Roles Of Different Agencies In Health And Social Care Study

Roles Of Different Agencies In Health And Social Care Study
There are many different agencies that will be involve with the Khan family. These include:
Health visitor
Learning support
Speech and language therapist
One to one support
Social worker
Key worker.
All of these agencies work together because the work can be done quicker. For example, if they
didn't work together it would take a long time for everything to be done and in this time they can
focus on other important things instead of worrying about these agencies. Multi–agencies is working
together to do a range of organisation, services and professional which provides helps and support to
MR and MRs Khan family. For example, Sachina would need to see the health visitor because they
will know if the child needs improving and needs ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also, as a practitioner working in partnership with Mr and Mrs Khan, this will strengthen our
relationship better and if there is any problems going on in school we can talk to the parents about it
and not hide it. An example of this, is when the social services work closely to this family it is
important that they have built a trusting relationship. This is because if they had to go to court the
social services can support them and be on their side. If we all work together as part of a team it will
stimulate, motivate and encourage to support one and another when needed. We could support Mr
and Mrs Khan much better if we work together as a team. Effective multi agencies will not have to
be independent and try and get the information by their self, this is important when working together
you share the responsibilities and don't allow one person to do it. When working together we can
change Mr and Mrs Khan views about others schools not meeting their child's needs and they might
adapt new ways. By this I mean, Mr Khan not working every night as this will allow us at Park Lane
Primary school to discuss children's needs and if the speech and language therapist want to speak to
them about Taneesh hearing problem. An example of this could be, speech and language therapist
can give Mr and Mrs Khan
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The Function Of English: The Primary Functions Of Language
The primary function of language is to convey ideas from one person to another. The dialect
appearance is a typical process of linguistic development. It is natural that varieties of language
appear since the process of language usage includes language expansion. Social communities tend to
split up into groups, each of them displays differences in behaviour. Language reflects these
differences.
The reason why dialects come into existence is connected with variety of speakers of that language.
Different regions and speakers use various vocabulary. In most cases they have native language that
have an effect on the second language, in this case, It is English.
A dialect may be defined as a subdivision of a language that is used by a group of speakers who
have some non–linguistic characteristic in common []. The most common shared characteristic is a
regional one: people who live in the same place tend to talk alike. British and American English are
different dialects of the same language. It is obvious which one of them appeared first and which
one was created upon another. These varieties of languages has different phonological, grammar,
and lexis, The differences are usually studied by the second foreign language acquisition. But the
different varieties of English has many sub–dialects, both regional and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
He says: 'When two varieties of English (or of any other language) differ in patterns of grammar and
vocabulary, they are different dialects; if their grammar and vocabulary are more or less identical
but they differ in sound–patterns, then they are the same dialect but different accents. There is a
distinction between a regional and a class dialect. The two kinds of dialect are difficult to separate:
there are regional variations in every class dialect and class variations in every regional dialect, but
regional variations become less strongly marked as the speakers ascend the social

Essay about Foreign Language Education in American Primary...
The promotion of foreign language education in America's primary schools is vital to a child's
learning process, cultural awareness, and future in the workforce. Although they are scarce, there are
some elementary schools across the United States that incorporate foreign language courses in the
curriculum. This is most common in areas bordering other countries and relative to the language
spoken, as French is taught most often along the border of Canada and Spanish along the border of
Mexico. The process of learning another language is beneficial the learning process of all subjects
because the methods used combine teaching procedures present in every class. The broad learning
capacity gained from learning a foreign language and the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Guidelines to teaching a foreign language highlight all of these elements. Listening, reading,
writing, and speaking are all taught and tested at beginner, intermediate, advanced, and superior
levels so that these different learning methods are highlighted and executed at varying levels.
Children also learn and are shown new ways of looking at the world through the varying strategies.
In fact, correlation studies have shown that "students who have had several years of foreign
language do better on SATs, particularly the verbal part" (WALKER). As root words, prefixes,
suffixes, conjugation, and noun agreements are taught in new languages, it is easier to see
connections to the structure of one's first language. The knowledge of a language one is raised
speaking and understanding is simply obtained through experience. However, learning a second
language emphasizes the parts of language that come naturally in the first. It takes self–motivated
work and dedication to learn a second language later in life, so the outcome of attaining a
comprehensive grasp on a foreign language early on pays off in multiple ways.
There are three categories that elementary school foreign language education falls into; FLES
(Foreign Language in Elementary Schools). FLEX (Foreign Language Exploration or Experience),
and Immersion. FLES programs are the most similar to the teaching strategies in middle and high
schools.

Gender And Sexuality As A Category For Historical Analysis
For years, many scholars have provided many discussions over the topic of gender and sexuality.
However, one needs to ask themselves: Are these two topics, gender and sexuality, useful as a
category for historical analysis? The articles written by both Joan W. Scott and Afsaneh Najmabadi,
answer such a question. By critically examining and assessing their two article, can the usefulness of
gender and sexuality as a category for historical analysis be proven.
In "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis," Joan W. Scott provides many angles to
explore the relevancy of gender. The first thing that needs to be examined is her argument. The main
argument that Joan W. Scott is trying to make is how beneficial to history using gender as a category
for analysis would turn out. Another factor that needs to be made in assessing her article is how she
presents her argument and findings. Scott formats her article with a beginning, middle, and end. She
begins by defining "gender," and how that term has been used in general. She goes on to describe
some of the theories that have analyzed gender. The next part that she explains is how, of late,
politics has been coincided with the analysis of gender. Finally, she ends her paper by providing her
bottom–line opinion about the analysis and approach of gender.
Now with the structure of her paper in mind, the next important assessment is in the sources she
uses. The sources that Joan Scott utilizes in her argument are mostly

