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This document discusses the history and architecture of personal computers, starting with Intel's 8088 microprocessor used in the original IBM PC. It covers the evolution of processors from the 8088 through the 80286, 80386, 80486 and Pentium. It also discusses assembly language programming and organization of the IBM PC including memory models, segments, registers, instructions and I/O.

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: Personal Computers Intel. Assembly Language Programming and Organization of The IBM PC
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST2 Background . Structured Programming Language . . .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST3 . . . . .: : Intel 8088 . :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST4 . . :Flag Register . : High Level Language . : . .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST5 : Stack : . . : . : Strings. : .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST6 Low_Level . Systems Programming. : IBM Intel. 8086 8086
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST7 Segments. 8086Intel IBM Intel80868088 802868038680486Pentium 8088 IBM PC80286 XT ( eXtended Technology ) AT ( Advanced Technology ) 80386. ISA (Industry Standard Arch.)EISA ( Extended ISA )80386 80486. Pentium
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST8 Local Bus SystemsPCIVESA . Intel Software Compatibility . Word Length . 80868088 Intel19788086 16-bits) 16-bit.(1979 80888086
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST9 8-bits8086 ) MHz.( IBM8088 IBM PC 808616-bit 16-bit. 80868088 80868088 .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST10 8018680188 8018680188 80868088 Support Chips. Extended Instruction. 80286. 80286: 802861982 16 Bits 808612.5 MHZ
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST11 10 MHZ8086. 80286: 1Two Modes Of Operations 80286 Real ModeProtected Mode. 80286 8086 8086 . Multi_Tasking . 2:
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST12 80286 16 MByte) 1 MBYTE8086. ( 3: 1 GBYTE )16 MBYTE ( . 80386: 1985 32 BITS80386 80286 )16_BIT32_BIT( 40 MHZ 80286.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST13 80386 8038680286. 8086)VIRTUAL 8086 MODE( 8086. 80386 4 Gbytes 64 T BYTES. 80386SX 8038616 BITS. 80486: 198980486 80386 80386
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST14 80387 80386 80387 Math. Co_Processor 80386 Cache Memory) (8 Kbytes. 8048680386 . 80486 )(100 M Hz. 80486SX80486 . 80486 .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST15 Pentium PentiumIntel 64 Bits 80486 Cache Memory. Pentium MMX . 80888086 . Pentium.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST16 . 14 . DX,CX,BX,AX . )( . . 16-BITS
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST17 8-BITSHIGH LOWAX 16-BITS)H IGH AH(8-BITSAL (LOW).8-BITS D,C,B88- BITS16-BITS. GENERAL PURPOSE REGISTERS : 1( Accumulator )AX AX . .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST18 .AX . 2BX(Base Register ) BX . 3(Count Register) CX CX . . 4(Data Register )DX . CS, DS, SS, ES
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST19 . . 808820) Address Bus20( 220 = 1,048,5761 Mbytes. 5: 00000 h = 0000 0000 0000 0000 0000 00001 h = 0000 0000 0000 0000 0001 00002 h = 0000 0000 0000 0000 0010 00003 h = 0000 0000 0000 0000 0011 00004 h = 0000 0000 0000 0000 0100 00000hFFFFFh.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST20 20 16 ) 64 Kbytes( Segments64 K Bytes . 216 = 64 Kbytes Segment Number0000h FFFFh. Offset 16 Bytes 0000hFFFFh.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST21 : Segment : Offset Logical Address AABB:55665566 AABB. 16) ( AABB:5566 A ABB0 + 5566 = B 1116 ( 20 ) =*16+
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST22 LOCATIONS OF SEGMENTS 0000:000000000 0000:FFFF0FFFF 0001:0000 000100001:FFFF 1000F. .)1( 451001F2 …….. 451000F1 …….. 350FFFF0 ……..
