4. A chemical element may be represented by atoms with
the same number of protons but a different number of
neutrons. These variations are different isotopes of the
same element is called isotopes.
For example, the common isotope of hydrogen (1H1) has
no neutrons, another isotope, deuterium (2H1), has one
neutron, and a third one, tritium (3H1), has two. In the
standard nomenclature the left superscript indicates the
number of nucleons
EX:
5. Isotopes of hydrogen
ISOTROPES OF HYDROGEN ARE DIVIDED INTO
THREE PARTS
Protium refers to the most common
isotope of the element hydrogen, with
one proton and no neutrons
Deuterium (symbol D or 2H, also known
as heavy hydrogen) is one of two stable
isotopes of hydrogen. It has a natural
abundance in Earth's oceans of about
one atom in 6,420 of hydrogen.
Tritium is a radioactive isotope of
hydrogen. The nucleus of tritium contains
one proton and two neutrons, whereas the
nucleus of protium contains one proton and
no neutrons.
6. THREE TYPES OF ISOTOPES OF CARBON:
Carbon-12 is the more
abundant of the
two stable isotopes of
the element carbon,
accounting for 98.89%
of carbon; it contains
six protons,
six neutronsand
six electrons.
Carbon-13 (13C) is a
natural, stable isotope of
carbon and one of
the environmental
isotopes. It makes up
about 1.1% of all natural
carbon on Earth.
Carbon-14, 14C,
or radiocarbon, is
a radioactive
isotope of carbon
with a nucleus
containing
6 protons and
8 neutrons.
7. Chlorine-35 and chlorine-37 are not
different elements because an atom of
chlorine-35 and an atom of chlorine-37
each contain the same number
of protons. The number of protons an atom
has, also known as the atom's atomic
number, determines which element it is. All
atoms which contain 17 protons are
called chlorine atoms.
8. Oxygen-16 (16O) is
a stable isotope of oxygen,
having 8 neutrons and
8 protons in its nucleus. It has
a mass of 15.9949 u. Oxygen-
16 is the most abundant
isotope of oxygen, and
accounts for 99.762% of
oxygen's natural
abundance.
OXYGEN-17 Of the nature of
the integrated nucleus little
can be said without further
data. It must however have
a mass 17, and provided no
other nuclear electrons are
gained or lost in the process,
an atomic number 8. I
thought therefore IS to be an
isotope of oxygen.
The stable isotopes of water,
O-18 and deuterium, have
been commonly used in
hydrologic studies They are
used by hydrologists
because they are naturally
occurring, do not decay
over time, and are
conservative within the
watershed.
9. ISOTOPES OF URANIUM
Uranium-235 is an isotope of uranium
making up about 0.72% of natural
uranium. Unlike the predominant
isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it
can sustain a fission chain reaction. It is
the only fissile isotope that is
a primordial nuclide or found in
significant quantity in nature.
Uranium-238 (238U or U-238) is the most
common isotope of uranium found in nature. It
is not fissile, but is a fertile material: it can
capture a slow neutron and after two beta
decays become fissile plutonium-239. Uranium-
238 is fissionable by fast neutrons, but cannot
support a chain reaction because inelastic
scattering reduces neutron energy below the
range where fast fission of one or more next-
generation nuclei is probable.
10. ISOTOPES OF NEON
The three Neon isotopes are used for various
purposes. Ne-22 is used for the production of the
medical radioisotope Na-22. Ne-20 can be used for
the production of F-18, although the route via O-18
is by far the most commonly used. Ne-21 has been
used in Masers to study quantum physics. Neon
isotopes can be obtained from Trace Sciences
International.
12. 1.The atomic number i.e., the number
protons in all the isotopes of an element
is the same. Thus , they are likely to
have same chemical properties
2.The electrons configuration of all the
isotopes of same element is same.
3.The physical properties such as mass.
density, melting point. Boiling point,
etc., of isotopes of same element are
different.