Language As The Primary Source Of Political Discourse And...
Evaluating the text from a Structuralist perspective reveals language as the primary source of
political discourse and hegemony. In 1984, language is both an instrument and an effect of power.
Michel Foucault's discursive practices suggest that discourse "transmits and produces power"
(Foucault, 1980). It has the capacity to govern social interactions, limit the parameters of human
thought and endorse political ideologies. Structuralist Jonathan Culler corroborates Foucault's
assertion in his book, Structuralist Poetics: Structuralism, Linguistics and the Study of Literature, by
avowing that language "governs the individual and determines meaning" (Culler, 1968). He
elaborates on this notion by construing that the linguistic–structuralist model can assist in
"formulating the rules of particular systems of convention rather than simply affirm their existence"
(Culler, 1968). When Winston has lunch with a Party member named Syme, he explains how
Newspeak narrows the range of thought, thereby reducing the concept of what it means to be
human:
"Thoughtcrime will be literally impossible, because there will be no words to express it. Every
concept that can ever be needed will be expressed by exactly one word, with its meaning rigidly
defined and all its subsidiary meanings rubbed out and forgotten" (Orwell, pg. 130).
With the invention of Newspeak, Orwell subverts one of the basic principles of Structuralism, which
is that language has a "system of signs" that we interpret to

The State Of Quality Of Primary Education
The State of Quality of Primary Education in India
The key concern about education, in any formal educational system, of all time, has been its quality.
Every stake holder, direct or indirect, of education is concerned about its quality. Guardians or
parents, irrespective of their socio–economic status, want to educate their children with best quality
education which would add better value to the degrees their wards acquire subject to the budget
constraints. But what do we mean by 'quality education? How this quality is being assessed? What is
the status of the quality of education in India? This paper seeks to focus on these issues with respect
to the quality of primary education in India.
There is no universally accepted definition for 'quality of education'. In education, perception of
quality is around students (Mukhopadhyay, 2001). The performance of the students like examination
results, learning achievements, ability to apply learned knowledge in practical life–– exhibit the
quality of an education. For some, "Quality of education" means value addition in education
(Feigenbaum 1951); excellence in education (Peters and Waterman 1982); for others, fitness of
education outcomes and experience for use (Juran and Gryna 1988). For a society, "excellence" and
"value" are most appropriate indicators for quality education. A generally accepted definition of
quality education does not exist and different end users adopt different criteria for determining the
quality of

Gallipoli Primary Sources
Discuss the reliability of source to a historian studying the experiences of Australians at World War I
during the Gallipoli campaign
Source A is highly reliable for a historian studying the experiences of Australians at Gallipoli as it is
a first person account of many aspects of the experience and highly corroborates with our own
knowledge of the first days at Gallipoli. Source A is a diary entry by Ellis Silas, dated 11th of May
1915, therefore it is highly reliable as it is a primary and first person account of the sixteenth day at
Gallipoli. In addition, the author has most likely written the content, recalling the events still vivid
in the his head which allows the chance for the author to write in immense detail. For example,
"noise of the incessant crackling of rifles and screaming of shrapnel" allows the audience to
visualise and understand the conditions of the day due to the author's use of descriptive language.
Furthermore, the diary entry is published on a website organised by the government, therefore it is a
source that the government have examined and approved of, increasing its reliability. The majority
of the diary entry is reflective of what the audience know about the first few weeks of the war such
as the immense number of losses, which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, "Turks, infinitely superior...in numbers and equipment; their machine guns are a much
better class than ours."

Mainstreaming Students Whose Primary Language Is Not...
How Much More Will Be Lost? One of the seemingly perennial debates in American education is
how students who speak a language different from English at home (and perhaps exclusively) and
how best to help them acclimate to a country in which English in the dominant language. Most of
this debate centers on Spanish speakers, since there are so many Spanish–speaking students in
American schools, and this is certainly a legitimate focus. However, this paper examines a related
topic that gets far less attention. What should be educational policy regarding mainstreaming
students whose primary language is not English when their language is a threatened one? This is an
important question because, while there are a number of key elements to culture, language is
arguably the most important of all, providing not only a way to communicate but a way in which to
prioritize what should be communicated and one of the most potent tools in creating a group
identity. Giving up a native language is always a loss, but it can be an especially difficult one when
the family understands the issue of learning English as a threat to a language in its declining phase.
The purpose of this research is to determine how school staff interact with students speaking
endangered language and what (if any) accommodations they make as a result of the language's
status. Social workers who address the adjustment issues of bilingual children will also be included
as subjects. Whenever a researcher talks directly

How The Environment And Behavior Affect A Person 's...
My field is within the Education and Arts department and I am majoring Primary Education. I am
presently a full time student.
Learning perspective focus on how the environment and behaviour affect a person's actions. It has to
do with the behavioural aspect of an individual and the influence the community might have on the
individual. The learning perspective is a very deterministic science. Actually, this is one of the main
assumptions of behaviourism. Behaviourists believe that all behaviour is trained, conditioned,
reinforced, and essentially reflexive. Hence the reason, free will is basically impossible if looked at
through the lenses of an extreme behaviourist. This is because behaviourists decide to be
reductionist, reducing everything down to only observable behaviour. The learning perspective
concentrates on the explanation of how human learns, this perspective particularly focuses on the
idea of associationism. Which supports the idea that human learns by associating and making
connections between ideas and events. Learning changes in behaviour as a result of experience
In Primary Education there are many ways in which the learning perspective can be use however I
will focus on two Writing and Reading. Reading and Writing in the Transition between Preschool
Education and Primary Education. The transition between educational levels is a process
characterized by the complexity and impacts that it represents to the future of children's education.
Studies conducted in

Language Development Is Vital For A Child 's Life Essay
Introduction
Language development is vital to a child 's life. It can come in various ways; expressions, body
language, visual and spoken. Language is diverse with many different types and sub–dialects and
forever developing through the ages. To a child, language is divided into two different categories;
the early stages and the later stages. The early stages consist of a child 's life from zero to five in
which they may not attend full–time schooling but their language is still being developed by the
environments they are consistent with. The later stages are from five to eighteen in which children
attend school full–time in both primary school and high school. Language development is not
stopped when a child leaves school, it creates many benefits for them personally, in which will
continue to grow and expand. These benefits are: intellectual, emotional and social.
Thesis Statement
Language is both seen and heard by a child. Additionally, language begins off as standard when a
child is born but as the child develops so does language in which becomes very diverse as shown by
the Australian Curriculum. This is demonstrated by exploring the differing environments during
both the early stages and the later stages of a child 's life.
Early Stages
The early stage is the most critical time for development of a child. From birth to the age of three, a
child 's mind is like a sponge, soaking up everything whilst using all their senses. From ages three to
five, a child is still

