š’i Abyev`? [gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mn wk¶K- 1997]
(a) Uncle Tom‘s Cabin (b) Doll‘s House
(c) Macheth (d) The Comedy of Errors Ans. d
65. „The Faerie Queene‟ is an---
(a) Elegy (b) Epic (c) Sonnet (d) Poem Ans. b
66. Shakespeare‟s Macbeth is a ------ [mnKvix cwiPvjK c‡` wb‡qvM cix¶v-1994]
(a) Comedy (b) Satire
(c) Tragedy (d) Low comedy Ans. c
67. „Comedy of Errors‟… [cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wk¶K wb‡qvM cix¶v- 1994]
(a) Ben Johnson (b) G. B Shaw
(c) T S Eliot (d) William Shakespeare Ans. d
68. Shakespeare was famous for all but one of the following ----
[hye Dbœqb Awa`ß‡i mnKvix cwiPvjK wb‡qvM cix¶v- 1994]
(a) Comedies (b) Bourgeois Drama
(c) Tragedies (d) Tragi-drama Ans. b
69. „Dr. Faustus‟ was written by--
(a) Ben Jonson (b) W. Shakespeare
(c) Christopher Marlowe (d) John Webster Ans. c
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70. Christopher Marlowe is Shakespeare‟s [cvm‡cvU© Awa mn cwiPvjK- 2011]
(a) Successor (b) predecessor
(c) contemporary (d) mentor Ans. b
71. What is the full name of the tragedy „Dr. Faustus‟?
[miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨v: mnKvix wk¶K 2006]
(a) The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus
(b) The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus
(c) The Tragedy of Doctor Faustus
(d) Doctor Faustus Ans. a
72. The beginning of the Renaissance may be traced to the country
of— [kÖg Awa`ß‡i Rbkw³, Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨‡iv DcmnKvix cwiPvjK wb‡qvM cixÿv-2001]
(a) Germany (b) England (c) France (d) Italy Ans. d
73. A great playwright of Shakespeare time was-[mnKvwi AvenvIqvwe`- 2004]
(a) Samuel Johnson (b) Christopher Marlowe
(c) Oliver Goldsmith (d) John Donne Ans. b
74. Francis Bacon is a/an--- [gva¨wgK mnKvwi cÖavb wk¶K wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2003]
(a) Novelist (b) Dramatist
(c) Poet (d) Essayist Ans. d
75. Who is considered to be the father of English prose?
[‡ijI‡q mnKvix Kgv‡Û›U c‡` wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2000]
(a) Francis Bacon (b) Kind Alfred the Great
(c) Henry (d) Geoffrey Chaucer Ans. a
76. Where is expressed the view that 'There is a divinity that
shapes our, ends?' [mve-†iwR÷ªvi wbe©vPbx cixÿv-1992]
(a) In King Lear (b) In Merry Wives of Windsor
(c) In the Tempest (d) In Hamlet Ans. d
77. Who is called the poet of poets?
(a) Geoffrey Chaucer (b) Edmund Spenser
(c) Roger Bacon (d) William Shakespeare Ans. b
78. Who wrote an epic „The Faerie Queen‟?
(a) Edmund Spenser (b) T. S Eliot
(c) Robert Browning (d) Alfred Tennyson Ans. a
79. Macbeth bvUKwU Kvi †jLv? [miKvwi gva¨wgK we`¨vjq mnKvix wk¶K wb‡qvM 1996]
(a) William Wordsworth (b) William Shakespeare
(c) John Milton (d) George Bernard Shaw Ans. b
80. Who wrote „The Ruins of Time‟?
(a) Sir Philip Sidney (b) Chapman
(c) Edmund Spenser (d) Thomas Hardy Ans. c
81. Who among the following was an English Renaissance Poet?
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(a) John Donne (b) Robert Browning
(c) John Milton (d) Sir Philip Sidney Ans. d
82. Who wrote „An Apology for Poetry‟?
(a) P. B Shelly (b) Samuel Johnson
(c) Sir Philip Sidney (d) John Donne Ans. c
83. Which of the following school of literature is connected with a
medical theory? [15Zg wewmGm]
(a) Comedy of Manners (b) Theatre of Absurd
(c) Heroic Tragedy (d) Comedy of humours Ans. d
84. „Silent Woman‟ written by--- [Z_¨ gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b wb‡qvM cix¶v- 2003/
ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cix¶v- 2010-2011]
(a) John Ruskin (b) Ben Jonson
(c) Kalidas (d) Munishi Prem Chand Ans. b
85. Why is the poet so sad to see the Daffodils in „The Daffodils‟?
[XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cix¶v- 2012-13]
(a) The poet is asd because the flowers have not bloomed fully.
(b) The poet is sad because winter will soon arrive. Ans. c
(c) The poet is sad because the flowers remind him of his own death.
