A Research Study On Nutrition And Treatment Of Blood Glucose

A Research Study On Nutrition And Treatment Of Blood Glucose
Today most people take for granted the amount of research, time, effort, and money that went into
the development of medications or medical treatment. When someone reaches for the aspirin bottle
to relieve a pounding headache or that lifesaving injection of insulin used daily to treat and manage
levels of blood glucose are both the end results of long and costly research. Without research the
awareness of vitamin deficiencies, treatments for cancer, organ transplantation, and vaccines for
humans and animals would cease to exist. It all begins in the laboratory and the study of
pathophysiology which looks at how living organism function and the effects certain disease. Basic
research "bench studies" or preclinical research is performed ... Show more content on
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(Grady, 2008) For example, after a new drug or medical device has been proven safe and effective
and is available to the general population, it still has to be monitored by the FDA for any possible
unknown safety concerns, negative side effects, and/or potential unsafe drug interactions. In figure
1, the timeline only represents clinical trial research and development. In some cases basic research
"bench" studies could take decades and may never even result in a clinical trial or ending up
"beside". Figure 1. Timeline of Clinical trail research and development. From Public Health News
Ethical dilemmas can present themselves and consideration of ethical principles happen at every
step of the way of the research process. For example, during the Ebola outbreak in 2014 there were
several vaccines that were still in the experimental phase, meaning they had only been tested in
laboratories on animals and still needed clinical researched involving human subjects. Researchers
are under a great deal of pressure to find a cure or treatment and encounter ethical dilemmas. The
need for a vaccine is urgent, however, rushing the experimental clinical phases could put people at
greater risks and potential harm which violates the principle of beneficence to do "no harm". The
researchers had to decide which human subjects out of a large population infected with the virus
would receive the experimental
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Why Do We Know Death?
Truman Slocum
HC 111/ Batt (1500)
Essay 4
19 November 2014
Do we Know Death? Our lives are full of uncertainties. Will the sun come up tomorrow morning?
Will the moon rise tonight? Will the tide come in and go out? These are just a few examples of those
things that happen so often and with such predictable frequency that we take them for granted. The
sun might not come up tomorrow, and the moon might not rise and cause the tide. When you think
about it, there isn't that much in our lives that we can really be certain of. We might make a lot of
money, we might get married, we might have a family, and we might be happy and lead a productive
life; but will we? There's a good chance, and steps can be taken to achieve this kind of status, but we
can't be sure. There are just a few things we can be sure of as the world turns. Among these things is
something that has crossed the minds of people everywhere at least once; death. I can say with the
uppermost confidence that I will die. Everyone has thought about it, and been frightened by the idea.
Why are we so afraid? Death is inevitable. We know it's always coming, and getting a little closer
with each passing day. So why are we so anxious about it? We do all we can to escape it. Only at the
bitter end do we accept it and fade into darkness. Let's start with what death is. Science provides the
following explanation. There are three stages that the body goes through when dying a natural death.
The first is the agonal phase. The

Advanced Knee Arthroplasty Essay
Introduction: In case of advanced knee arthritis, Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) represents an
effective and reproducible surgical technique. In the last decade, Computer–Assisted Systems (CAS)
have been introduced in TKA to allow more accurate prosthesis component implantation via intra–
operative anatomy–based data tracking of the tibio–femoral joint (TFJ). Particularly, these systems
were expected to result in better post–operative clinical outcomes under loading conditions and
longer implant survivorship than Conventional Instrumentation (CI). This is generally due to more
precise targeted bone cuts and Mechanical Axis (MA) using CAS. Unfortunately, only a few studies
have compared so far TKA via CAS and CI at a long term follow–up in terms of clinical outcomes,
MA alignment and implant survivorship. Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare these
aspects between 2 groups of patients who underwent TKA using CAS or CI, respectively, at a
minimum of 10 years follow–up. Methods: From November 2012 to December 2013, 100 patients
operated for TKA ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Long–leg. X–ray evaluations were also performed to assess final MA alignment. Values of MA
larger than 3° were considered as outlier. Results: The mean KOOS value was 82.6 and 79.1 in
Group A and B, respectively. Corresponding mean KSS value was 173 and 170, respectively. The
mean MA, this being calculated as the deviation from the ideal MA alignment, i.e. 0 degrees, as
measured on X–Ray images was 1.8 degrees in Group A and 2.2 degrees in Group B. 4 and 3
outliers were found in Group B and Group A, respectively. No statistically significant differences in
terms of clinical KSS and KOOS scores between analyzed groups; this was observed for the
percentage of MA outliers. The percentage of implant revisions was slightly higher in Group B than
in Group

Simulation Based Teaching Of Fluid Balance Interpretation...
Simulation–Based teaching of fluid balance interpretation and prescription of intravenous fluids
Problem Identification Interpretation of the fluid balance of hospitalized patients and prescription of
intravenous fluids is one of the core clinical skills required for the practice of medicine in almost
every specialty. Failure to follow the best practice guidelines can result in increased morbidity and
mortality in cases of under prescription, over prescription or from prescribing the wrong type of
fluids as highlighted in the National Confidential Enquiry into Patient Outcome and Death
(NCEPOD) report about the perioperative mortality 1999. [1] The report emphasized on the
importance of fluid prescription and recommended that it should be considered as important as drug
prescription. National guidelines exist for the best practice regarding this matter –where it reports
that about 20 % of patients receiving IV fluids suffer an unwanted effect–, additionally those
guidelines are supported by local protocols within the individual NHS institutes. Moreover, most
trusts employ a NICE lead for the implementation of the fluid prescription guidelines in addition to
supervising an ongoing auditing process to evaluate local practices. [2]. Despite the importance of
the issue and the resources allocated to the topic; the task of fluid prescribing is often left to the least
trained members of staff to perform, such as the foundation trainees with very limited training in the
subject.