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST23 29000202 76000101 54000000 )1( )1(16 .16 Paragraph. 10hParagraph Boundaries. .: : 1256A: 12561240 :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST24 :=*16+ X X+10h*1256=1256A X+12560=1256A X=000A 1256:000A – X X+10h*1240=1256A X+12400=1256A X=016A 1240:016A
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST25 1256A = 1256:000A = 1240:016A : 80FD2h 8FD2h :=*16+ 80FD2h=*10h+ BFD2h =7500h Stack . Code Segment Data Segment
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST26 Stack Segment Extra Segment. )CS(Code Segment Register Code Segment Address Code Segment Register (CS) Instruction Pointer . )DS(Data segment Register Data Segment Address )( DS.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST27 . )SS(Stack Segment Register (Last In First Out )LIFO( Stack Pointer (SP). )ES(Extra Segment Register ) ES( Index and Pointer )SP, BP, SI, DI(Registers
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST28 . )SP(Stack Pointer . )BP(Base Pointer . )SI(Source Index )(
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST29 . )DI(Destination Index SI ES . )IP(Instruction Pointer . . Instruction Pointer (IP) Code Segment CS:IP.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST30 . Flags Register )( :. ) ( . Interrupt Flag
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST31 ) ( . Memory Organization 80881Mbyte. 1KByte Interrupt Vector Table BIOS ROM(READ ONLY MEMORY) . )VIDEO DISPLAY MEMORY.( O PORTS/I
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST32 808864KB . . 1802868088 2 3DX,CX,BX,AX. 4 0A51:CD90 54A37B: 40FF. 123B. 6
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST33 8088 . . . . . : Assembler
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST34 Assembler . . Instructions AssemblerAssembler- DirectivesAssembler . NAME OPERATION OPERAND(S) COMMENT TAB (SPACE) . NAME )( . Operation.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST35 Operation(s) ) . .( Comments . Srart:MOVCX , 5 ; initialize counter StartMOV CX55 CX5 . MainProc )(Main. : Name Field
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST36 . 31 “.” . : start – counter - @character – sum_of_digits - $1000 – done? - .test : two words 2abc a45.ab (.) )(Operation Field OpCode Assembler
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST37 SubAddMov . Pseudo-Op Assembler Proc Procedure Operand Field ) ( NOP INC CXCX ADD Word1 , 2 Word1 2
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST38 destination Operand ) ( Source Operand . . Comment Field . ";" .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST39 .: MOV CX , 0; move 0 to CX : MOV CX , 0; CX counts terms, initialized to 0 : ; ; Initialize Registers MOV CX,0 MOV BX, 0 Program Data . Numbers
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST40 01 BbBinary 01010111B11100011b  Dd Decimal12341345d–234D.  Hh Hexadecimal0abh56H) . 0 ab ab.( 10011 10011 b 6455 -456h
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST41 FFFF h )( 1,234) ( 0ab)hH( Characters ‘A’‘SUDAN’ ASCII Assembler ‘A’41h) A( . VARIABLES High Level Programming Languages .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST42 . . DB (Define Byte) DW (Define Word ) DD (Define Double Word) DQ (Define Quad Word) DT (Define Ten Bytes) DB DW. Byte Variables:
