blood for master

1. The Blood
NURUL HAZLIANA BINTI HARUN
P92693
UNIVERSITI KEBANGSAAN MALAYSIA

2. Scenario
 A 23 years old female presented with
anaemia for investigation. Her blood
type is O negative.
 Haemoglobin 5.6 g/dl, Haematocrit
30%
 She was transfused with two unit of O-
packed red blood cells

3. Learning Objective
 To describe the components of blood
and their functions
 To describe the causes of anaemia
 To explain on blood group and its
incompatibility

4. Introduction : Blood
 8% of total body weight
 Average volume
◦ ♂ 5.5 liters
◦ ♀ 5 liters
Hematocrit
or Packed
cell
volume

5. Plasma
Constituent Functions
Water Transport medium
Carries heat
Electrolytes Important in membrane excitability
Distribute fluid by osmosis between ICF and
ECF
Buffer pH changes
Nutrients, wastes, gases,
hormones
Are transported in blood
Plasma proteins In general, exert an osmotic effect important
in the distribution of ECF between vascular
and interstitial compartments
Buffer pH changes
(Albumin, globulin,
fibrinogen)

6. Buffy Coat
Constituent Functions
Leukocytes
Neutrophils Engulf bacteria and debris
Eosinophil Attack parasitic worms
Play a role in allergic reactions
Basophils Release histamine
Release heparin, which helps clear fat from blood
Monocytes Are in transit to become tissue macrophages
Lymphocytes
B lymphocytes Produce antibodies
L lymphocytes Produce cell-mediated immune responses
Platelets Contribute to hemostasis

7. Erythrocytes (RBCs)
 The average number of RBCs is 5 million per
cubic millimeter (mm3)
◦ Most abundant human cell (99%)
 Shape and structure
◦ Biconcave discs (diameter 8 um, thickness 1-2 um)
◦ Flexible membrane  easy to deform
◦ Lack of nucleus and organelles
◦ Filled with Haemoglobin (Hb)
 Function : transport O2 and CO2

8. Hemoglobin
 A protein molecule
consists of
1. Globin, a protein
made up of four
folded polypeptide
chains
2. Heme groups, four
iron-containing,
nonprotein groups

9. Hemoglobin
 Iron atoms reversibly binds with
Oxygen
 Most O2 carried in blood is bound to
Hb
 It also can combine with
◦ Carbon dioxide (CO2)
◦ Carbon monoxide (CO)

10. Erythropoiesis
 Process of erythrocytes production
 Erythrocytes are produced by bone
marrow
 Life span of 120 days

11.  Precursor cells : hematopoietic stem cells
 Divide and differentiate into various type of
blood cells
 Regulatory factor  Erythropoietin (EPO)

12. Regulation of erythropoiesis

13. Anemia
 A condition in which the number of red blood
cells or their oxygen-carrying capacity is
insufficient to meet the body’s physiologic
needs
 Causes
◦ Decreased rate of erythropoiesis
 Aplastic anemia, renal anemia
◦ Excessive losses of erythrocytes
 Hemorrhagic anemia, hemolytic anemia
◦ Deficiency in the hemoglobin content of
erythrocytes
 Nutritional anemia eg. Iron deficiency anemia

14. Blood type : ABO system
 Grouping depends on presence of
antigens on surface of RBCs
 Antigen (agglutinogen) A and B

16. Transfusion reaction

17. Blood type : Rh system
 Rh factor is an erythrocyte antigen first
observed in rhesus monkeys
 Rh+ : antigen D presence on RBCs
 Rh- : has no antigen D
 Anti-D antibodies are not normally
present in serum but produced 20 to
exposure of Rh- blood to Rh+ blood

18. Rh incompatibility

19. Erythroblastosis fetalis

20. Thank you

22. Hemopoiesis

23. Leukocytes
 Granulocytes  Agranulocytes