General Education Classroom Teachers Are Responsible For...
General education classroom teachers are responsible for providing the primary instruction for
English Language Learners (ELLs) development in English literacy skills (Thompson, 2004).
Supplying ample resources to accommodate ELLs inside and outside of the classroom are essential
as the number of ELL students has grown steadily. According to research, "one out of four of all
children in the United States are from immigrant families, and in most cases these children speak a
language other than English at home" (Samson & Collins, 2012 p. 4). Further research suggests,
"students from a non–English speaking home and background account for the fastest growing
population of children in the kindergarten through twelfth grade setting (Short & ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
3). Some ELL students may start school without any English language skills, while others may have
"limited language proficiency or dual language deficiency in both their native language and English"
(p. 3). Just as native English speakers, ELL students also have different levels of intellectual
abilities; however, their struggle with school in English may be related to background knowledge
and not solely on intellectual abilities (Short & Echevarria, 2004). Samson and Collins (2012),
purposes if school districts, administrations, and teachers want to see improvements in achievement
for ELLs, "greater continuity in how general education teachers are prepared by teacher–education
programs, certified by states and evaluated by local education agencies, or LEAs, is essential. By
making sure that the special needs of ELLs are addressed at multiple stages of the teacher
preparation process, schools may gain higher quality
Running Head: TEACHER EDUCATION 3 teachers of ELLs and more importantly, higher
outcomes for ELLs (p. 9). De Jong and Harper (2005) consider instruction that takes concern to,
"explicit attention in linguistic and cultural needs of ELLs is lacking in most teacher preparation
programs" (p. 101).
In order to become a teacher, an individual must take education coursework, evaluations through
student teaching and passing state teacher examinations (Samson & Collins, 2012).

How Can Literature Be Used to Support and Develop Language...
How can literature be used to support and develop language and literacy for students in the primary
years? Rationalise the use of the text (chosen literature) and literature more generally for developing
language and literacy in relation to the target year level and give examples from your text.
Numerous studies have found that there is a strong link between language problems, reading and
overall academic achievement (Konza, 2006, Snow Burns and Griffin, 1998, Justice and Ezell,
2000). As a result, the Australian Curriculum Assessment and Reporting Authority regard the study
of English to be imperative to the 'learning and development of all young Australians' (ACARA,
2012). The authority realises English is necessary for students to ... Show more content on
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* Understand that the purposes texts serve shape their structure in predictable ways (ACELA1447),
(ACARA, 2012). 'The Very Cranky Bear' (Bland, 2011) is an appropriate instructional book for year
one as its plot is straightforward and is easy to follow for young readers. The story follows the
predictable narrative pattern of orientation, complication and resolution (Derewianka & Jones,
2012). The story finishes on a positive note and the end of the book is apparent which makes it
enjoyable for early readers. Literature that is not directed at the children's level of reading could de–
motivate their desire to keep reading. They may not comprehend the story and become bored or
distracted very quickly (Anderson et al. 1985, Stahl, 1998).
* Use comprehension strategies to build literal and inferred meaning about key events, ideas and
information in texts that they listen to, view and read by drawing on growing knowledge of context,
text structures and language features (ACELY1660), (ACARA, 2012). Learning to read is
essentially learning to decode and understand the words/language written in the story and to
construct meanings from those words (literacy) (Nicole & Roberts, 1993). The more language
the children (and adults) hear and read the more developed their vocabulary will become (Snow,
Burns & Griffin, 1998, Nicole & Roberts, 1993, Anderson et al, 1985). Reading fluency is
enhanced with an enlarged

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Migrant Students
Cumulative disadvantage by definition is when a group of people experience many disadvantages in
life as a result of many cumulative occurrences.In this essay I will be critically exploring how
cumulative disadvantage amongst migrant students constitutes itself in education.Migrant students
around the world find themselves suffering from a cumulative disadvantage due to six primary
factors in relation to education ; the Role of Institutions,Streaming,Parental Choice,Knowledge of a
host language, Post Second Level Pathways and Integration.
Merike Darmody proposed that the disadvantage affecting migrant student is likely to have an effect
on their future prospects such as their progression to further education, their position in the labour
market ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This inability to attend the better schools contributes in large part to the achievement gap between
migrant and native students.This lower educational achievement leads on to migrant students
pathways being limited.This is demonstrated by the fact that students that attend schools with a
socio–economically disadvantaged intake do not perform as well as their counterparts in better

Language, Health, And Education Of A Peruvian Culture Essay
What is culture? Culture includes languages, ideas, beliefs, customs, institutions, inventions,
technology, and values. One may ask what do the people of the society wear? How do they prepare
their food? What type of foods to the eat? What kind of work do they do? We are not born with any
knowledge of a culture. This is something we learn throughout time and it makes up who and what
you are as a person. There are many different cultures in the world today. But that is what makes our
society unique. Culture is based on long standing traditions that have been passed on from one
generation to another. The purpose of this paper is to compare language, health, and education of a
Peruvian culture to the American lifestyle.
I was born and raised in Trujillo, Peru. Peru is located in the west of South America, and has borders
with Ecuador, Columbia, Brazil, Bolivia and Chile. According to the world atlas this small town I
was raised in has a population of 747,450 making it the biggest city in La Libertad. My life as an
only child was so different compared to the American life style I see now a day. I grew up with two
wonderful strict parent, who wanted the best for their only child. I was taught to respect our elder
and peers, speak with politeness, and always use manners. That is an example of "culture" that is
passed on from one generation to another.
When it comes to culture it depends on the state or country that you live in. As we age we teach our
children these values and

Impact Of Environment And Poverty On Children 's...
This essay will discuss to what extent environment and poverty is a significant factor in children's
educational development and attainment. This will be done by evaluating the effects that family,
environment and poverty have on the way a child develops. This essay aims to focus on the degree
these themes influence educational development. Whilst focusing on the impact during different
stages of a child's primary education, I will look at how these themes influence the child and why
they are important.
Poverty is a major issue that can vastly affect childhood development. (Horgan, 2007). Primary
education is significantly important in children's development and attainment, and is often supported
through the parents and educators. However, in modern times it is not easy to raise a child and help
them to reach their potential. In the early years of a child's development they are more prone to
problems which could hinder their education. Poverty is only one issue, but could be a leading
factor, as it may affect the health of a child, which may have a negative impact in progressing.
Children from disadvantaged backgrounds do worse than those from advantaged backgrounds by a
greater amount than elsewhere. For example, only about a quarter of students receiving free school
meals gain five good GCSEs or equivalent, compared to over half of the overall population (DfES
2006). Those children with parents with low skills and qualifications seem to be effected more so, as
these