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST43 : Name DB Initial_Value Alpha DB 4 Alpha 4. )( . :Byte DB ? 0255 Unsigned Numbers128 127+ Signed Numbers. Word Variables Word Two Bytes name DW initial_value
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST44 WRDDW-2 WRD )–2( . word 065535)216 –1( )(Unsigned Numbers –32768)-215( 32767)215 - 1( )(Signed Numbers. Arrays . 3Bytes10h 20h30h:
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST45 B_ARRAYDB10h, 20h, 30h B_ARRAY )10h(B_ARRAY + 1 B_ARRAY + 2 . 0200hB_ARRAY : ) Symbol( 10h200h0B_ARRAY 20h0201hB_ARRAY + 1 30h0202hB_ARRAY + 2 W_ARRAY DW 1000h, 2000h, 3000h 1000h2000h3000h. ( 1000h )W_ARRAY W_ARRAY +2 W_ARRAY + 4.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST46 300h : ) Symbol( 1000h0300hW_ARRAY 2000h0302hW_ARRAY + 2 3000h0304hW_ARRAY + 4 Low ByteHigh Byte. :Word1 DW 1234h 34h)( word112h) (word1 + 1. Character Strings
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST47 ASCII Table Letters ‘ABC” 1 - Letters db ‘ABC’ 2 – Letters db 41h, 42h,43h msgdb 0dh,0ah,’Sudan$’ Capital LettersSmall Letters. .EQU (EQUate ): name EQU Constant
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST48 name. LF0Ah LFEQU0Ah LF0Ah MOV AL , LFMOV AL,0Ah.Assembler LF0Ah. Prompt EQU ‘Type your Name’ Msg DB prompt EQU . Byte1Byte2 Word1Word2 1–MOV
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST49 MOV )( . MOVDestination , Source Source Destination MOVAX , Word1 )(Word1 AX.AX . MOVAL, ‘A’ 041h)A ASCII(AL. MOV
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST50 ) ( ) ( 2XCHG)Exchange( XCHG ).(:
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST51 XCHG Destination, Source : XCHG AH, BL AH, BL)AH BLBLAH.( : AX WORD1 XCHG AX, WORD1 XCHG 3ADD, SUB, INC, DEC, NEG: ADDSUB
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST52 : ADDDestination, Source SUB Destination, Source ADD WORD1, AX AX WORD1WORD1) AX( SUB AX, DX DXAX AX) DX( ADD SUB
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST53 ADD BYTE1, BYTE2 : MOVAL, BYTE2 ; ADDBYTE1, AL ADD BL,55 BLBL.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST54 MOV AX ,BYTE1 BYTE AX2-BYTE) . )(( ASEMBLER MOV AH, ‘A’)AH ( 41hAH MOV AX ,’A’)AX ( 0041h AX. , NEG)Decrement(, DEC)Increment(INC INC ,DEC 1 : INC Destination ; Destination = Destination +1
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST55 DEC Destination ; Destination = Destination - 1 INC WORD11 WORD1 DEC WORD21 WORD2. NEG(Negate) Complement2’S : NEG Destination : NEG BX ; BX = -BX NEG BYTE ; BYTE = - BYTE . :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST56 High Level Programming Languages . AB WORD. B=A AAXB MOV AX , A MOV B , AX A=5-A 5AXMOV AX , 5 AX5-ASUB AX , A AMOV A , AX NEG A ADD A,5
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST57 A=B-2*A MOV AX,B SUB AX,A SUB AX, A MOV A,AX : CODE SEGMENT DATA SEGMENT STACK SEGMENT ASSEMBLER . MEMORY MODELS:
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST58 . .MODEL: .MODEL MEMORY_MODEL SMALL . :.MODELSMALL MODEL SMALL MEDIUM COMPACT
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST59 LARGE 64k BYTE HUGE 64k BYTE DATA SEGMENT: . .DATA .DATA WORD1 DW 2 WORD2 DW 5 MSG DB ‘THIS IS A MESSAGE’
