course materials

1. Week 7: Application of Measures of Effect Working near farm fields may
be haz
Week 7: Application of Measures of EffectWorking near farm fields may be hazardous to
your health. A recent epidemiologic study revealed a link between three agricultural
pesticides and the development of Parkinson’s disease (Wang et al., 2011; UCLA, 2011). This
link was initially suspected because of higher rates of Parkinson’s in farmers and others
living in rural areas. Researchers analyzed risk estimates—for those working near the
fields, not in them—and determined an 80% increased risk for Parkinson’s. As
demonstrated with this example, researchers can begin to define the effects of exposure by
comparing rates of disease from those exposed to certain conditions and those not exposed.
This, in turn, can lead to development of interventions for the affected population.In Weeks
5 and 6, you explored how the environment, genetics, and psychosocial factors influence
population health. This week, you will continue to examine the association between risk
factors and the etiology of disease by investigating measures of effect. You will examine
tools used to ascertain these measures (incidence, prevalence, relative risk, and odds
ratios), and you will consider how nurses use measures of effect to make informed health
care practice decisions. You will also begin Assignment 3.Learning ObjectivesStudents will:·
Analyze how measures of effect strengthen and support nursing practice· Determine a
causal model that applies to a specific population health problem Learning
ResourcesRequired ReadingsFriis, R. H., & Sellers, T. A. (2021). Epidemiology for public
health practice (6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett. Review Chapter 3, “Measures of Morbidity and
Mortality Used in Epidemiology” Chapter 9, “Measures of Effect”Chapter 9 extends the
discussion that began with Chapter 6 (which looked at ecologic, cross-sectional, and case-
control study designs) by introducing additional measures that are useful in evaluating the
potential implications of an exposure-disease association.Tripepi, G. Jager, K. J., Dekker, F.
W. & Zoccali, C. (2010). Measures of effect in epidemiological research. Nephron Clinical
Practice, 115(2), c91–c93.As noted by the authors of this article (2010), “Measuring the
strength of observed associations between a given risk factor (e.g., blood pressure) and a
given outcome (e.g., stroke) is an important goal in epidemiological and clinical research”
(p. c91). This article provides an accessible overview of the terminology and various
methods used to measure associations in research.Optional ResourcesKrethong, P., Jirapaet,
V., Jitpanya, C., & Sloan, R. (2008). A causal model of health-related quality of life in Thai
patients with heart-failure. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 40(3), 254–260.Alexander, L.,

2. Lopes, B., Ricchetti-Masterson, K., & Yeatts, K. B. (2018). Common measures and statistics in
epidemiological literature. ERIC Notebook Periodical Second Edition No. 3. Retrieved from
https://nciph.sph.unc.edu/tws/HEP_ERIC3/certificate.phpSchmidt, C. O., & Kohlmann, T.
(2008). When to use the odd ratio or the relative risk? International Journal of Public
Health, 53(3), 165–167.Vineis, P., & Kriebel, D. (2006). Causal models in epidemiology: Past
inheritance and genetic future. Environmental Health: A Global Access Science Source, 5, p.
21.https://nciph.sph.unc.edu/tws/HEP_ERIC3/certificate.php Discussion: Measures of
EffectOne important application of epidemiology is to identify factors that could increase
the likelihood of a certain health problem occurring within a specific population.
Epidemiologists use measures of effect to examine the association or linkage in the
relationship between risk factors and emergence of disease or ill health. For instance, they
may use measures of effect to better understand the relationships between poverty and
lead poisoning in children, smoking and heart disease, or low birth weight and future motor
skills.What is the significance of measures of effect for nursing practice? In this Discussion,
you will consider this pivotal question.To prepare:· With the Learning Resources in mind,
consider how measures of effect strengthen and support nursing practice.· What would be
the risk of not using measures of effect in nursing practice?· Conduct additional research in
the Walden Library and other credible resources, and locate two examples in the scholarly
literature that support your insights.By Day 3Post a cohesive scholarly response that
addresses the following:· Analyze how measures of effect strengthen and support nursing
practice. Provide at least two specific examples from the literature to substantiate your
insights.· Assess dangers of not using measures of effect in nursing practice. Write 1.5 pages
in APA and cite at least 3 sources of the given sources