Status Of Arabization
1. Status of Arabization in School
Roberts (2003) shows that when Algeria gained its independence, it was linguistically a pluralistic
country with a rich linguistic baggage influenced by Berber, Phoenician, Roman, Vandal, Byzantine,
Jewish, Moor, Arabic, Spanish, Ottoman and French. He further adds that the Arabization policy in
independent Algeria denied any existence of the languages actually spoken, and promoted the
literary classical Arabic which is considered as the lingua franca of the Arab middle–east.
Arabization of the Algerian educational system was pursued from 1962 to 1975 since Arabic was
considered as the national and official language while French was language to be used temporarily
and provisionally. The newly appointed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to Benrabeh, (2004) in 1966, out of a total of 13,000 Arabized teachers at primary
schools, 3,500 were non–Algerians. These teachers' lacked qualifications, their accent represented a
handicap. The majority of the new coming teachers were members of the Muslim brotherhood who
were mainly interested in spreading their ideology (Saad, 1992). They followed the conventional
teaching approach which makes use of rote memorization and physical punishment
(Grandguillaume, 2004; Wardhaugh, 1987).
In 1971, the punctual system, or as Gordon, (1978) calls it, a step–by step system, was adopted, that
is Arabizing all subjects on a given level rather than Arabizing geographically (according to regions)
or vertically (all levels at the same time). By 1974, the primary school was fully Arabized with
French being taught at the fourth grade. At the secondary level, one–third of the math and sciences
sections were Arabized (Grandguillaume, 1983).
Until the 1970's the educational system consisted of the primary school 05 years, middle school: 04
years and the secondary school: 03 years. (Benrabah, 1999).In 1976, a new schooling system called
the fundamental school took place. It was a fusion of the primary and middle school (09 years) with
all the subjects taught in Arabic except the foreign languages (Assous, 1985; Saad, 1992).
Arabization had a considerable impulse during Boumediene's presidency (1965–1978) and that was
aligned with a dramatic decline in

South Africa Development Goals For 2015
According to the Country Report in 2013, South Africa has come along way in terms of achieving
the Millennium Development Goals for 2015. When looking at goal one, which has to do with
eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, they have almost completed all of the targets. As of 2013,
South Africa has achieved the proportion of population below $1.00 per day and the proportion of
population below $1.25 per day. They are likely to achieve the proportion of population below $2.00
per day. They have achieved the poverty gap ratio of $1.00, $1.25, and $2.00 per day. They are
likely to achieve the poverty gap ratio of $2.50 per day. They are likely to achieve the percentage of
employed people living below $1.00 per day. Although they have achieved and are likely to achieve
many of these targets for goal one which has to do with poverty, they are unlikely to reach the share
of the poorest quintile in national consumption, the percentage growth rate of GDP per person
employed, employment–to–population ratio, and the percentage of own–account and contributing
family workers in total employment. In terms of hunger they are likely to achieve the percent of
prevalence of underweight children less than five years of age. They have also achieved the
percentage of people who report experiencing hunger. Goal two is just as accomplished as goal one.
Goal two, according to the Country Report in 2013 for South Africa, which is trying to ensure that
boys and girls are going to

Anotated Bibliography on Literacy in the Primary Years
Christie, F. (2005). Language and Literacy. In Language education in the primary years (pp. 1–12).
Sydney: University of New South Wales Press
In this chapter we are introduced to language being a basic resource with which we learn both in
oral and written form and become a responsibility of teachers in the primary schooling years to
allow this opportunity to be given to all. The debate over methods "autonomous" and "ideological"
is discussed where the debate takes into consideration factors from the 20th century emphasising the
literacy practice of learning. We are reading that the functional model of language is a social
semiotic system used in many ways and the three ways that why this is useful being the role, the
nature and learning to construct meanings of language. The chapter emphasises that to play, use,
enjoy and adapt language is a goal for our children which can lead to providing the framework for a
language program.
Text and context are explained where we can change our language approach to suit the discourse.
Through metafunctions as shown in table formation we are allowing ourselves to choose our
language to make meanings. Within the classroom from this chapter we gain an insight into the
social side, the making of choices and reflection of language for children.
Gee, J.P. (1991). What is literacy? In C. Mitchell & K. Weiler (Eds.), Rewriting literacy (pp.3–11).
New York: Bergin & Garvey.
Throughout this reading, James Paul Cee (1991 ) is focused on

Primary Language Support Strategies Paper
Introduction While this week there was not one thing that was completely new, there was a strong
link between the discussion of primary language supports, or PLS, and the learning of English
language learners. Effectively implementing PLS strategies will be important in supporting a
student's primary language while they are also learning English, like the strategies creating cognate
word studies, reading aloud books in a student's primary language, and students helping students.
Thus, the concept of PLS and these three strategies all focused on a concept that is essential to
learning for students, including English language learners, which is connecting learning to the
student in a personal way. Primary Language Support Strategies Linking current learning to English
language learners in a personal way will be important to increase their learning of content and of the
English language. By using the PLS strategies it will be easier for the English language learner to
make those important connections to content and increase their learning of the English language.
The three strategies that made this connection most possible were creating cognate word studies for
students, reading the same literature to them in their language, and pairing a new English language
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In creating cognate word studies, it is important to remember that while words might sound the
same in English and the student's native language, they might not mean the same thing. There are
also partial cognates to be aware of as well, which could create more confusion than understanding.
When utilizing reading aloud to students in their language before reading to them in English might
not be as effective if done so back–to–back, reading might not be done by someone speaking the
native language, and it might be hard to find all of the supporting texts and books read in the
student's native