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST60 MASK EQU 10011001B Stack Segment: . ) .( : .Stack Size size bytes. 100h .Stack 100h 1KB Assembler. Code Segment: : .Code Name Name. Small)
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST61 (Assembly . )(Procedure Name Proc ; Name ENDP NameProcEndp Pseudo_Ops .CODE MAIN PROC ; MAIN ENDP ; small.: .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100H
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST62 .DATA ; .CODE MAIN PROC ; MAIN ENDP ; END MAIN END. INPUT &OUTPUT INSTRUCTIONS IN OUT .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST63 SERVICE ROUTINES . BIOS (BASIC INPUT /OUTPUT SYSTEM ) DOS.BIOS )ROM( DOS BIOS /. BIOSDOS INT (INTERRUPT ) INT INTERRUPT_NUMBER INT 16hBIOS INT 21h
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST64 DOS H21)H21INT( DOS AH 21H. . . )(
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST65 1 2 9 1: :1AH :ALASCII 0 NON CHARACHTER KEY )F1-F10.( : MOVAH,01 INT 21H .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST66 ASCII AL . . F1-F10AL .INT 21h AL. 22: . :02AH. ASCII DL. :ASCII AL. : MOV AH , 02H MOV DL , ‘?’ INT 21H
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST67 ) .( Control Character ( ASCII 7BEL (Beep) 8BS (Back space) Back Space )( 9HT (Tab) Tab ALF (Line Feed) DCR (Carriage return) ALASCII :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST68 . : 1"" MOV AH,2 MOV DL,’?’ INT 21h 2 MOV AH,1 INT 21h 3BL DL AL )2 DL AL( BL MOV BL , AL 4
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST69 Carriage ReturnLine Feed MOV AH,2 MOV DL,0dh ; Carriage Return INT 21h MOV DL,0ah ; Line Feed INT 21h 5) BL)3( MOV DL , BL INT 21h 6 4ChAH 21h. MOV AH,4CH INT 21h : TITLE FIRST : ECHO PROGRAM .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100H .CODE MAIN PROC ;
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST70 MOV AH,2 ; MOV DL,’?’ ; INT 21H ; MOV AH,01 ; INT 21H MOV BL,AL ; ; MOV AH,02 MOV DL,0DH ; carriage return INT 21H MOV DL,0AH ; line feed INT 21H ; MOV DL,BL ; ; INT 21H ; DOS MOV AH,4CH INT 21H
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST71 MAIN ENDP END MAIN DOS INT 21h4Ch : : 1Text Editor ) .( 2ASSEMBLER OBJECT FILE. 3LINKER OBJECT EXECUTABLE FILE. 4. :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST72 1SOURCE FILE: Editor Text EditorEDIT ASM (Extention) FIRST.ASM. 2ASSEMBLE THE PROGRAM: AssemblerMASM(Microsoft Macro Assembler)TASM(Turbo Assembler) (OBJECT FILE). (1) . TASMMASM : TASM FILENAME;
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST73 MASM FILENAME; TASM : >TASM FIRST; TURBO ASSEMBLER VERSION 3.1 COPYRGHT(C)1988,1992BRLAND INTERNATIONAL ASSEMBLING FILE : FIRST.SAM ERROR MESSAGE : NONE WARNING MESSAGE :NONE PASSES: 1 ASSEMBLER . first.asm first.obj. 3rogramLinking the p
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST74 Machine Language : . . Link Program Object Files . EXE (Executable File): > TLINK First; Turbo Link Version 2.0 Copyright (c) 1987 Borland International . 4–Run The Program
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST75 DOS C:ASM > first ?t t C:ASM > "" . . Display String 1 21h 2 . 9 9:
