Dr Hatem El Bitar #دحاتم_البيطار #timodentist drhatemelbitar@yandex.com Dr Hatem ElBitar د حاتم البيطار أستشاري وجراح أسنان زميل الزمالة المصرية محاضر ادارة المستشفيات ومكافحة العدوى 01005684344 #دحاتم_البيطار All copy rights © reserved to Dr Hatem El Bitar2099

1. By
DR.Hatem ELBitar

24. Quality Control
 Quality Control involves monitoring specific project
results to determine if they comply with relevant
quality standards, and identifying ways to eliminate
causes of unsatisfactory results

28. Total Quality Management Approach
 Methods
 Materials
 Equipment
 Skills & knowledge
 Instructions
 Processes

29. Process
Inputs Outputs

34. TQM Support Mechanism
 Systematic Planning
 Tools for measuring delivering and sustaining
quality
 Organizing for quality & developing teams
 Communication between all parts of the
organization
 Commitment of the organization to a TQM
approach
 Recognition and perhaps change of the
organizations’ culture & environment

37. Five Pillars of TQM
 Product
 Processes
 Organization
 Leadership
 Commitment

38. TQM
 A management approach centered on quality, based on
company-wide participation and aimed at long term
success through customer satisfaction (ISO)

39. TQM
 Based on company-wide participation
 TQM involves everyone in an organization -every
function and every activity

40. Evolution of Quality
1200-1799
Guilds of
Medieval Europe
1800-1899
Product
Orientation
1900-1940
Process
Orientation
1941-1945
Quality during
World War II
1946-Present
Birth of Total
Quality

41. Guilds of Medieval Europe
(1200-1799)
 Craftsmen across Europe organized into unions
called Guilds
 Guilds were responsible for developing strict rules
for product and service quality
 Inspection committees enforced the rules by
identifying flawless goods with a special mark
 A second quality mark came from the craftsmen
themselves
 Primary Focus: Product Inspection

42. Product Orientation
(1800-1899)
 US quality practices in the 1800s were shaped by
several different production methods:
 Craftsmanship
 The Factory System
 The Taylor System

43. Craftsmanship
 Early 19th century- the approach tended to follow the
craftsmanship model in the European countries
 Masters maintained a form of quality control by
inspecting goods before sale

44. The Factory System
 This is a product of the industrial revolution in
Europe
 The craftsmen became factory workers and the
shop owners their production supervisors
 Quality in the factory system was ensured through
skilled laborers and supplemented by audits
and/or inspections
 Large production departments employed full-time
inspectors who produced quality reports and
 Defective products were either reworked or
scrapped.

45. The Taylor System
 In the late 19th century US broke from European
tradition and adopted a new management approach
by Taylor
 Taylor’s goal was to increase productivity without
increasing the no. of skilled craftsmen
 He achieved this by assigning factory planning to
specialized engineers and using displaced workers
and supervisors to execute the engineers plans
 This new approach led to remarkable rises in
productivity
 BUT …

46. The Taylor System
 Workers once again stripped of their dwindling power
and the new emphasis was on productivity which had
an adverse effect on quality

47. Product Orientation
(1800-1899)
 Primary Focus: Product Inspection

48. Process Orientation
(1900-1940)
 Beginning of the 20th century marked the inclusion of
processes in quality practices
 Shewhart recognized that industrial processes yield
data.
 He determined that this data can be analyzed using
statistical techniques to see if a process is stable or “in
control” or if is being affected by special causes that
should be fixed.
 His concepts are referred to as “Statistical Quality
Control” (SQC)
 Primary Focus: Product Inspection & SQC

49. Quality during World War II
(1941-1945)
 After World War II had started, US enacted legislation to
help gear the civilian economy to military production
 At that time contracts were awarded to manufacturers who
submitted the lowest bid. Products were inspected upon
delivery
 The armed forces inspected virtually every unit of product
to ensure that it was safe for operation
 To ease this problem, the armed forces began to utilize
sampling inspection to replace unit-by-unit inspection
 They adopted sampling tables and published them in a
military standard Mil-Std-105
 They also helped their suppliers improve their quality by
sponsoring training courses in Shewhart’s SQC techniques
 Primary Focus: Sampling Inspection & SQC

50. Birth of Total Quality
(1946-Present)
 After World War II, major Japanese manufacturers
converted from producing military goods for internal
use to civilian goods for trade
 Poor response from the world market
 Japan started exploring new ways of thinking about
quality (Deming and Juran)
 Rather than relying purely on product inspection, total
quality focused on improving all organizational
processes through the people who used them

51. Birth of Total Quality
(1946-Present)
 Juran, at a conference of the European organization for
quality control in Sweden made the following
prediction
“The Japanese are headed for world quality leadership
and will attain it in the next two decades because no
one else is moving at the same pace”

52. America’s Response
 Initially US clung to its assumption that Japanese
success was price related and responded with
strategies aimed at reducing domestic production
costs and restricting imports. This did not prove
beneficial
 By the end of the 1970’s US reached a major quality
crisis.
 They started to think “if Japan can.. Why can’t we?
 CEO of top US organizations then took an
initiative

53. References
 Total Quality Management – A Total Quality
Approach, Ch. 1, 2

55. All copy rights © reserved to
Dr Hatem El Bitar