Methods Used in Collecting Data
CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Introduction
This chapter presents the methods used in collecting data, how the data was processed and analyzed.
3.1 Research design
A case study approach was used and it was confined to Harare Southern District. The case study
allowed the researcher to gain in–depth knowledge of the problem. The behavior of parents of
children affected with speech and language impairment was analyzed using the case study. The case
study was of importance as it gathered first hand information at the same time minimizing the
chances of distortion. The researcher was able to compare both parents with/without children
affected with speech and language impairment as well as some of the school teachers and district
officials.
For the purposes of this study both quantitative and qualitative data were obtained from primary
sources such as questionnaires, interviews, field observation. Secondary sources were also used such
as statistical reports, internet and journals.
3.2 Population and Sampling
3.2.1 Population
Harare Southern District has a total population of 113 599 with a total of 28 439 households
(ZimStat, 2012) and 26 primary schools. Information was sought from key respondents at the
district office, Ministry of Education, parents and school teachers. The study focused on 13 primary
schools. For the purposes of this study a total of 70 respondents were used.
3.2.2 Sampling
Sampling was important at this stage because it was not possible

The Importance Of Literacy And Language Development In The...
Literacy and language development in the primary grades is integral to student success and
understanding of the world around them. "Several aspects of language development, such as
vocabulary and phonological awareness, are important predictors for learning to read and write
during primary school" (van Druten–Frietman, Strating. Denessem, Verhoeven, 2016, p. 212). "Low
literacy skills have been related to poorer outcomes in school achievement, measures of self esteem,
physical and mental health, housing, employment, socio–economic status, community participation,
illicit drug use and criminal activity" (Heppner, 2016, pg. 460). Therefore, teachers have an essential
responsibility to support, motivate, and encourage students to develop in their language skills and
abilities. School activities provide a significant opportunity to enhance language development in the
primary grades. Through the implementation of school activities teachers are able to differentiate
and accommodate various types of learners within their unique classrooms. Social, emotional,
physical, and intellectual needs of of every student can be met through the use of school activities.
School activity strategies support differentiation and modifications within the classroom while
effectively engaging students who do not require additional support. Morrow (2009) states that "no
single method or single combination of methods can successfully teach all children to read" (p.28).
Therefore, school

Lesson 6 Case Studies Essay
Lesson 6 Case Studies
Milan Shrestha
International American University
MGT 500 : Organizational Behavior and Leadership
Sushil Pant
October 17, 2014
Chapter 12
Effective Communication: Partnership in Italy.
The given case is about effective communication. In the case, Melissa Chang who is handling all
sorts of sourcing activities at the company, she is asked to travel to Venice, Italy to meet her
company's partnering company. She is asked to travel for solving the issues that has made a bad
impression of her company towards the partnering company. As before also Melissa's colleagues
cancelled their trip to Moscow at the last minute which hampered their relationship with other
partners ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And at the second day, her communication skill was so effective that the behavior of Italian partners
changed and they were much warmer and willing to sit down and discuss details of work. So her
response to the feelings of the Italian partners helped her analyze the situation properly. Melissa's
also noted down Italian partner's cues or issues and answering correctly to the partner's efficiently.
Mainly the active listening of Melissa helped her answer thoroughly. Melissa established rapport
towards the partners which effectively communicate to help them feel comfortable. So Melissa's
communication style impacted the performance of the Italian partners which we can see in the case
that Italian partners projected plan for the next fiscal year and also a formal dinner in her honor was
arranged. Italian partners also praise Melissa for her quick actions and decisiveness.
Question 2: Primary source of information to Melissa's visit The primary sources of information
prior to Melissa's visit to Italy was the establishment of effective communication in between the
Italian partners and her company in order to solve the issues. Italian partners requested several times
for information to Melissa's colleagues but it was not fulfilled. So to tackle the communication
barriers in between the two partnering companies is the primary source to Melissa's visit to Italy.
The act of removing the

The Importance Of Foreign Language In Primary Schools
The United States is further behind in education than many other countries. They are lacking behind
in math and science compared to Asian countries. They are more below in arts than European
countries. They are also further behind in foreign language than the rest of the world. Children are
more receptive to learning when it begins at an early age. To obtain a positive and better quality of
learning, foreign language should be considered in being implemented in primary school. There are
many arguments as to why there should not be foreign language integration into primary school in
the United States. The many challenges of the public school system are; lack of parental
involvement, standardized testing, budget cuts, student population, and lack of teachers of
education. To add in another curriculum into the already challenged school year, would be a
daunting task with so many obstacles as it is. To understand the need for a foreign language, there
must be understanding as to how the other issues could prevent it. Many parents today lack the time
needed to spend with their children on knowledge development. Two income families work on
average a nine to six. They rely on the teachers to fit in the eight–hour day to teach. If they are not
satisfied with that, they buy their young Ipads, and phones for the rest of their learning. They are
detached are not reading to their children at home. Parents are also failing to attend Open House and
Parent teacher nights which is a

Stephen Krashen's Theory Of The New Integrated Primary...
In this essay I will examine and discuss the new integrated primary school language curriculum
which has been significantly influenced by Stephen Krashen's hypotheses of first and second
language acquisition and his theory of acquired versus learned language.
Firstly, the new language curriculum marks a momentous advancement in the way in which
languages are taught in Irish primary schools to date. Today, the focus of this curriculum is on the
child's language development rather than on the teacher. 'Language is key to the development of the
child as a person.' (NCCA, 2016, 19.) Similarly, the curriculum supports the development of the
child's first and second language as it strongly encourages the transfer of skills between Irish and
English. Moreover, the curriculum strengthens the possibilities for the transfer of skills from both
languages due to its connected strands across reading, writing and oral language. 'The connectedness
of the strands is emphasised in the definition of 'text' to include all products of language use: oral,
gesture, sign, written, braille, visual, tactile, electronic and digital.' (NCCA, 2016, 9.) However, the
influence of Stephen Krashen's hypotheses of first and second language acquisition and his theory of
acquired versus learned language can be seen clearly within this new language curriculum.
Essentially, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Additionally, Krashen exclaims that, 'language acquirers are not usually aware of the fact that they
are acquiring language, but are only aware of the fact that they are using the language for
communication.' (Krashen, 2009, 10.) Yet, 'language acquisition can only take place when a message
which is being transmitted is understood.' (Krashen & Terrell, 55.) This highlights the importance
and immense value of visual aids in our classrooms in order to allow children to acquire a language
because they act as 'extra linguistic context that helps the learner to understand and thereby acquire.'
(Krashen & Terrell, 1995,