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST76 :Offset DX )"$( " "$". Control Character. ‘Hello!’. msgdb ‘HELLO!$’ LEA 9INT 21h DX LEA ( Load Effective Address) LEADestination , Source ).( .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST77 LEADX, MSG msg DX. DS. )Program Segment Prefix(PSP 256PSP. PSP . DOS DSES DS MOVAX, @DATA MOV DS, AX
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST78 @DATA .DATA ASSEMBLER@DATA DSAX DS. ‘HELLO!’ DX 921h. TITLE SECOND: DISPLAY STRING .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100H .DATA MSG DB 'HELLO!$' .CODE MAIN PROC ; initialize DS MOV AX,@DATA MOV DS,AX ;display message
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST79 LEA DX,MSG ; MOV AH,09H ; INT 21H ;return to DOS MOV AH,4CH INT 21H ; MAIN ENDP END MAIN A Case Conversion Program: lower-case letter upper-case letter Enter A Lower Case Letter : a In Upper Case It Is : A EQU CR,LF CR EQU 0DH LF EQU 0AH MSG1 DB ‘Enter A Lower Case Letter :$’
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST80 MSG2 DB CR,LF,’ In Upper Case It Is : ‘ Char DB ? ,’$’ charMSG2 msg2 char) Upper -case 20h( CR,LFmsg2 . msg2‘$’ char )‘$’char .( msg1 LEADX ,msg1 MOV AH ,9 INT 21h MOV AH ,1 INT 21h
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST81 upper-case 20h ) ASCII 20h 41h 61h ( char SUB AL,20h ; MOV char ,AL ; msg2 char. : TITLE THIRD: CASE CONVERSION PROGRAM .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100H .DATA CR EQU 0DH LF EQU 0AH MSG1 DB 'ENTER A LOWER CASE LETTER: $' MSG2 DB CR,LF,'IN UPPER CASE IT IS :' CHAR DB ?,'$' .CODE MAIN PROC ; initialize DS
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST82 MOV AX,@DATA MOV DS,AX ;print user prompt LEADX,MSG1 MOV AH,09H INT 21H ;input character and convert to lower case MOV AH,01H INT 21H SUB AL,20H MOV CHAR,AL ;display on the next line LEA DX,MSG2 MOV AH,09H INT 21H ;return to DOS MOV AH,4CH INT 21H MAIN ENDP END MAIN : 1 IBM PC... 1- two_words 2- ?1 3- tow words
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST83 4- t= 2. . 1- 246 2- 246h 3- 1001 4- 1.101 5- 2EAH 6- FFEH 7-1011B 3) ( wordA52. wordword1 . ByteB52. ByteC . wordword2 65536. Array1 Bell7. msg‘This Is A Message $’
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST84 4 0000h A DB 7 B DW 1ABCH C DB ‘HELLO’ A,B,C. 0002h. 0004h. ‘O’ ‘HELLO’. 5 B1,B2Bytew1,w2 words. 1-MOV Ds,Ax 2-MOV Ds,1000h 3- MOV CS,ES 4-MOV w1,DS 5-XCHG w1,w2 6-SUB 5,B1 7-ADD B1,B2 8-ADD AL,256 9-MOV w1,B1 6MOV, ADD , SUB ,INC , DEC , NEG :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST85 1- A=B - A 2- A= -(A+1) 3- C= A + B 4- B= 3* B + 7 5- A= B - A- 1 7)(: 1 . 2Upper case letter Lower case letter. : 8: 1‘?’. 2 10 3 . ? 35 The sum of 3 and 5 is 8
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST86 9. . Enter Three Letters : ABC A B C 10 )A-F( . Enter A Hexadecimal Digit : C In Decimal It Is : 12 .8086
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST87 9Flags . Flag Register Control FlagsStatus Flags. . 024 67118910 ) (
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST88 C f P f A f Z f S f T f IfD f O f Status Flags SUB Ax,Bx 1. Status Flags Name CF Carry Flag0 PFParity Flag2 AFAuxiliary Carry Flag 4
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST89 ZFZero Flag6 SFSign Flag7 OFOverflow Flag 11 Control Flags TFTrap Flag8 IFInterrupt Flag 9 DFDirection Flag 10 )CF(Carry Flag ‘1’)( Most Significant Bit (MSB) . . Shift Rotate. )PF(Parity Flag