Clinical Research Past and Present
Clinical Research Past and Present Tina Ross–Cruz Abstract Research disasters have been noted for
years. In the early years, the reasons for these disasters was that there were no regulations governing
the protection of human beings; and there were no guidelines for safety and efficacy of a new
medication or treatment prior to the use in humans. Now regulations and guidelines are in effect for
the protection of human subjects. These guidelines and regulations also protect the researchers.
These regulations have enabled the researchers to further scientific knowledge of diseases and the
etiology, along with the bioavailability, toxicology, and pharmacology of the new medication or
treatment. Even with all of these regulations and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
307, P 719–724). Therapies were not based on observational studies but on the authority of tradition.
For instance, take the great cough medicine; people were sold the recipe of whiskey, honey, and
lemon to quiet the cough. Recipes similar to these were sold to the public without any evidence of
safety and efficacy. The products that were non–effective; most of them were 99% water. In the
words of Oliver Wendell Holmes, M.D., "If all of these patent medications were thrown into the
ocean it would be good for the population, but bad for the fish in the ocean" (Parasandola, 1999).
"The history of medicine is abundantly endowed with therapies that were widely used and then were
shown ineffective or deadly" (Passamani, 1991). For instance, radiation therapy was used on
patients between 1940 and 1968 for the treatment of acne. The radiation treatment was found later to
lead to a high incidence of thyroid cancer in the treated patients. The thalidomide disaster was
another treatment found to be toxic. Thalidomide was used in pregnant women for morning sickness
in the early 1950 's. This led to birth defects in hundreds of babies. Because of the birth defects in
infants, the drug was banned from use in the United States. In 1906 a law was passed to set
standards for drug purity and quality through the United States Pharmacopoeia and the National
Formulary; however, there still was not a law regulating the safety profile

International Drug Monitoring For The Thalidomide Disaster...
INTRODUCTION Pharmacovigilance (PV or PhV) , also known as Drug Safety, is defined as the
science and activities relating to the detection, collection, assessment, monitoring, understanding
and prevention of adverse effects (AEs) or any other drug–related problem. World health
organization (WHO) established its programme for International Drug Monitoring in response to the
thalidomide disaster detected in 1961. The aims of PV are to enhance patient care and patient safety
in relation to the use of medicines; and to ensure the risk–benefit profile of medicines. Ultimately,
PV is concerned with identifying and minimizing the risk of any harm associated with
pharmaceutical products that may come to patients. The activity that is most ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Prior to marketing approval, relatedness is an additional determinant for reporting events occurring
during clinical trials or preclinical studies associated with investigational new drugs and biologics.
For pharmaceutical companies, AE reporting is a regulatory requirement in most countries. AE
reporting also provides data to these companies and drug regulatory authorities that play a key role
in assessing the risk–benefit profile of a given drug.2 Seriousness: Serious AEs (SAEs) include
events that result in death, are life threatening (an event in which the patient was at risk of death at
the time of the event), require or prolong inpatient hospitalization, result in persistent or significant
disability or incapacity, or result in a congenital anomaly. Important medical events may also be
considered serious when, based on medical judgment.4 Expectedness: All AEs that are previously
unobserved or undocumented are referred to as "unexpected," in that their

Jesse's Intent: The Story of Jesse Geslinger
Jesse's Intent Jesse's Intent is the story of Jesse Geslinger. Jesse was born June 18, 1981, the second
son of Paul and Pattie Geslinger. Jesse was diagnosed with ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency in
March 1984. Ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency is an x–linked disease which causes ammonia
to build up in the blood as proteins are broken down. OTC deficiency is caused by a mutation in the
ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTC) gene, and is a urea cycle disorder. According to the Genetics
Home Reference web page, "The urea cycle is a sequence of reactions that occur in liver cells. It
processes excess nitrogen generated when protein is used by the body, to make a compound called
urea, that is excreted by the kidneys (2006 )." OTC deficiency occurs when the enzyme that starts a
reaction in the urea cycle is damaged or missing. Since the cycle is unable to continue normally,
nitrogen builds up in the blood as ammonia. Jesse grew up a normal kid, living with a rare disease.
He went to school, he held a part time job, he had friends and a family that loved him. He was sick,
but it was manageable with diet and medication. At the age of 18, Jesse entered a clinical trial that,
although it wouldn't help him, might help those most in need, the infants that are born with this, or
one of 25 other liver disorders. Jesse and his family were given assurances of safety and promising
results from other participants. Jesse fell into a coma on

The Problem Of Women Of A First World Country Women
It is hard to believe that in a first world country women are more likely to die of heart disease than
men are because clinical researchers conduct more health studies on men and then release the
research to the public claiming that the studies apply to both genders. Sadly, the problem of women
not being equally represented as men in clinical studies is a reality in the United States of America
and puts women at risk for their health; however the problem can be fixed by creating awareness,
incorporating more females in health research, and establishing a dedicated Food and Drug
Administration (FDA). Each of the three solutions is necessary as they would work best together to
fix the problem. Society needs to bring awareness to women and inform them what is and is not
healthy for them so they can speak out and require that more women need to be tested on to then
better provide the FDA with more reliable information which should create a safer health system. In
order to understand why these solutions should be put into effect, it is essential to fully understand
what the issue is and just how dreadful it can be.
In America, women's health issues are overlooked by men's health issues. If women wanted to look
online for symptoms of angina or heart attacks, most of the information would appear to be for men.
According to the article, "Women's Health Issues Still Poorly Represented in Scientific Studies",
"the science that informs medicine routinely fails to consider the impact

Breakthrough Therapy For Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic...
Introduction
Breakthrough Therapy Designation is introduced as a new designation with the passage of the FDA
Safety and Innovation Act of 2012 (FDASIA) [1]. According to section 902 of the FDASIA, the
general criteria according to which this new designation can be applied are (1) serious or life–
threatening disease or condition and (2) the drug also demonstrates substantial improvement over
existing therapies on one or more clinically significant endpoints. Once a drug is designated as a
Breakthrough Therapy, the FDA and the drug sponsor work closely to determine the most efficient
pathway for generating additional evidence about safety and efficacy. As of March 31, 2015, a total
of 293 requests for Breakthrough Therapy designation have been submitted, out of which 82
requests are granted [2].
This document outlines the application process for Breakthrough Therapy designation for novel
drugs. It then proceeds with outlining the supporting data needed to apply for a Breakthrough
Therapy designation for a novel anti–cancer molecule that has evidence of efficacy to treat patients
with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia.
When to apply for designation request
The Breakthrough Therapy designation is granted on the basis of evaluating preliminary clinical
evidence obtained from clinical trial data in humans. The data from animal studies or studies
conducted in vitro are insufficient to defend this Breakthrough Therapy designation [1] . Therefore,
a sponsor usually submits a Breakthrough

Improving Clinical Alarm Safety Care Delivery Systems
Improving Clinical Alarm Safety
The topic I have chosen for my Portfolio Project is "Improving clinical alarm safety in hospitals."
As a member my organization's Quality Improvement Team, I have been recently involved in an
initiative to establish "alarm safety" as a priority for leadership of our hospital. My interest in the
success of this initiative stems from a strong desire to be involved in the development of "safe"
patient care delivery systems. As I research this topic and "problem" further, I will be examining the
various published recommendations and best practices, proposed by various healthcare safety
organizations, to develop processes for safe alarm management in high risk areas of the hospital. I
will also propose ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many of these alarms do not require that a medical intervention be performed, and nurses and other
patient care providers can become overwhelmed by the volume of alarms they must respond to.
Clinicians report being desensitized or immune to the signals over time, sometimes inappropriately
turning down the volume or adjusting the settings outside of "safe' limits. These situations can result
in serious consequences, including death. The Joint Commission Sentinel Event database contains
98 reports of alarm related events between January 2009 and June 2012 (TJC, 2013). Patient death
was the end result in 80 of these events. In addition, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
database contains 566 alarm related patient deaths in a four year period, between January 2005 and
June 2010 (ECRI, 2013). In a survey of hospital leaders conducted by The Joint Commission in
2012, fewer than 50 percent had an organization–wide process for alarm management.
Identified Patient Risks
Nurses often compare their patient care environments to a casino or carnival; a cacophony of sounds
and little distinction of where these sirens originate and what they mean (Cadet, 2014). Clinicians
cope by turning alarms down or off to create a more tolerable environment for themselves and their
patients. Unfortunately, all too often this results in harm to the patient. In a recent survey by the
Health¬care Technology Foundation (2011), one in five respondent hospitals identified an avoidable

