Assignment Details MN551-2: Apply knowledge of tissue and organ structure and function to physiologic alterations in systems and analyze the cause and effect relationship in response to disease. Select one of the case studies below. In your discussion be sure to include evidence of your knowledge of tissue and organ structure and function to physiologic alterations in systems and analyze the cause and effect relationship in response to disease. Requirements Make sure all of the topics in the case study have been addressed.  Cite at least three sources—journal articles, textbooks, or evidenced-based websites—to support the content.  All sources must have been written within five years.  Do not use .com, Wikipedia, or up-to-date, etc., for your sources.  Case Study 1 Mechanisms of Infectious Disease Thirty-two–year-old Jason is a general laborer, who fell ill shortly after working on a job digging up old water pipes for the town he lived in. The task involved working around shallow pools of stagnant water. Ten days after the contract ended, Jason developed a fever and aching muscles. He also had nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Jason’s friend took him to his physician who listened carefully to Jason’s history. She told him she suspected West Nile fever and ordered serological testing. Jason went home to recover and was feeling better by the end of the week. Jason’s physician ordered serological tests. How would antibody titers assist the doctor in confirming his diagnosis? When Jason was feeling at his worst, he had extreme malaise, vomiting, and diarrhea. What stage of the illness was he experiencing at that time? What are the physiological mechanisms that give rise to the signs and symptoms of infectious illness? West Nile virus has a single-stranded RNA genome. How does this virus replicate? In general terms, what are the various effects viruses can have on host cells? Case Study 2 Innate and Adaptive Immunity Melissa is a 15-year-old high school student. Over the last week, she had been feeling tired and found it difficult to stay awake in class. By the time the weekend had arrived, she developed a sore throat that made it difficult to eat and even drink. Melissa was too tired to get out of bed, and she said her head ached. On Monday morning, her mother took her to her doctor. Upon completing the physical exam, he told Melissa the lymph nodes were enlarged in her neck and she had a fever. He ordered blood tests and told Melissa he thought she had mononucleosis, a viral infection requiring much bed rest.  Innate and adaptive immune defenses work collectively in destroying invasive microorganisms. What is the interaction between macrophages and T lymphocytes during the presentation of antigen? Melissa’s illness is caused by a virus. Where are type I interferons produced, and why are they important in combating viral infections? Humoral immunity involves the activation of B lymphocytes and production of antibodies. Wh.

1. Assignment Details
MN551-2:
Apply knowledge of tissue and organ structure and function to
physiologic alterations in systems and analyze the cause and
effect relationship in response to disease.
Select one of the case studies below.
In your discussion be sure to include evidence of your
knowledge of tissue and organ structure and function to
physiologic alterations in systems and analyze the cause and
effect relationship in response to disease.
Requirements
Make sure all of the topics in the case study have been
addressed.
Cite at least three sources—journal articles, textbooks, or
evidenced-based websites—to support the content.
All sources must have been written within five years.
Do not use .com, Wikipedia, or up-to-date, etc., for your
sources.
Case Study 1
Mechanisms of Infectious Disease
Thirty-two–year-old Jason is a general laborer, who fell ill
shortly after working on a job digging up old water pipes for the

2. town he lived in. The task involved working around shallow
pools of stagnant water. Ten days after the contract ended,
Jason developed a fever and aching muscles. He also had
nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Jason’s friend took him to his
physician who listened carefully to Jason’s history. She told
him she suspected West Nile fever and ordered serological
testing. Jason went home to recover and was feeling better by
the end of the week.
Jason’s physician ordered serological tests. How would
antibody titers assist the doctor in confirming his diagnosis?
When Jason was feeling at his worst, he had extreme malaise,
vomiting, and diarrhea. What stage of the illness was he
experiencing at that time? What are the physiological
mechanisms that give rise to the signs and symptoms of
infectious illness?
West Nile virus has a single-stranded RNA genome. How does
this virus replicate? In general terms, what are the various
effects viruses can have on host cells?
Case Study 2
Innate and Adaptive Immunity
Melissa is a 15-year-old high school student. Over the last
week, she had been feeling tired and found it difficult to stay
awake in class. By the time the weekend had arrived, she
developed a sore throat that made it difficult to eat and even
drink. Melissa was too tired to get out of bed, and she said her
head ached. On Monday morning, her mother took her to her
doctor. Upon completing the physical exam, he told Melissa the
lymph nodes were enlarged in her neck and she had a fever. He