The Primary Language Of Mexico
Mexico is a country in North America, bordering the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico,
between Belize and the United States and bordering the North Pacific Ocean, between Guatemala
and the United States. Mexico is the third largest country in Latin America and has a population
121,736,809 people (2015). The country consist of 31 states and 1 federal district (distrito federal);
Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila de
Zaragoza, Colima, Distrito Federal*, Durango, Guanajuato, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Mexico,
Michoacan de Ocampo, Morelos, Nayarit, Nuevo Leon, Oaxaca, Puebla, Queretaro, Quintana Roo,
San Luis Potosi, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Tlaxcala, Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave
(Veracruz), Yucatan, Zacatecas. The primary language is Spanish fallowed by indigenous languages
such as mayan, nahuatl, and other regional languages.
Mexico is the site of several advanced amerindian civilizations – including the Olmec, Toltec,
Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya, and Aztec. The Olmecs, Mexico's first known society, settled on the
Gulf Coast near what is now Veracruz. Remembered for the giant head sculptures they carved from
native stone, the Olmecs had two main population centers: San Lorenzo, which flourished from
about 1200 to 900 B.C., and La Venta in Tabasco, which lasted until about 600 B.C. The Mayans,
widely considered to be pre–Columbian America's most brilliant civilization, thrived between

Myth In Ostriker's Circe/Mud Poems
Mythology, and its prevalent cultural ideals, has long been rooted in male dominated aspects and
perceptions. It has seldom discussed or accepted notions from the "other side", that is, those of
women, and the ideals of feminism that come with these myths. In the theoretical piece, "Stealing
the Language: The Emergence of Women's Poetry in America", Ostriker discusses and brings to
light how women have reformulated and revised classical myths in an attempt to negate biased
perceptions based on gender and archetypes, and brings focus on feminist views through the
alteration and assimilation of female characteristics and the way society views them. In the primary
text, "Circe/Mud Poems", Atwood acknowledges both views and perceptions of the female ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To begin with, although the theoretical text covers several aspects of the poem, including the two
roles and characteristics that both women and men embody; symbolized through Circe and her
passiveness as the mud woman and her strength and power over man, and Odysseus who is active
and strong yet also willing to submit to Circe and is methodically passive yet capable of resisting
Circe's charms and magic. Although Circe is often overcome with Odysseus, she is simultaneously
functioning as an independent and empowered woman who gives him, Odysseus, two prerogatives,
to be "feared or to be despised", leading to the ultimatum that either she will have more power than
him or he will make her his subordinate. However, the theoretical text, in light of the primary poem,
fails to touch upon the aspect of the self awareness that Circe experiences and the ruthlessness of the
story that is depicted and portrayed in greater detail and allegorical dialect in the primary source.
Specifically, in light of the theoretical text that depicts and explains the "two islands" that represent
both the writer's methodological narrative displacement and the two types of love that are being
symbolized, the islands can also

Primary And Only Language Spoken At Home
This student and the student's family are African American. The primary and only language spoke at
home is English. It is beneficial to the child to know English when English is the language spoken at
school by staff members and when instruction is only given in English. This student is currently
being raised by his parents and has lived in the same house throughout his life. The student has one
sibling, who is a fifth grade student. His younger brother is not currently on an Individualized
Education Plan. This family has a normal American culture. They celebrate holidays such as the
Fourth of July, Halloween, Thanksgiving, and Christmas, etc. The student has good social skills
because his family has pushed him to talk and have conversations

Early Education Experience Paper
We had the opportunity to sit–in at two different primary schools, and each provided us with
valuable insight into the early education system in Ireland. The first school we visited was an all
Irish–speaking Catholic school. The second was an educate–together primary school. The educate–
together primary school differed from the educate–together secondary schools we had visited in that
they did not require students to wear uniforms. These two schools fundamentally differed in many
ways both from the secondary schools and from one another. At the all Irish–speaking school, we
had a chance to sit in on two senior infant classrooms, which are equivalent to kindergarten
classrooms in America. One amazing aspect of this school is that it is a full immersion program,
meaning that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The students were expected to conduct this conversation in Irish. It was truly amazing to see how
much Irish the students were able to read and write in just under two years. At the second Irish
classroom that we saw at this school, the students were learning nursery rhymes in English. The
students would have approximately an hour of English in their school day in which they had an
opportunity to read and write in English. After reading the nursery rhymes, the students broke into
groups and went to individual centers. These centers consisted of different activities, such as puzzles
and dress–up, and allowed for social interaction and for students to develop basic problem–solving
skills. At the second primary tour that we visited, we were given a quick tour of various classrooms
throughout the school, in which we spent about 5–10 minutes each. This school is newer, and the
walls are very bright, with the teachers working hard to cover the walls with educational information
and posters. Each classroom was working on studying a different country to put on display for the
entire school, and each classroom would make a flag, talk about various animals, and some

Examples Of Early Observational Movements In Film
Primary and Chronicle of a Summer are two examples of early observational movements in
documentary films that started in the 1960's. Cinéma vérité was founded in France, while at the
same time, direct cinema was founded in the United States. Both have the same intention of "being
there" and placing the viewer in the location among the subjects. They each use at least one of the
Griersonian's themes, such as male narrator voice–over, re–enactment shots, and scripts. However,
there are a few differences in these movements with their choice and style in their approach. Cinéma
vérité is very self–reflexive, and includes a lot of interaction between the filmmaker and the subjects
on camera. Techniques were deliberately done to remind the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
After the movie "ends" it continues to show a theater where Rouch and the people from the film are
watching it. Rouch asks them what they thought of the "final movie" and seeing themselves on the
screen. They took turns criticizing the film, allowing this scene to become the second layer of self–
reflexivity. Chronicle of a Summer did include a Griersonian theme of the use of constructing and
reenacting shots. One scene, a man has his breakfast brought in by his mother to eat in his bed. Later
in a different scene, he does karate after getting home from work. Both scenes were set up to show
what a person does on a normal day. Both of these scenes seemed awkward but helped made the
story more balance because of the on screen interaction in other