86. ‗I wandered lonely as a cloud‟ is an example of - [Rvnv½xibMi - 2011-12]
(a) Symbol (b) Metaphor
(c) Simile (d) Metonymy Ans. c
87. In „To Daffodils‟, human life is compared with: [Rvnv½xibMi wek¦ 11-12]
(a) ―Sunset‖ (b) ―flowing river‖
(c) ―Morning‘s dew‖ (d) ―Graying hair‖ Ans. c
88. ―Hasting day” in To Daffodils means- [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© c. 2009-10]
(a) fast day (b) quiet day
(c) finishing day (d) hurriedly passing day Ans. d
89. Which two things of nature does Robert Herrick find similar to
human beings and daffodils? [XvKv wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cix¶v- 2010-11]
(a) rising sun, moon (b) summer‘s morning‘s dew
(c) spring, summer (d) hasting day, even song Ans. b
90. In the poem „To Daffodils‟ the poet weeps over--- [WvK I †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM]
(a) loss of beautiful flower (b) loss caused to environment
(c) loss of sweet scent (d) Short-lived human life Ans. d
91. Which word seems out of place?
(a) rose (b) lily
(c) cauliflower (d) daffodil Ans. c
92. The last line of “To daffodils” is [ivRkvnx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cix¶v- 2008-09]
(a) Ne‘er to be seen again
(b) Vanish like summer‘s rain
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(c) Ne‘re to be found again
(d) As quack a growth of meet decay Ans. c
93. Who used the term 'The Metaphysical poet'?
(a) Edmund Spencer (b) John Donne
(c) Samuel Johnson (d) Andrew Marvell Ans. c
94. Who is a Metaphysical poet?
(a) Cowley (b) Thomas Kyd
(c) Ben Johnson (d) John Webster Ans. a
95. Who is not called the Metaphysical poet?
(a) John Donne (b) Andrew Marvell
(c) George Herbert (d) Alfred Tennyson Ans. d
96. Who was a friend of John Milton?
(a) John Donne (b) John Dryden
(c) Andrew Marvell (d) Alexander Pope Ans. c
97. Who wrote the poem 'The Definition of Love.'
(a) Andrew Marvell (b) John Donne
(c) W.B Yeats (d) John Keats Ans. a
98. The poem 'To His Coy Mistress' was written by-
(a) John Keats (b) Andrew Marvell
(c) John Milton (d) William Shakespeare Ans. b
99. Who is the representative of the metaphysical poets?
(a) Samuel Johnson (b) John Donne
(c) Geoffrey Chaucer (d) Robert Browning Ans. b
100. 'The Good Morrow' is a poem by-
(a) Andrew Marvell (b) W.B. Yeats
(c) John Donne (d) P.B Browning Ans. c
101. Who wrote the poem 'The Sun Rising'?
(a) John Donne (b) Lord Byron
(c) William Wordsworth (d) None of them Ans. a
102. Who is called the 'poet of love'?
(a) Andrew Marvell (b) John Donne
(c) John Keats (d) William Shakespeare Ans. b
103. 'The Flea' by John Donne is-
(a) a romantic poem (b) an Elegy
(c) a religious poem (d) an Ode Ans. c
104. Who was both a poet and a Priest?
(a) Andrew Marvell (b) George Herbert
(c) Edmund Spencer (d) Robert Browning Ans. B
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105. Who wrote the poem 'The Collar'?
(a) George Herbert (b) John Donne
(c) Edmund Spenser (d) Alfred Tennyson Ans. a
106. The poem 'Easter Wings' written by-
(a) Andrew Marvell (b) George Herbert
(c) John Keats (d) S.T Coleridge Ans. B
107. "To be or not to be, that is the ___ ." [29Zg wewmGm/ mgvR‡mev Awdmvi
(mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvjq wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2010/ PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-2012]
(a) meaning (b) question (c) answer (d) issue Ans. B
108. Cowards die___ before their death. [PÆMÖvg wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2012-13]
(a) much time (b) many time
(c) enough time (d) many times Ans. d
109. 'Knowledge is power' was stated by- [Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-2012]
(a) Hobbes (b) Hamlet
(c) Socrates (d) Rousseau Ans. a
110. 'Frailty, Thy name is woman'-- in which of the following plays
you find this? [RvZxq mÂq cwi`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2009/ ciivóª gš¿Yvj‡qi mvBdi
Awdmvi- 2012]
(a) Macbeth (b) Romeo and Juliet
(c) Hamlet (d) Tempest Ans. c
111. 'Sweet are the uses of adversity' was stated by--- [Bmjvgx wek¦we`¨vjq
fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-2012]
(a) Valtaire (b) Shakespeare
(c) Milton (d) Tolstoy Ans. b
112. 'To be or not to be' is the beginning of a famous soliloquy from-
[kÖg Awa`ß‡i Rbkw³ Kg©ms¯’vb I cÖwkÿY ey¨v‡iv DcmnKvix c‡` wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2001 / Lyjbv
wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ© cixÿv- 2011-2012]
(a) Paradise Lost (b) Romeo & Juliet
(c) Hamlet (d) Shahnama Ans. c
113. 'Good face is the best letter of recommendation' was stated by--
[mnKvix cwiPvjK (cvm‡cvU© GÛ Bwg‡MÖkb) wb‡qvM cixÿv- 2000]
(a) Queen Victoria (b) Queen Elizabeth
(c) Queen Anne (d) Queen Marry Ans. b
114. 'Fair daffodils! We weep to see/ You haste away so soon;
As yet the early rising sun
Has not attained his noon.' [cvm‡cvU© Awa`ß‡ii mnKvix cwiPvjK-2011]
Who is the writer to these beautiful lines?
(a) William Wordsworth (b) Robert Herrick
(c) William Blake (d) John Keats Ans. b
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