3. ordered blood tests and told Melissa he thought she had
mononucleosis, a viral infection requiring much bed rest.
Innate and adaptive immune defenses work collectively in
destroying invasive microorganisms. What is the interaction
between macrophages and T lymphocytes during the
presentation of antigen?
Melissa’s illness is caused by a virus. Where are type I
interferons produced, and why are they important in combating
viral infections?
Humoral immunity involves the activation of B lymphocytes
and production of antibodies. What are the general mechanisms
of action that make antibodies a key component of an immune
response?
Case Study 3
Disorders of the Immune Response
Ahmed has worked as a phlebotomist in the local hospital for
the last 7 years. Last year, he began to complain of watery,
nasal congestion and wheezing whenever he went to work. He
suspected he was allergic to something at the hospital because
his symptoms abated when he was at home over the weekends.
One day he arrived at work for the morning shift and put on his
gloves. Within minutes, he went into severe respiratory distress
requiring treatment in the emergency ward. It was determined at
that time his allergic response was due to latex exposure.
Ahmed experienced a type I, IgE-mediated hypersensitivity
response. How can this be determined by his signs and

4. symptoms? How might another type of latex hypersensitivity
reaction present?
How do T2H cells, mast cells, and eosinophils function to
produce the signs and symptoms typical of a type I
hypersensitivity disorder?
How is it that someone who does not come into direct contact
with latex can still have a hypersensitivity response to the
material? What do food allergies have to do with latex
allergies?
Case Study 4
Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Wound Healing
Carlton, a six-year-old boy, was playing on a sandy beach with
his mother. He began to run along the shoreline when he
stepped on the sharp edge of a shell, giving himself a deep cut
on his foot. His mother washed his foot in the lake and put on
his running shoe to take him home. One day later, Carlton’s foot
looked worse. The gash was red and painful. The foot was warm
to touch and appeared swollen. Carlton’s mom put some gauze
over the wound and prepared to take him to the local community
health clinic.
What is the physiologic mechanism causing the wound to
become red, hot, swollen, and painful? How is this different
than the inflammatory response that might occur in an internal
organ?
What are the immunologic events that are happening at the local
level during Carlton’s acute inflammatory response?

5. Nutrition plays an important factor in wound healing. What
stages of wound healing would be affected by a deficiency in
vitamins A and C?
Case Study 5
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Patience is 29 years old and has been HIV positive for nine
years. She has remained asymptomatic and is not taking
antiretroviral medication. Recently she was at the drop-in clinic
to talk to a public health nurse about having a baby through
artificial insemination. She said she had met a man who wanted
to marry her and have children with her, but she was concerned
about the baby contracting HIV. Her latest blood tests indicated
her CD4+ count was 380/µL. The PCR test indicated her viral
load was 850. The nurse referred her to the physician to discuss
antiretroviral therapy during her pregnancy.
What are the factors that increase the chance of HIV
transmission from mother to infant, and how the transmission
occurs?
Patience was told that after she became pregnant, she would
begin HAART therapy. Describe what this therapy is and what
particular antiretroviral medication would be particularly useful
to her during her pregnancy. What concern is there about
administering certain antiretrovirals early in the pregnancy?
Individuals with HIV are prone to contracting opportunistic
infections. What are opportunistic infections and the risk factors
that leave an individual with HIV particularly prone to
contracting this type of illness?