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Learning A Foreign...
Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary
school rather than secondary school.
Do the advantage of this outweigh the disadvantages?
INTRODUCTION 1
A foreign language is a language indigenous to another country. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
reveals the importance of learning a foreign languauge through the saying, " He who does not know
foreign languages does not know anything about his own". Yes, the notion is true. As even for the
expression of views one must be proficient enough in learning a foreign language. Besides, it is
always a question whether it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at their
primary or secondary part of school. In this essay , I will attempt to explain the advantages and
disadvantages of this view in my own personal perspective.
INTRODUCTION 2
With the advent of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This globalization has triggered the need for learning foreign languages to communicate with people
from other countries. Some people believe that learning foreign language at the initial stages has a
greater advantage while others opine differently. In the following essay we will discuss on the
advantages of learning foreign language at primary school followed by the disadvantages.
ADVANTAGES
In terms of merits of learning a foreign language at primary school, it is worth mentioning that it is
easier for a child to get the hang of a second language in his or her earlier years. At the primary
school, pupils do not have heavy school tasks to deal with and they can spare more time on language
learning, which boost their

My Primary Love Language Is Physical Touch
To the person whose primary love language is physical touch, the message will be far louder than
the words "I hate you" or "I love you." (p. 108).
What I took from this sentence is that there are people who rather you show them that you love them
with your actions more than words. My primary love language is not physical touch because I was
raised in a household where there was no physical affection. To this day, my father has not given me
a fatherly hug, but instead he only shakes my hand or pats me on my back to show that he is proud
of me. My mother did not show me physical love as well. I was raised molded me into a cold,
unaffectionate person.
This sentence caught my attention because it made me realized that the reason why my ex–girlfriend
and I broke up. Unlike me, her primary love language was physical touch. For example, she would
rub my head while I drove, she would hold my hand on public and especially on family events. I
was oblivious to the fact that she wanted me to replicate the same physical touch. I just did not learn
to speak her love dialect. This particular sentence taught me that physical touch can make or break a
relationship. Simply holding your significant other in public can let them know that even though
there are many people around, you still see them. One can work on learning on how and where to
touch your spouse to make them feel loved. Once you discover that physical touch is the primary
love language of your spouse, you are limited only by

Theories Of Primary Language Acquisition
Two theories of primary language acquisition emerged from 1950s psychological research: B.F.
Skinner's behaviorist theory and Noam Chomsky's biological theory of language development.
Primary language acquisition addresses specifically the way in which an infant's native language is
beginning to form, starting at birth. Primary language acquisition continues to develop throughout
the rest of childhood within the critical period.
Skinner argued that children acquire and develop language based purely on the behaviorist theory,
which states behaviors are developed and focused around conditioning. If a certain behavior
produces a positive outcome, the individual is more likely to repeat that behavior. However, if a
certain behavior produces a negative outcome, the individual is less likely to repeat that specific
behavior. Conditioning, whether classical or operant, was the sole basis on which children acquired
language. In his Verbal Behavior, Skinner gives the following example: "Out! Has the same ultimate
effect as turning the knob and pushing against the door. The explanation of both behaviors is the
same." (Skinner, 1949, p. 35) In this form of operant conditioning, "Each response is acquired and
continues to be maintained in strength because it is frequently followed by an appropriate
consequence." (Skinner, 1949, p. 35) Because "Out!" is followed by the "appropriate consequence,"
i.e., successfully opening and leaving through the door, the behavior is likely to be

Effects Of Transition From Preschool To Primary School
Transition in education is a period of change that a child may experience when starting preschool,
primary or secondary education. In this essay, the focus will be on issues faced in transition from
preschool to primary school.
Transitions from one environment to another can be stressful for the child and the parents. Every
child is unique and will have different experiences and capabilities. Hence, they will react
differently to stress. Children need a caring, supportive environment for physical, social, emotional
and cognitive development. They also need to feel safe and have a sense of belonging. Children who
experience a positive transition from preschool to primary school are more likely to succeed
academically and be socially ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When children transition from preschool to primary one there is a change in the learning
environment, quality of interaction and mode of instruction. The primary school is a much larger
environment than a preschool. The classroom enrolment is also bigger and there is a larger teacher–
pupil ratio. Hence, children in primary school receive less one–to–one attention from the teacher
than children in preschool. In primary school, children are expected to spend more time seated at
their desks. Children also spend a longer duration in primary school than in preschool and carry
heavy schoolbags. There is a change in curriculum and behaviour expectations. Children are
expected to buy their own food at the canteen and finish it within 20 minutes. Naptimes are not
included. In primary school, children are expected to tie their own shoelaces, use the toilet the right
way on their own and at specified times. In preschool, children may have 1 teacher to teach them
Mother Tongue and another to teach them the other academic skills. However, in primary school
children may have more than 2 teachers teaching them academic and non–academic subjects.
Hence, children will have to adapt to different teaching styles and teacher

Language Is The Primary Form Of Communication For The...
Introduction:
Language can play many different roles in our day–to–day life. It's a means of communication and a
way of expressing our needs, wants, feelings and emotions. The purpose of this essay is to firstly
highlight the important role language plays in every stage of a child's life, while also examining the
learning processes and cues that are used by children to understand written, oral and visual
language. Secondly, discuss what it means for a child to be multiliterate in today's society as
technology continues to increase. And lastly how language 'arises from cultural and social contexts,
and is understood by people in terms of their own social and cultural backgrounds' (Green, 2006).
Gestural:
Language is the primary form of communication for the human race and can be both seen and heard
and can incorporate a range of modes including music, movement, dance, story telling, visual arts,
media and drama, as well as talking, listening, viewing, reading and writing (EYLF, 2009). While
oral and written languages are the most common amongst people, meaning can also be conveyed
through visual forms such as gestures, posture, facial expression, eye contact and movement. When
people are not able to communicate properly and pick up on these important signals they are
significantly disadvantaged in many ways (Fellowes, Oakley, & Ivonne, 2014). Sign language is a
perfect example of language that can be seen and not heard as it's a form of communication through
which people