Clinical Trials And Its Effects On The Public Health Care...
Introduction
Pharmacovigilance is "the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding,
and prevention of adverse effects or any other medicine related problem." Regulated in the US by
the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) with the expectation of volunteer reporting by health care
professionals (HCP) and mandatory reporting by drug developers/manufacturers, this field of study
is essential in the improvement of patient outcomes and safety. Its peripheral importance lies in
contributions to cost effectiveness and risk management in the public health care arena. Responsible
and aggressive implementation of adverse event reporting procedures promote awareness and value
to the importance of the identification of harmful effects of medication use.
The stages of pharmacovigilance coincide with the stages of clinical trials. Each stage of a clinical
trial has a pharmacovigilant component. The preclinical phase which is restricted to animal testing is
the first stage of research and development that determines safety. Once a compound is determined
to be safe in laboratory animals and has potential to be therapeutic in humans, it can be considered
for Clinical Trials. Phase 1 of a clinical trial is primarily to evaluate a new compound's safety in
general and therefore is conducted with less than 100 participants which are expected to be healthy.
If the Phase 1 safety profile suggests a low risk factor for a drug, Phase 2 and 3 studies continue
with the

The Food And Drug Administration
Food and drug administration is a department of U.S health and human services. It's responsibility is
to test the safety and efficacy of new drugs entering the market as well as to make sure that these
medicines are quickly accessible to people. The Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act has been passed in
1938 to ensure that foods other than meat, poultry and fish are clinically hygienic and safe to eat.
This act also requires that the food should be labelled according to its content. (FDA.org) Drugs and
tobacco are also regulated by FDA and in 1996, FDA strictly regulated the use of tobacco products
like nicotine, cigarettes and smokeless tobacco, by children and adolescents because of the increase
in diseases prevalence and tobacco addiction. Annually 40000 deaths are attributable to its use and
most of them are of premature. Therefore the goal of FDA is to stop the tobacco addiction by minors
and prevent the deaths and diseases due to nicotine addiction. (FDA vs Brown, n.d) This essay will
cover the food and drug administration's role in under and over regulating drugs and medicines and
how it effects our economy, health care system and patients health and safety.
FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) works to ensure that the drugs release in
the market are safe to be used by general public. They evaluate prescription as well as non–
prescription drugs for their safety effectiveness and quality. They review the drug before being
marketed to improve overall health

Brain Death Informative Speech Outline
I. Many people believe that being dead means that your heart and lungs have stopped beating, but
many machines can keep those going. Once, the brain decides to stop there is no machine that can
keep that going so, you become brain dead which results in death.
II. Being brain death is typically done by some sort of devastating nerve injury. That can include but
aren't limited to traumatic brain injury, stroke or if the heart stops and the brain goes without oxygen
and other nutrients it needs for a long period of time. In brain death there is no hope of recovery and
as a result brain dead, means death of the patient.
III. Doctors go through test after test to finally conclude someone to be brain dead. They take
everything in consideration ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second one is the patient must have no brainstem response. Your brainstems work with an
automatic response, the brainstem reflexes test, test whether or not the brainstem is intact. The test
consists of five different tests in one. The first one is the papillary reflex which means the patient
has a light shined in there eyes and that will be to look if the pupil constricts or not. In a patient that
is brain dead the pupils will not respond. The next test is the corneal reflex which is done by
touching the patients eyes with a cotton swab or putting a drop of water in the patients eye to see if
they blink, if they do not they are considered brain dead. The oculocephalic reflexes is the next test
done which means they move the patients head from side to side to see if the patients eyes remain
fixated if the patients eyes do not fixate they are considered brain dead. The gag reflex is tested to
make a patient gag if they do not gage they are brain dead. And the last test is the cold calorie test
which ice water is placed in a patient's ear if the patients eyes do not move then they are brain dead.
C. The third and final test that is done is the apnea test; this test is done by taking the patient off of
the ventilator and monitored to see if they give any attempt at breathing. This test the level of carbon
dioxide in the body if it is above a certain level and there are no attempts at breathing that means
that the brainstem is not functioning, which results in being brain

Evidence Based Practice / Clinical Question
Evidence Based Practice/ Clinical Question Pain...fever...oozing pus. Who would want to experience
that? The answer is no one. Yet, out of the sixty to seventy of women who undergo a cesarean
section, twelve percent will experience these symptoms due to a surgical site infection (SSI)
("Adjunctive Azithromycin Prophylaxis for Cesarean Delivery", 2017). SSI are the primary cause of
mortality and morbidity amongst cesarean section women. SSI are linked to increased length of stay,
hospitalization rate, and healthcare costs. Many cases of SSIs are preventable with appropriate
preoperative preparation and surgical technique (McKibben et. al, 2015). One specific prophylactic
method is the use of antibiotics preoperatively. Using an EBP model, PICO, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
After each procedure in the policy there are accompanying research and EBP articles that supports
all policy procedures. Clinical Question One of the first steps in creating best evidence based
practice policies is finding a clinical issue and compiling it into a clinical question. A clinical
question is composed of four basic elements: population, intervention, comparison, and outcome.
The first component is population. The population is the targeted group or groups that the clinical
issue affects. For this composition the population will be pregnant women who will be undergoing a
cesarean section. The second component is intervention. The intervention suggests a solution to the
stated clinical problem. My suggested intervention is the continued use of antibiotics pre–
operatively in the prevention of SSI. Comparison is the third component of the PICO. The
comparison has an alternative option to compare risks and benefits. The chosen comparison will be
the nonuse of pre–operative antibiotics versus the use of antibiotics. The fourth and final element of
the clinical question is the outcome. The outcome is the measurable end result in which one would
like to accomplish ("LibGuides: Nursing Resources: PICO–Clinical Question", 2017). My chosen
outcome will be the decrease in SSI in cesarean section patients through the use of pre–operative
antibiotics. After compiling each component