6. Case Study 6
Blood Cells and the Hematopoietic System
Charlie is a 53-year-old man with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. His
treatment has been only modestly successful in delaying the
progression of the disease, and he has recently relapsed. His
medical team decided to administer aggressive chemotherapy.
Knowing that the intensive treatment would have a destructive
effect on Charlie’s bone marrow, they removed stem cells from
his blood before the chemotherapy began. Afterward, the stem
cells were returned by IV to reestablish his bone marrow
function.
What are the therapeutic advantages of an autologous stem cell
transplant on Charlie’s bone marrow and immune system?
Before harvesting stem cells, a cytokine growth factor is
administered to the patient. What is the benefit of this
procedure?
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a disease involving B and T
lymphocytes. What aspects of the immune response are these
cells responsible for?
When considering erythrocytes, how is the body able to meet
hematopoietic demand in conditions such as hemolytic anemia
or blood loss?
Case Study 7
Disorders of Hemostasis

7. Leona is 52 years old and smokes. She is also overweight and
has atherosclerosis. When she was given a two-week vacation
from work, she packed up her bags and flew from Minnesota to
Sydney, Australia, for the trip she always wanted to take.
Unfortunately, just three days after she arrived, she was
hospitalized when her left calf became inflamed, causing her
considerable pain. The physician attending to her told her she
developed a deep vein thrombosis.
Explain, using your knowledge of hypercoagulability, why the
trip to Australia contributed to Leona’s DVT? Why was Leona
already at risk for thrombus development?
How does Leona’s atherosclerosis affect platelet function?
Conversely, what is the effect of increased platelet activity on
the development of atherosclerosis?
How do atherosclerosis and immobility promote changes in
blood coagulation?
When Leona was in hospital, she received heparin therapy.
Explain why this course of action was taken to treat her DVT.
Why was she not given heparin tablets to take back to the hotel
with her?
Case Study 8
Disorders of Red Blood Cells
Henry is 77 years old and lives with his daughter and son-in-
law. He has chronic renal failure, but likes to get out whenever
he can to work in his daughter’s backyard garden. Over the last

8. few months, he began to go outside less often. He said he was
feeling unusually tired and he was running out of breath doing
the simplest of tasks. He also said his head ached and he often
felt dizzy. His daughter took him to his doctor who performed a
complete physical examination and diagnosed Henry with
anemia.
From what you know of Henry’s history, what type of anemia
do you suspect he has? How would Henry’s red blood cells
appear on a peripheral blood smear?
What is the physiological basis that would explain why Henry’s
anemia would cause him to have the symptoms he is
experiencing?
Predict the cellular adaptations erythrocytes undergo when
chronic hypoxia is present. How would this be evident on an
oxygen–hemoglobin dissociation curve?
Case Study 9
Disorders of White Blood Cells and Lymphoid Tissues
Max is a 60-year-old living in Iowa. For the 27 years, he has
been working in the agricultural industry, particularly in the
management of corn production. Recently he began to feel weak
during work and tired easily. During the night he woke up
sweating, and he often felt unusually warm during the day. Max
was also surprised that, in spite of eating regularly, his weight
was declining and his work pants were now too large for him.
Upon physical examination, his physician noted his inguinal
lymph nodes were swollen although Max said they were not
sore. Subsequent laboratory tests confirmed follicular, non-
Hodgkin lymphoma. Chemotherapy in conjunction with

9. rituximab was immediately initiated.
What are the key cellular differences between non-Hodgkin
lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma?
The early manifestations of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and
Hodgkin lymphoma in lymphatic tissue appear differently. In
terms of lymphatic presentation, how would these two diseases
appear clinically?
What are the pharmacologic properties of rituximab, and what is
its mechanism of action on malignant cells?
Outline the structure of lymph node parenchyma including the
areas where B and T lymphocytes reside. Where did Max’s
lymphoma arise?
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