Essay about Ranking The Present Enterprise Purchasers
Once the choice to offer has been created, the entrepreneur should be conscious of the wide range of
possible company customers. Just as little company itself has become more innovative, the people
enthusiastic about purchasing them have also become more divergent and complicated. The
following are some of the present most effective groups of company buyers:
Family Associates Members
Members of the vendor's own family form a traditional type of business buyer: tried, but not always
"true." The idea of a friend taking over is responsive to many of the events involved because they
imagine a continual, seeing that as a primary advantage. And it can be, given that the friend snacks
the role as something similar to an ordered liability. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Economical Purchasers
This type of customer comes with perhaps the lengthiest record of criteria–and requirements. These
customers want highest possible, make use of, but they also are the right classification for the
supplier who wants to keep handle his organization after it is marketed. Most economical customers
provide a reduced sticker cost than other kinds, but they do often allow for what may be essential to
the supplier other than the money–such as choice of key workers, place, and other problems.
For a business to be of interest to a economical customer, the earnings must be adequate not only to
support current control, but also to offer a come back to the proprietor.
Individual Customer
When it comes a chance to offer, most entrepreneurs of the little to mid–sized company move
toward this customer. Many of these customers are older (aged 40 to 60) and have been well–
seasoned in the business industry. Being in the company is a desire, and won many of them can well
manage. The key to nearing this type of customer is to discover out what it is they are really looking
for.
The customer who needs to substitute a job is can be an outstanding probability. Although being in a
company is more than a job, and the threats engaged can terrify this type of customer, they do have
the "hunger"–and the need. A further benefits is that this type of customer comes with less "strings"
and problems than

The Communication Approaches That The Nurse For...
NUR 642: Week one case study. 1. Describe at least two problems encountered by the nurse when
giving nursing care to persons who do not speak English as their primary language. Inability to
communicate with a patient that does not speak English is inconvenient and frustrating and it
compromises care. Patient care and patient safety can be compromised if the nurse giving nursing
care to persons who do not speak English as their primary language. 2. Describe four
communication approaches that the nurse can use to give culturally appropriate care. Social justice:
Professional nurses shall promote social justice for all. The applied principles of social justice guide
decisions of nurses related to the patient, family, community, and other ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Cultural competence is a dynamic, lifelong learning process. Understanding the process for
assessing cultural patterns and factors that influence individual and group differences is critical in
preventing over generalization and stereotyping. Knowledge of the following topics is essential in
order to provide evidence–based, culturally competent nursing care. Culturally Competent Practice:
Nurses shall use cross cultural knowledge and culturally sensitive skills in implementing culturally
congruent nursing care. Cross cultural practice in nursing involves a complex combination of
knowledge of diverse cultural practices and worldviews, reflective self–awareness of own cultural
worldview, attitudes about cultural differences, and skills in cross cultural assessment and
communications. Cross cultural practice begins with a thorough assessment of the physical,
psychological and cultural foci as the basis of the planning of care. Inherent in effective assessment
is cross cultural communication skills, utilized to maximize common understanding and shared
meaning of the health–illness encounter of the culturally diverse client. 3. Describe approaches the
nurse can use when relating to a client whose primary language is not English. The ultimate goal is
good communication between the nurse and the patient. The use of a standardized nursing language
can improve patient care. The use of a

Classification : Learning Disability / Adhd Primary Language
INDIVIDUAL EDUCATION PROGRAM (IEP) Student 's Name: Doe, John ID Number:
123456789 School District: Bishop Garrigan High School Grade: 9 Classification: Learning
Disability/ ADHD Primary Language: English Age: 15 Date of Birth: 1/02/20000 I. Signature of
Participants in Attendance at IEP Meeting Parent _____________________ Special Ed. Teacher
_________________________ Parent _____________________ Regular Ed. Teacher
_________________________ Student _____________________ District Representative
_______________________ II. Student 's Strengths: John is able to work quietly and independently
once he knows what to do. He cooperates and interacts well with his peers with supervision. He
remains calm and in control ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
John's mother is aware that his low self–concept, anxiety and depression are all associated with his
learning disabilities. (Elbaum & Vaughn, 2003; Hutchinson, Freeman & Berg, 2004) She would like
assignments and lessons presented to John to be structured and clearly presented, also she requests
that the lessons be adapted to his level of ability yet helps him build skills and feel successful. John's
mom also knows that John is easily frustrated and can become resistant and argumentative. John's
frustration causes him to shut down and is often resistant to rules, authority and instruction. He also
is easily distracted, unorganized and forgetful. IV. Current Levels of Academic Achievement and
Functional Performance Since the goal is to keep John in the least restrictive environment yet ensure
John is working to his ability and instruction is accommodated to fit his needs. In order to ensure
John's reading comprehension, written language, math abilities and frustration levels are monitored,
he will be given additional assistance from the resource room for English, Science, Math and Social
Studies. Including individually administered tests, including setting and time accommodations,
assistance with directions, use of assistive technologies, and revisions of the test formats. (Elliot,
Kratochwill & Schulte, 1998; Feldman, Kim & Elliot, 2011) John will be encouraged to take PE and
art, as these are great outlets for John to be able to use his energetic

Language And Communication Impairments Are Primary...
Language and communication impairments are primary features of Autism Spectrum Disorders
(ASD) and are the some of the earliest emerging behavioral markers of ASD. "Research with
typically developing populations highlights the importance of both infants and maternal gesture use
in infants' early language development" (Talbott and Flusberg, 2015, p.1). Investigations of infant
siblings of children with autism, who are at increased genetic risk, have shown delays in language
and gesture production during their first year of life; these children are later diagnosed with ASD.
Therefore, due to the commonness of language and gesture difficulties amongst high risk siblings
and the impact of language on functional outcomes, it is important ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Other infants were placed in a low–risk control group (LRC) if they had at least one sibling with
typical development. The development of these reference siblings was determined by their scores on
the Social Communication Questionnaire answered by their parents. HRA infants had siblings who
scored at least 15 and LRC infants siblings scored less than 12. HRA infant siblings also met
diagnostic criteria on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) or were diagnosed by
an expert clinician. Infants were seen at 12 and 18 months as part of a larger ongoing project. At the
12–month visit, research staff administered the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scale
(CSBS), the Mullen Scales of Early Learning (MSEL), and infants and parents had 10–minutes of
free play with infant–appropriate toys (MC). At the 18–month visit, staff ran the MSEL and the
ADOS. CSBS is a semi–structured interaction between an infant and examiner designed to assess
the infant's communicative and symbolic behavior ranges; in the context of the present study, it was
used for scoring infant gesture competency. MSEL is a standardized developmental assessment for
infants from birth through 68 months that measures skills in Gross Mother and four cognitive
domains: Visual reception, Fine Motor, Expressive and Receptive Language. ADOS is a semi–
structured play–based interaction used to assess participants' communicative and

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