Misconceptions Of Vaccines
Imagine being at the happiest place on earth only to get infected by the Measles. This occurred at
Disneyland in 2015. Fortunately, there were no deaths, but 141 people were infected (News, 2015).
Vaccinations can save your child's life; they are safe, effective, and can protect people around you.
There are many misconceptions about being vaccinated. Some people feel that vaccinations cause
more harm than good. Others feel vaccinations are an important part of theirs or their child's
wellbeing. Immunizations help keep you protected from diseases that can be dangerous and fatal.
According to the Centers Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), vaccines help develop immunity
by imitating an infection. There are rarely any symptoms that occur with the vaccine. Once the
infection goes away, your body is left with the memory of how to fight off the disease in the future.
Diseases such as polio and smallpox once had a high mortality rate.
Polio which can cause paralysis and even death was once considered of the most feared diseases in
the United States. Effecting 35,000 people a year (polio, n.d.). When the vaccine came out those
numbers dropped drastically. The last case originating in the US was in 1979, as reported by the
CDC (Global Health, 2016).
Smallpox, originally known as the "red plague", is a contagious, disfiguring, and often deadly
disease. Smallpox was responsible for hundreds of millions of people's deaths in the twentieth
century. According to the Mayo Clinic,

The Importance Of Life In Mary Shelley's Frankenstein
Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein" acts as an epitome for the Christian values that dominated the time
period. But what of the science that was practiced in order to bring the monster to life?
What defines Life? Defined as "the condition that distinguishes organisms from inorganic objects
and dead organisms, being manifested by growth through metabolism, reproduction, and the power
of adaptation to environment through changes originating internally" life, as a whole, has been a
controversial topic due to a variety of reasons such as religion, and the ever flowing shifts in
science. Contrary to popular belief, an organism does not actually die when the heartbeats ceases.
When human cells are cut off from oxygen, the oxygen and nutrition supply lasts for a surprisingly
long time. The human ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Before discovery, people were aware of certain fish giving a "zap" feeling when touched. Antiquated
societies around the Mediterranean realized that specific items, for example, bars of golden, could
be rubbed with feline's hide to draw in light protests like plumes. Thales of Miletus mentioned a
progression of objective facts on electricity produced via friction around 600 BCE, from which he
trusted that contact rendered golden attractive, as opposed to minerals, for example, magnetite,
which required no rubbing. Thales was off base in trusting the fascination was because of an
attractive impact, however, later science would demonstrate a connection amongst attraction and
power. As per a disputable hypothesis, the Parthians may have known about electroplating, in light
of the 1936 disclosure of the Baghdad Battery, which takes after a galvanic cell, however, it is
indeterminate whether the antiquity was electrical in

Papers On Clinical Psychology
What is clinical psychology;
Clinical psychology is the branch of psychology that is specialized with the evaluation and treatment
of mental illness, abnormal behavior conduct and psychiatric issues. This field coordinates the study
of psychology with the treatment of complex human issues, making it an exciting decision for
individuals who are searching and exploring this beautiful scientific field.
American therapist Lightner Witmer initially presented the term in a 1907 paper.
Witmer, a previous understudy of Wilhelm Wundt, characterized clinical psychology as "the study
of individuals, by observation or experimentation, with the intention of promoting change." Today,
clinical psychology is a standout amongst the most prevalent subfields inside of psychology.
How can you become a clinical psychologits:
In the many countries, clinical psychologists mostly have a doctorate in psychology and ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the same way that therapeutic researchers work to comprehend the prevention action, genesis, and
spread of different hereditary and infectious diseases, just like that clinical researchers conduct
thorough mental examination and analysis to comprehend the prevention, and treat diseases that
associate with the human condition connected with mental state then their therapies are done on
people, couples, families, societies, and various groups.
Exact and accurate results accumulated from mental examination and analysis helps the clinical
psychologist in creating effective intervention and therapies that clinical psychologist use to enhance
lives, repair damaged relations, oversee addictions, and oversee and treat a variety of other
psychological mental issues. Clinical psychology research by definition marries science with
practical information, integrates the two, and produces a field that supports a powerful, procedure
that is bent on doing exploration and clinical

Definition Of Clinical Governance And Accountability
Introduction:
Within this assignment, the definition of clinical governance and accountability will be explored and
discussed using a literature search. A case example will be used and briefly discuss the
accountability of the nurse and other health professionals of professional standards, local polices and
law. Confidentiality has been maintained within the use of the case example.
A literature search was carried out for clinical governance using the British Nursing Index (BNI).
Results originated from 9,616 when 'Clinical Governance' was inputted. Results reduced
significantly when 'definition of clinical governance' was inputted to 1,278 into the BNI titles were
read, before articles were chosen for abstracts to be read. After abstracts were read, if appropriate
the full articles were read (see appendices 1). Clinical governance was first introduced by the World
Health Organisation (WHO) (Som, 2009) . Som, (2004) definition of clinical governance focuses on
Managing systems to improve outcomes of health–care service delivery, the WHO (1998) definition
also focuses on improving health care services but additionally focuses on professional
performance, resource allocation risk management and patient satisfaction. Department of Health
(DoH) (1998) has described clinical governance as a framework which focuses on accountability of
health care services to improve services. Scally and Donaldson (1998) used the same definition in
1998. A contemporary definition from Nutbeam

Statistical Data Reveal That 25% Of Adult Americans Have
Statistical data reveal that 25% of adult Americans have a mental illness, and more than half of the
U.S. population will develop a mental illness at some point during their lifetime (CDC; APA).
"Major Depressive disorder is a leading cause of disability for ages 15–44. Major depressive
disorder affects approximately 14.8 million American adults, or 6.7 percent of the U.S. population
age 18 and older in a given year" while anxiety disorder affects ...40 million...adults ages 18 and
older..." (NIMH; APA). Comparatively, cardiovascular, diabetes, epilepsy, obesity, cancer, and
asthma, and other chronic diseases are surfacing with increased frequency among the mentally ill
(CDC; APA). The aforementioned finding elicits question about medical ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Patient encounters in cardiology practicum afforded extended latitude to embrace nursing
competencies relative to direct clinical practice, consultation, research, clinical and professional
leadership, collaboration, and ethical decision making, which are applicable and fundamental to the
role of the advanced practice nurse. Further experiences in both cardiology and medical–surgical
provided opportunity to "connect–the–dots," via the use of physical assessment skills as correlated
to illness and pathological findings. (Self–evaluation reflects sound clinical/assessment skills and a
good grasp of pathophysiological conditions.) Clinical experiences in hospice and palliative care
provided opportunity to view health care from the dichotomous spectrum of life and death, with
understanding that not only should one be afforded a quality life, but also a quality and dignified
death. An issue of contention for this clinician has always been the unilateral focus of medical care
without attention to the psychological framework that governs physiological states. Working in
Hospice and palliative care was enlightening as it allowed for introspection and exploration of
feelings that might otherwise remain untapped unless personally faced with a similar situation.
Cultural awareness, biosocial skills, and communication skills were