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST90 ‘1’ Low Byte ‘1’. ‘1’ . FFFEhFEH )11101111( ‘1’7)( ‘0’)PF = 0( )AF(Auxiliary Carry Flag ‘1’ bit-3 Binary Coded Decimal (BCD). )ZF(Zero Flag ‘1’(ZF=1) )SF(Sign Flag ‘1’ MSB‘1’
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST91 ) .SF = 1MSB =1SF= 0MSB= 0( )OF(FlagOverflow ‘1’(OF=1) Signed Numbers. . Overflow ) One Byte255( . )(Unsigned Numbers Signed Numbers. :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST92 1 2 3 4 AXFFFFhBX 1ADD AX, BX : 1111 1111 1111 1111 + 0000 0000 0000 0001 = 1 0000 0000 0000 0000 1 65536 10000h ) 65535(1 0000hAX .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST93 2 FFFFh–11 0 )0( . AXBX7FFFh ADD AX,BX: 0111 1111 1111 1111 + 0111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1111 1110 = FFFEh 7FFFh 0)MSB = 0(32767 (7FFFh) 65534 )-2(
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST94 OF=1 CF=1 . . . CF OF. OF.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST95 Unsigned overflow MSB ) FFFFh 16FFh 8.( ).( Signed Overflow .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST96 A – ( - B ) = A + B , -A – ( +B ) = -A -B A+-(B) A-BAB . . : MSB ) .( ) .( :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST97 . . JUMP INSTRUCTIONS . : MOV / XCHG ADD / SUB INC / DEC )CF( NEG)CF=1 00F=1
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST98 800HWORD80h Byte( operands 0f,sf,zf,pf,cf)AF BCD.( 1: ADD AX,BXAX FFFFhBX FFFFh : FFFFh FFFFh+ 1FFFEh 1111 1111 1111 1110(0FFFEh) AX: SF:1 MSB1. PF:07 )(1
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST99 LOW BYTE. ZF:0. CF:1 MSB . OF: )MSB MSB.( 2: ADD AL,BLAL 80hBL80h : 80h h+80 100h AL00h SF:SF=0MSB0 PF:PF=10 1
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST100 ZF:ZF=10 CF:CF=1 MSB OF:OF=1 ) MSB.( 3: SUB AX,BXAX 8000h BX0001h : 8000h -0001h 7FFFh = 0111 1111 1111 1111 SF:SF=0MSB=0 PF:PF=1 8)("1" ZF:ZF=00 CF:CF=0
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST101 OF:OF=1 . . ). ( 4: INC ALALFFh : FFh h1+ 100h 100hAL. :1)PF=1. ( SF:SF=0MSB=0 PF:PF=18 “1” ZF:ZF=1 CF:INC .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST102 OF:OF=0 ) MSB.( 5: MOV AX,-5 –5)FFFBh(AX MOV. 6: NEG AXAX 8000h 8000h = 1000 0000 0000 0000 COMPLEMENT = 1000 0000 0000 0000 0000000000001000 SF:SF=1 PF:PF=1 ZF:ZF=0 CF:CF=1 CF=1 .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST103 OF:OF=1NEG . DEBUG: DEBUG _ DEBUG EXCUTABLE FILE C:DOSDEBUG TEST.EXE "" : 1.R. R )R IP.( 2.T)TRACE( .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST104 3.G)GO(. 4.Q)QUIT(. 5.AASSEMBLE. 6.U. 7.DDUMB. Debug: MODEL SMALL .STACK 100H .CODE MAIN PROC MOV AX , 4000H ;ax = 4000h ADD AX , AX ;ax = 8000h SUB AX , 0FFFFH ;ax = 8001h NEG AX ;ax = 7fffh INC AX ;ax = 8000h MOV AH , 4CH INT 21H ;DOS exit MAIN ENDP END MAIN
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST105 test.asm Executable file Test.exeDebug DOS:c:asm> DEBUG TEST.EXE "" . R : ) CS:IP(Machine Code B80040 . - R AX=0000 BX=0000 CX=001F DX=0000 SP=000A BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000 DS=0ED5 ES=0ED5 SS=0EE5 CS=EE6 IP=0000 NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC 0EE6:0000 B80040 MOV AX , 4000
