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外交官在外國打人不用負責?
-什麼是外交豁免1
撰寫人:東吳大學法碩班 國際法組 蔡孟庭
據報載,駐斐濟中國大使館與駐斐濟台北商務辦事處互相指控對方人員,在八日駐
斐濟台北商務辦事處舉辦國慶晚會期間動粗,造成雙方各一名外交人員受傷,不過
斐濟警方表示目前僅接獲陸方投訴。2
根據曾任斐濟政府新聞顧問Graham Davis的
部落格(Grubsheet)於10月18發表之文章,事發後警方雖前往事發地點,但因中方外
交人員主張外交豁免(diplomatic immunity)而未有進一步舉動。3
本案中方外交人員主張的外交豁免是什麼意思、在豁免什麼?誰可以享有外交豁免?
我國目前國際實踐狀態為何?
1
本文為城中國際手札電子報第一期文章,未經作者同意請勿隨意引用。
2
駐斐濟台北商務辦事處網站,https://www.taiwanembassy.org/fj/post/1909.html,最後瀏覽日:
2020/10/20
3
Grubsheet Fee Jee,https://www.grubsheet.com.au/breaking-news-chinese-diplomatic-outrage/,最
後瀏覽日:2020/10/20
1
一、管轄豁免:
國家基於主權,可以採取合法的行為管制人或財產。這種管轄可以分成三個類
別,包含制定管轄權規則的「立法管轄」、制定違反規則後果及程序的「司法
管轄」,還有對違反規則者課與自由或財產的「執行管轄」。雖然國家享有這
些管轄權,卻在部分特定情況下無法行使此項權力,這些狀況就是「管轄豁
免」的問題。管轄豁免可以再細分為國家豁免、國家代表豁免與國際組織及其
人員或為其執行使命人員的豁免。狹義來看,外交豁免指的就是國家代表豁
免,可以理解為使館和外交代表在接受國內可以享有一定的特權。
二、外交豁免
(一) 意義
外交代表通常對刑事管轄及大部分民事程序享有豁免權,不過外交豁免並「不
等於」責任豁免,外交代表在接受國享有豁免不等於免除派遣國的管轄權。以
《維也納外交關係公約》為例,接受國雖對於查明犯罪之派遣國外交代表無管
轄權,卻仍能依其犯罪行為具體情況及嚴重程度採取反制措施,包含接受國政
府宣告該從事犯罪之外交代表為「不受歡迎人士」。如果外交代表被接受國宣
佈為不受歡迎人士而要求派遣國召回時,派遣國應斟酌情況召回該代表或終止
其職務,若派遣國拒絕或不在相當期間內召回或終止其職務,則接受國得拒絕
承認其為外交代表。
(二) 國家代表的類型
1. 外交代表
國家之間互相設立大使館所派駐的外交代表,相關豁免規定可參考1961
年4月18日訂立之《維也納外交關係公約》。外交代表指的是使館館長及
使館外交職員,當然享有本公約規定的豁免權,而與外交代表構成同一
戶的家屬,也一併享有刑事管轄、部分民事及行政管轄豁免。
2. 領事代表
國家之間互相設立領事館,保護派遣國的國民(自然人及法人),促進兩
國之間的經濟文化交流等,相關豁免規定可參考1963年4月24日訂立之
《維也納領事關係公約》。與外交代表不同,領事人員原則上只在執行
公務的行為享有豁免權。
3. 從事特定任務之代表及特種使節
一個國家派遣臨時使節團,代表該國至他國交涉特定問題或是出使特別
任務,即屬特種使節,相關豁免規定可參考1961年1月28日訂立之《特種
使節公約》。特別的是,派遣臨時使節團的國家何接受臨時使節團的國
家之間不一定要有外交或是領事關係。
4. 國家派駐國際組織或出席國際會議代表
國際組織以聯合國最具代表性,國家派駐聯合國或派員參加聯合國舉辦
的會議代表,即屬此處的代表,相關豁免規定可參考1946年2月13日訂立
之《聯合國特權與或免公約》及1947年11月21日訂立之《專門機構特權
與豁免公約》。
2
(三) 小結
中國與斐濟互為邦交國,因此中國派駐斐濟的外交人員依照前述的國際公
約,在國際法上確實享有外交豁免權,不過是否會有濫用外交豁免的情
事、若有濫用,在國際法上是否有法可循而有法律上解決途徑,則需進一
步研究。
三、我國現況
(一) 國際公約簽署狀態
我國目前非聯合國會員國,過去雖曾以中國名義簽署《維也納外交關係公
約》及《維也納領事關係公約》,但從聯合國的網站可知,其認為過去由
蔣介石政權簽署及批准之《維也納外交關係公約》係非法且無效4
;由台
灣當局簽署之《維也納領事關係公約》係非法且無效5
,因而不承認過去
國民政府代表中國簽訂的條約,我國亦因此非此二項公約的締約國。但我
國對國際公約仍多本於憲法第141條規定予以尊重。6
(二) 美國在台辦事處人員與駐美台北經濟文化代表處人員是否享有外交豁免
美國於1978年12月16日與我國斷交,雙方相互未設立大使館,即無法適用
外交豁免規範。不過美國在台灣設立美國在台協會,我國則在美國設立駐
美台北經濟文化代表處,雙方人員透過於民國一百零二年二月四日簽署且
於同日生效之「駐美國臺北經濟文化代表處與美國在臺協會間特權、免稅
暨豁免協定」 ,使負有代表各自當局執行與促進臺灣人民與美國人民間
商務、文化及其他關係之責任之人員,得享有特權、免稅及豁免等權利。
4
United Nations Treaty Collection, (UNTC),
https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=III-3&chapter=3&clang=_en#2,最後
瀏覽日:2020/10/29
The instrument of accession deposited on behalf of the Government of China on 25 November 1975
contained the following declaration: The "signature" on and "ratification" of this Convention by the Chiang
Kai-shek clique usurping the name of China are illegal and null and void.
5
United Nations Treaty Collection, (UNTC),
https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=III-6&chapter=3#2,最後瀏覽日:
2020/10/29
The Convention was signed on 24 April 1963 on behalf of the Republic of China. See also note 1 under
“China” in the “Historical Information” section in the front matter of this volume. Upon accession, the
Government of China made the following declaration: "The Taiwan authorities' signature on this
Convention in the name of China is illegal and null and void."
6
陳榮傳,外國駐華外交人員的管轄豁免問題,月旦法學教室,24 期,2004 年,頁 24-25

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