10 Principles Regaarding Ethical Clinic and Set of...
Nuremberg Code is a set of 10 sophisticate principles regarding ethical clinical research on human
being (Grodin, 1994). It is mainly for protection of subjects' human right (Shuster, 1997), such as
compulsory of informed consent and the equal authority of subjects as the physician–researcher to
end the experiment.
1.2 Helsinki Declaration (1964)
Helsinki Declaration is a set of guidelines on clinical research for physician as their responsibility
toward protection of their research subjects (Williams, 2008). World Medical Association (WMA)
also encourage it is used as reference by other parties in conduction of clinical research (Bădărău,
2013). Compared with the Nuremberg Code, which mainly focuses on safeguard of the subjects, its
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The vile medical crimes during the WW II had raise the awareness on the need of a world body
which able to define and promulgate medical ethnics around the world (Tyebkhan, 2003). Thus, the
World Medical Association (WMA) was set up in 1947 with 1st Annual Meeting of General
Assembly in September 1947, Paris (Human and Fluss, 2001). WMA is an international
confederation composed of national medical associations that seek to promote medical ethics and
professional standards (Human and Fluss, 2001).
Helsinki Declaration was first developed and promulgated in June 1964 by World Medical
Association General Assembly in Helsinki after more than a decade of debate and discussion among
the members of WMA (Williams, 2008).
Since the first adoption, revision and amendment were done several times on the Helsinki
Declaration for refinement. The Helsinki Declaration had been revised 8 times at meeting of WMA:
Tokyo 1957, Italy 1983, Hong Kong 1989, South Africa 1996, Edinburg 2000, Washington 2002,
Tokyo 2004, Seoul 2008 and Brazil 2013 (Association, 2013).
3 Importance of Nuremberg Code and Helsinki Declaration
In my opinion, Nuremberg Code and Helsinki Declaration play an important role as guideline in
clinical research involving human being. Both Nuremberg Code and Helsinki Declaration protect
the clinical subjects in term of their right and safety. By referring to them before performing of the
protocol,

The Advantages Of Surrogate Endpoints
In clinical research, a clinical endpoint is a sign or symptom that constitutes a target outcome of a
study. Unfortunately, there may be no convenient clinical endpoint for some studies. For example,
the clinical endpoint of hypertension is death over the next 50 years, so blood pressure is used as a
"surrogate endpoint." Similarly, the concentration of viral particles is used in HIV/AIDS studies.
Bone density is used in osteoporosis studies. A true endpoint must be a medical condition that a
patient would want treated and a physician or dentist would agree deserves treatment.
Surrogate endpoints are physiological or biochemical markers that are easier to measure than true
endpoints. Surrogate endpoints often occur soon after the intervention in the disease process. Such
surrogate endpoints can, therefore, be viewed as intermediate endpoints. Also, surrogate endpoints
may not be of direct practical importance to the patient. A given disease process may have multiple
markers that could be used as the surrogate endpoint. Or, more than one could be used. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Since surrogates are usually measures of symptoms or laboratory biomarkers, they make it easier to
quantify

Medical Care Access, Diagnostic Evaluation
Statistical data reveals that 25% of adult Americans have a mental illness and more than half of the
U.S. population will develop a mental illness at some point during their lifetime (CDC; APA).
"Major Depressive disorder is a leading cause of disability for ages 15–44. Major depressive
disorder affects approximately 14.8 million American adults or 6.7 percent of the U.S. population
age 18 and older in a given year" while anxiety affects ...40 million...adults ages 18 and older..."
(NIMH; APA). Comparatively, cardiovascular, diabetes, epilepsy, obesity, cancer, and asthma, and
other chronic diseases are surfacing with increased frequency among the mentally ill (CDC; APA).
The aforementioned finding elicits question about medical care ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Patient encounters in cardiology practicum afforded extended latitude to embrace nursing
competencies relative to direct clinical practice, consultation, research, clinical and professional
leadership, collaboration, and ethical decision making, which are applicable and fundamental to the
role of the advanced practice nurse. Further experiences in both cardiology and medical–surgical
provided opportunity to "connect–the–dots," via the use of physical assessment skills as correlated
to illness and pathological findings. (Self–evaluation reflects sound clinical/assessment skills and a
good grasp of pathophysiological conditions.) Clinical experiences in hospice and palliative care
provided opportunity to view health care from the dichotomous spectrum of life and death, with
understanding that not only should one be afforded a quality life, but also a quality and dignified
death. An issue of contention for this clinician has always been the unilateral focus of medical care
without attention to the psychological framework that governs physiological states. Working in
Hospice and palliative care was enlightening as it allowed for introspection and exploration of
feelings that might otherwise remain untapped unless personally faced with a effectiveness in
addressing the needs of the terminally–ill. Psych work history (inpatient) encompasses

The Drug Approval Of The Disease Essay
There are over 7,000 rare diseases affecting between 25 and 30 million Americans (Global Genes
2016). A disease or disorder is defined as rare in the U.S when it affects fewer than 200,000
Americans at any given time (Eurordis 2016). Some of these rare diseases come with even more rare
and controversial decisions. "The FDA just made its most controversial drug approval of the year"
(Fortune 2016). This injectable drug is called eteplirsen by Sarepta Therapeutics and it is an exon–
skipping drug targeting a section of genetic code called "exon 51" in the dystrophin gene. Exon
skipping is a type of strategy that is being developed for the rare disease DMD (Duchenne Muscular
Dystrophy). The exon–skipping process skips sections of genetic codes during protein
manufacturing, allowing cells to create shortened but partially functional dystrophin protein which
is the muscle protein that is missing in DMD. This rare X–linked disease was first described in the
1850's by French neurologists Guillaume Duchenne but was not known to inhibit the production of
protein dystrophin and result in the loss of motor functions and muscular degeneration until the
1980's (MDA 2016). 1 in 3600–6000 live male births has resulted in DMD (Bushby 2010). Most
patients are diagnosed around 5 years of age when their physical abilities are no longer similar to
their peers (Bushby 2010). If left untreated, signs of deterioration in muscle strength increase, the
chance of using a wheelchair before their teens

Clinical And Biological Components Can Cause A Child 's...
Clinical Child Psychology is defined as a specialty in professional psychology that develops and
applies scientific knowledge to the delivery of psychological services to infants, toddlers, children
and adolescents within their social context (Clinical Child Psychology, 2015). They study how
experimental and biological components can cause a child's social, emotional, and cognitive roles to
change as a child grows older. In order to become a clinical child psychologist, it can be quite
difficult considering how intense and competitive it is to enroll into a clinical program. The typical
amount of time it takes to become a clinical child psychologist is between six and nine years
(Maurer, 2015). To begin, one must first go through the Undergraduate Program. This involve's
taking several courses in college to obtain a four–year bachelor's degree in psychology (Maurer,
2015). There is a minimum of one–hundred and twenty credit hours along with usually a minimum
of 2.0 GPA required to receive the bachelor's degree (Bachelor 's Degree Requirements for
Psychology Majors, 2015). However, even though the GPA requirement is 2.0, there is still a high
level of competition to get into the program, so it usually requires a much higher GPA in order to
reserve a spot or increase one's chances of getting into the program. It's obvious that several
psychology classes would be required, however, one would also have to take classes such as
biology, chemistry, social science, and child

Clinical Drug Testing
The question of today is this; should people who are life threateningly ill be allowed direct access to
possibly lifesaving but experimental drugs? The topic is a very debatable one with great points for
both sides. On one side, it is terrible to experiment on humans, but on the other hand, it could save
them, and the effects of not testing could be deadly. It is a matter of life and death for some people. I
believe that people who are life threateningly ill should be allowed to have direct access to
experimental drugs not approved by the FDA because they are already dying, it may save others'
lives, and the only other way for them to get the drugs are through clinical trials, which are in
limited availability. I will talk more in depth about ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The clinical trials, while beneficial by the scientific method are unfair to the control group. For
example, participation in the AIDS clinical drug trials meant that patients hat a chance of being put
into the placebo control group, the group not being given the experimental drug. The patients
understood the steep odds of the drug not working, but there was still a chance. The same could not
be said for the placebos (IFL Science). Getting the drugs from the companies would be much more
helpful and ensure everyone gets a chance. A large pool of patients who can't get access to the
clinical trials can get access if the company files an Investigational New Drug application, a
treatment known as IND which requires less red tape than an individual request, but it also requires
more data tracking. A medium sized group ranging between 10 and 100 patients, can qualify through
a middle ground, that means less work for patients than an individual application and fewer data
requirements for companies (oxford). This presents a way for more people to get to try aside from
the clinical trials. On rare occasions, the drug is released on compassionate grounds, but that doesn't
always happen (IFL Science). I believe there should be more of these. The starts of the clinical trials
– known as phase I – are made to check for safety, major side effects, and determine the best amount
of a drug to use. These studies involve only a small number of people (healthline). "When you have
promising drugs that are showing efficacy and safety in early clinical trials, we need those drugs
approved earlier," said Burroughs. "That's the way to help the vast majority of people who've run
out of FDA options and can't get into clinical trials." (healthline). The clinical trials are in limited
supply and not fair to all who

Case Study Report On Dabigatran
Main findings This was one of limited pharmacovigilance safety outcome study reported on
Dabigatran in UAE population. We have shown that 23.7% of the Dabigatran users have bleeding
events. We have reported minor bleeding incidences with one fatal major bleeding in patients using
Dabigatran for AF. The bleeding events were significantly associated with MI , and were markedly
higher with the 150 mg dose of Dabigatran. The hospitalization rate during the three years retrieved
data was very high. The cohort exhibited high co morbidities, admissions, and readmission which
were not directly linked to Dabigatran but was attributed to uncontrolled AF, and other co
morbidities. . However, the only variables that were significantly associated with ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
A prospective one site study has assessed the usefulness of Dabigatran, and Rivaroxaban in patients
with non–valvular AF. Inappropriate use of Dabigatran, and Rivaroxaban in patients with non–
valvular AF was frequent, and possibly leads to adverse events, [36]. Another randomized clinical
study comparing Apixaban , and Warfarin in patients with AF, Apixaban was found to be superior to
Warfarin in preventing stroke or systemic embolism, caused less bleeding, , and resulted in lower
mortality, [37]. A relative small increase in risk (0.27) for MI in patients receiving Dabigatran
compared to control patients or those on Warfarin, was reported in a meta–analysis of seven non–
inferiority trials, [38]. Which have provided support, to our

Living Proof Character Analysis
In the movie, Living Proof, several clinical trials took place to ultimately reach the goal of getting
the medical drug Herceptin approved. This particular drug is often referred to as HER2+ (Human
Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 – positive and is typically treated during the early stages of
breast cancer in which it has spread to the lymph nodes. A clinical trial is a part of medical research
that in such a way attempts to prevent, detect, or treat diseases such as cancers. The clinical trials
can range from new drugs being distributed to the market, new surgical procedures, or simply to
improve treatments that we now have and use today. Rarely can a single clinical trial establish and
assists a medical procedure/drug to become approved. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Slamon has a behavior like no other. He is a very prestigious man for trying to design a drug that
will cure breast cancer. His behavior can be considered to be very similar to what the Belmont
Report speaks about in regards to respect of persons, beneficence, and justice. His character
exemplifies that he treats each of his patients that are willing to undergo clinical trials as if they are
autonomous. He also makes such efforts to ensure that all patients are treated with the proper care to
ensure that their health receives his top priority with respecting their decisions to
continue/discontinue or to reject treatments. Within his activity during the research process, he
promotes that the least amount of harm. On the other hand, a character that also resembled the
Belmont Report was the mother of Nicole Wilson, Elizabeth. When her daughter was diagnosed
with breast cancer, she had a very hard time dealing with the situation, especially when her daughter
had told her that she was going to lose another one of her relatives/family members to cancer.
However, the clinical trials for the cancer drug called Herceptin were beginning. Therefore, Nicole
Wilson was the first individual to ever receive Herceptin. When the later trials were about to begin,
Nicole Wilson was denied treatment because she no longer met the regulations determined by the
FDA (U.S. Food and Drug Administration). After several months of not receiving any treatment, she
had passed away. Her mother on the other hand did not behave like I had originally thought that she
would. She was very calm and collected during the family's holiday gathering for Christmas. (She
may have reacted differently, however when her daughter recently had passed away). Before her
daughter had passed away, she had personally seen Dr. Slamon and asked him if there was anything
that he could do to save Nicole's life. Unfortunately the answer he had to give was a stern, "No."

An Examination Of The Text Res Corporealis : Persons,...
An examination of the text Res Corporealis: Persons, Bodies, and Zombies by William S. Larkin
Introduction
In the closing scenes of Land of the Dead, zombies invade a human city, the hordes descend on a
crowd of people as they attempt to flee. The film's protagonist is asked by a fellow fighter whether
or not to fire into the tangled mass of zombies and humans. The protagonist replies; Those people
are all dead . The implication here, simply put, is zombies are people too.
In his article Res Corporealis: Persons, Bodies and Zombies ('Res Corp') William Larkin
extrapolates on this ontological association to determine what, most fundamentally, creatures like us
are or under what conditions does a person continue to exist? Larkin's singular focus is the binary of
res corporealis (bodily identity) or res cogitans (cognitive identity). Through the lens of various
zombified texts (Dawn of the Dead, Night of the Living Dead, Land of the Dead) Larkin concludes
that deep down we believe we can survive as corpses and must therefore believe we are corporeal
beings, reliant on the continuity of the body alone to sustain our person or persons, he further asserts
that this is the core of our fascination with the genre.
Larkin's thesis is reliant on assumptions requiring further examination for the whole to hold credit.
Research into contemporary definitions death will examine the validity of the assumption the
zombie is a dead thing, something Larkin's text is heavily reliant on.

The Arguments Against Animal Testing
Animal testing is cruel and inhuman, and causes many animals harm.(Should Animals Be Used for
Scientific or Commercial Testing) There are 26 million animals that are killed each year due to
animal testing. Of over 1,000 potential stroke treatments that had been 'successful' in animal tests,
only approximately 10% progressed to human trials. (Arguments Against Animal Testing)
Alternative testing methods now exist that can replace the need for animals. Some types of
chemicals that don't affect animals, might affect humans, and there is no point in causing animals
pain, if the test doesn't work on animals. Animals are subjected to tests that are often painful or
cause permanent damage or death, and they are never given the option of not participating in the
experiment. There are over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in US
labs every year. (11 Facts About Animal Testing) Animals can feel pain and experience pleasure.
They should have the same moral status and deserve equal treatment. (The Ethics of Animal
Experimentation) Vivisection is one of the most painful procedures that animals go through.
Vivisection is the cutting open of live animals for experimental purposes.(Last Chance for Animals)
Billion of animals have been burned, crushed, sliced, electrocuted, poisoned with toxic chemicals,
and psychologically tormented for scientific research. The problem is only getting worse. There has
been over 820,812 animals used in harmful testing in

Analysis Of Vertus Hardiman 's ' The Head : A Life Revealed '
It is rather unusual to read or watch documentaries detailing atrocities against mankind and come
away with hope and faith. The compelling and heartfelt story of Vertus Hardiman "A hole in the
head" has inspired and received praise from professional groups across the country. "Hole in the
head: A life revealed" is a heartfelt story which encompass injustice and forgiveness, reflecting the
unbelievable strength of an individual who endured severe tragedy through the power of faith and
personal philosophy. Watching this documentary raise important ethnical issues which by the way,
isn't the idea or theme of this paper. The story of Vertus Hardiman represents another chronicle of
injustice carried out on the African–American community in the US. I am currently studying
Pharmacology which involves mechanism for drug action and lots of clinical trials before new drugs
are place on the market, after watching the documentary I couldn't help but to think about the notion
that African Americans or other diverse populations are less willing to participate in medical
research. Having learnt about stories of horrifying experiences with clinical trials such as in the
cause of Vertus Hardiman , Lyles Station radiation experiments, and the Tuskegee Study of
Untreated Syphilis in African American male, common knowledge would dictate mistrust as a
source for reluctance to get involved with Clinical trials.
However current data available doesn't support the notion of African Americans being

Pulmonary Hypertension Study
Pulmonary hypertension is a group of disorders that is known to increase blood pressure.1
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), there are five pulmonary hypertension groups.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is classified as Group 1, with a mean artery pressure of 25
mmHg or greater while at rest or left ventricular end–diastolic pressure of 15 mmHg or less by
cardiac catheterization. One of the medications, sildenafil, is used to treat pulmonary arterial
hypertension and erectile dysfunction.2
Sildenafil may be used for sexual dysfunction caused by antidepressants/antipsychotics in adults.3
Some of the off label uses of sildenafil lower esophageal sphincter pressure and amplitude as well.2
Sildenafil inhibits cGMP phosphodiesterase ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Upward and downward dose titrations of sildenafil were allowed depending on how much the
disease was progressing or the inability to tolerate a strength. The maximum allowed was 2 upward
titrations and 1 downward titration. Patients who were already receiving the highest dose were given
a dummy upward titration. The analyses are randomized and not based on the difference of titration
given. Three different weight categories patients in the >20 to 25 kg and >45 kg were randomized in
1:1:1 ratio; while patients from 8 to 20 kg were randomized to medium– or high–dose sildenafil.
Patients' weight ranged from 8–20 kg, >20–45 kg, and >45 kg were given a maximum dose of
10mg, 10 or 20 mg, and 20 mg three times per

Heart Disease, Lung And Blood Institute
BACKGROUND
In January 1986, heart disease in women emerged from the shadows when the National Heart, Lung
and Blood Institute (NHLBI) convened a workshop of researchers and clinicians to describe the
current state of knowledge and provide direction for future research in the area of coronary heart
disease (CHD) in women. A major objective of the meeting was to offer the opportunity for this
diverse group of professionals to interact across disciplines and to lay the groundwork for future
endeavors. The Workshop Organizing Committee had the vision to recognize the long term
implications of this issue, as well as the possibilities for initiating significant change for women's
heart health. The proceedings from the workshop, "Coronary Heart Disease in Women: Reviewing
the Evidence, Identifying the Needs", were released in 1987 and were used to initiate the 1992
NHLBI conference on Cardiovascular Health and Disease in Women.
This 1986 landmark meeting and report sparked interest in the topic of women and heart disease.
Prior to the late 1990's knowledge and awareness of heart disease as the number one killer of
women was exceedingly low, whether one surveyed women or health care providers. Heart disease
in women was not frequently discussed, even among cardiologists, many of whom held the
persistent belief that cardiovascular disease was a "man's disease", which women did not
experience. (Hayes), The Global Burden of Heart Disease: How can women effect change?
For Gupta,

Effects Of Gene Therapy On Children And The Existence Of...
Imagine a world where wheel chairs do not exist or the illnesses that cause the mandatory use of
wheel chairs are wiped out. The advancement in science that is being used to explore the
possibilities to prevent or cure human disease is called gene therapy. The purpose of gene therapy is
to remove or reverse the mutation of the cells in an embryo or a child, thus eliminating the disease
from the child and the existence of the disease. With this advancement in science, children who are
diagnosed with an inherited death sentence or an illness that will cause suffering within their life
span are given a second chance. The support of gene therapy would give hope to parents who suffer
from the horrifying decision of "pulling the plug" on their young children who suffer from inherited
illnesses. In addition, instead of allowing ourselves to endure the guilty conscious of knowing our
children have a high chance of contracting a genetic illness, it's time for legislation around the world
to fund the eradication of illnesses from embryos. Critics claim that the future of gene therapy will
result in unborn children being treated as products when the parent imposes on their children's
natural life skills and physical features ("Human Enhancement: The New Eugenics."). Also, ethicists
worry that the process of successfully tinkering with an embryo opens doors to strive for perfect
humans. Although there is the potential for the reemergence of eugenics and the creation of
"designer

Death And Dying, Death, And Death
Christopher Bullock had said it best in his work Cobler of Preston , " 'Tis impossible to be sure of
any thing but Death and Taxes."(Shapiro, 2008)
Prior to Elisabeth Kübler–Ross' bestseller novel On Death and Dying, death was to be done alone.
Death was a taboo subject for society. Death is the end result of many different factors effecting the
body in a way it (the body) can't handle it any longer. Speaking in a medical light, there are two
types of death, clinical and biological.
"When a patient's breathing and heartbeat stop, clinical death occurs. This condition may be
reversible through CPR and other treatments. However, when the brain cells die, biological death
occurs. This usually happens within 10 minutes of clinical death, and is not reversible. In fat, brain
cells will begin to die after 4 to 6 minutes without fresh oxygen supplied from air breathed in and
carried to the brain by circulating blood. Cardiovascular pulmonary resuscitation (CPR) consists of
the actions you take to revive a person– or at least temporarily prevent biological death– by keeping
the person's heart and lungs working." (Limmer& O'Keefe, 2012, p. 1124)
The Kübler– Ross model, or the five stages of grief, postulates, a series of emotions experienced by
terminally ill patients prior to death, wherein the five stages are denial, anger, bargaining,
depression, and acceptance. The model was first introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Elisabeth Kübler–
Ross in her 1969 book On Death and Dying,

Examination of Clinical Psychology
Clinical psychology is a broad science that involves psychologists ensuring the mental well–being
of a patient. Its focus is diagnosing, treating, and if possible, averting psychological disorders. The
field of clinical psychology applies to every demographic from young children to the elderly,
families or individuals, and one's socioeconomic status is not a factor in whether he or she should
receive treatment. Clinical psychology deals with a broad range of specialties, including individuals
who have been diagnosed with disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder or those who
are coping with personal issues, such as being fired from his or her place of employment or going
through a divorce. Psychologists in this field offer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It was during this time psychologists learned that affected organs in the body could cause illness and
possibly lead to death. Ultimately, the discovery of such scientific findings would usher in a new era
of clinical psychology and render Greek ideologies a thing of the past.
Psychology officially became a valid field in 1879 when German physician Wilhelm Wundt opened
his laboratory of psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany. Wundt conducted many
experiments in his laboratory, with a focus on human reaction. His intent was to study behavior in
order to acquire a better understanding of the mind and its workings by using scientific methods.
Four years later, Lightner Witmer opened the first psychological clinic in Pennsylvania (Plante,
2010). During this time, many professionals in the field were more interested in experimental
psychology and were against the idea of human behavior being applied to clinical situations. Despite
misgivings concerning the new field, clinical psychology was able to flourish and has come a long
way since earlier opposition.
Evolving Nature of Clinical Psychology
The evolution of methods of diagnosis and treatment in medicine has been characterized by the
gradual accumulation over many centuries of a large body of objectively recorded observations
(Routh, 2000). With technology ever–changing to fit the modern standards of today, so too does the
field of clinical psychology. New scientific

The Use Of Fda Regulation Of Drug Industry And Its Impact...
INTRODUCTION Human drugs are regulated by the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
One of the first legislation which authorized FDA to regulate drugs was "Pure Food and Drugs Act"
enacted in 1906. In last century, role of FDA has significantly increased in terms of regulation and
supervision of drugs to promote and protect public health. The historical evolution of FDA
regulation of the drug industry and its impact on marketing unapproved drugs will be discussed later
in this memorandum. The term "drug" is defined means "articles intended for use in the diagnosis,
cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease in man" by "affecting the structure or any
function of the body of man." In order to be marketed, "new drug" needs to have an approved
application. "New Drug" can be defined as "any drug...the composition of which is such that such
drug is not "generally recognized as safe and effective" for their labelled use. Prescription drug are
prescribed by a physician, usually bought at pharmacy, prescribed for and intended to be used by
one person and regulated by FDA through the New Drug Application (NDA) process. A typical
NDA approval process includes three clinical phases which are distinct in terms of number of
patients, length of study and purpose. The new drug application approval process helps in
maintaining certain safeguards such as drug safety, dosing, manufacturing quality control standards,
review of ongoing clinical safety and efficacy data,

Critical Assessment And Intervention Of Critical Care Nursing
Critical care nursing is an intense area of nursing. The RNs care for patients that need close
assessment and intervention. Working in a CCU requires advanced skills. The nurses that work in
the critical care unit have to be very precise. Treatment and care of critical patients is very complex.
Critical care or intensive care nursing staff must have more training than other general nursing staff.
They have to be prepared to care for patients with critical needs around the clock rather than more
stable patients. Most RNs are required to have a BSN degree or certification for critical care. As
most fields do, the critical care nurse is required to compete continuing education yearly.
The nursing staff in the critical care unit are required to do multiple tasks. For example, recording
vital signs, assess function of ventilators, equipment, and monitors. The nurse also, administers
medications prescribed, maintain IV patency, assess need and accomplishments of medications/
fluids. The nurse works with other nursing staff to complete care for all CCU patients. In case of
situations requires life saving measures, the nurse performs the tasks, at the same time being aware
of standards/ protocols posted by the hospital. While the patient is admitted, the nurse is required to
perform teaching, provide support, and advocate the patients. Throughout all the treatment, the nurse
is assessing the patient and following/ adding to the care plan designed for the particular patient.
In

The Ethical Codes Of Healthcare Professions
Seventeen centuries after physicians were instructed by Hippocrates to "Abstain from every
voluntary act of Mischief and Corruption", this early oath remains the foundation for most of the
ethical codes of healthcare professions. According to Stephen Resnick, exploitation can be defined
as "Taking unfair or unjust advantage of another person for one's benefit or advantage without
compensation or benefit to that other person." Pre–existing unequal relationships and power
differential often instigate the likelihood of exploitation. For instance, on March 9th, 2012, Rebecca
Lean Smith, 39, returned to El Dorado County from her Louisiana home and negotiated a plea with
California 's attorney general over her role leading up to the 2008 death of Johnnie Esco of Cameron
Park. The elderly woman, whose devoted husband and family members visited her daily,
deteriorated rapidly during her 13–day stay at the El Dorado Care Center in Placerville, court
documents show. She died on March 7, 2008, at nearby Marshall Medical Center, and her family
subsequently settled a civil lawsuit with the nursing home 's former owner, Horizon West Healthcare
Inc. of Rocklin. In March of 2012, four years after Johnnie Esco 's death, the California attorney
general took the extraordinary legal step of charging Smith and the facility 's then–director of
nursing, Donna Darlene Palmer, 58, with felony elder abuse. Both nurses also were charged with the
special allegation of inflicting "great bodily

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