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST106 . 8 NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC : SetClear CF (CarryFlag)CY (CarrY)NC (No Carry) PF (Parity Flag)PE (Parity Even) PO (Parity Odd) AF (Auxiliary Flag) AC (Auxiliary Carry) NA (No Auxiliary carry) ZF (Zero Flag)ZR (ZeRo)NZ (NonZero) SF (Sign Flag)NG (NeGative)PL (Plus) OF (Overflow Flag) OV (OVerflow)NV (No oVerflow) Control Flags DF (Direction Flag) DN (DowN)UP (UP) IF ( Interrupt Flag ) EI (Enable Interrupt) DI (Disable Interrupt)
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST107 TTrace : ) :MOV AX , 4000h 4000hAX AX4000H ADD AX,AX - R AX=0000 BX=0000 CX=001F DX=0000 SP=000A BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000 DS=0ED5 ES=0ED5 SS=0EE5 CS=EE6 IP=0000 NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC 0EE6:0000 B80040 MOV AX , 4000 - T AX=4000 BX=0000 CX=001F DX=0000 SP=000A BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000 DS=0ED5 ES=0ED5 SS=0EE5 CS=EE6 IP=0003 NV UP DI PL NZ NA PO NC 0EE6:0003 03C0 ADD AX , AX - T AX=8000 BX=0000 CX=001F DX=0000 SP=000A BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000 DS=0ED5 ES=0ED5 SS=0EE5 CS=EE6 IP=0005 OV UP DI NG NZ NA PE NC 0EE6:0005 2DFFFF SUB AX , FFFF
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST108 AX8000H AX)AL( 1. SUB AX,FFFFh - T AX=8001 BX=0000 CX=001F DX=0000 SP=000A BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000 DS=0ED5 ES=0ED5 SS=0EE5 CS=EE6 IP=0008 NV UP DI NG NZ AC PO CY 0EE6:0008 F7D8 NEG AX - T AX=7FFF BX=0000 CX=001F DX=0000 SP=000A BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000 DS=0ED5 ES=0ED5 SS=0EE5 CS=EE6 IP=000A NV UP DI PL NZ AC PE CY 0EE6:000A 40 INC AX -T AX=8000 BX=0000 CX=001F DX=0000 SP=000A BP=0000 SI=0000 DI=0000 DS=0ED5 ES=0ED5 SS=0EE5 CS=EE6 IP=000B OV UP DI NG NZ AC PE CY 0EE6:000B B44C MOV AH , 4C - G PROGRAM TERMINATED NORMALLY -Q C:>
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST109 : DESTINATION REG . 1.ADD AX,BXAX 7FFFhBX0001h. 2.SUB AL,BAL=01hBL=FFh 3.DEC ALAL=00h 4.NEG ALAL=7F 5.XCHG AX,BXAX=1ABChBX=712h. 6.ADD AL,BLAL=80hBL=FFh. 7.SUB AX,BXAX=0000hBX=8000h. 8.NEG AXAX=0001h. 2BXAX .ADD AX,BX
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST110 MSB . BXAX. ADD AX,BX MSB . 3ADD AX,BX AXBX .AX . .512Ch.FE12h.E1E4h.7132h .6389h 4185h+1ACBh+DAB3h+7000h+ 1176h+ 4SUB AX,BX AXBX .AX .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST111 .2143h.81Feh.19BCh. 0002h88CDh -1986h-1986h-81Feh FE0Fh71ABh Flow Control Instructions Status Flags . HIGH LEVEL LANGUAGE. :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST112 ASCII Table. .Model Small .Stack 100h .Code MAINPROC MOV AH , 2 MOV CX , 256 MOV DL , 0 Print_Loop: INT 21h ;DL INC DL ; DEC CX ; JNZPRINT_LOOP ; ; DOS_EXIT MOV AH , 4Ch INT 21h MAINENDP END MAIN
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST113 256IBM Character Set . 2)( 2AH.DL 0 CX 256. (Jump if Not Zero) JNZ (Print-Loop) CX ZF. (ZF= 0) (ZF= 1) 4CH. CONDITIONAL JUMP JNZ. Jxxx destination-Label
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST114 . . 126127 . . . IP . . JNZ PRINT-LOOP ZF= 0 PRINT-LOOP
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST115 .(ZF= 1 ) . : Signed Jumps Singed Numbers Unsigned Jumps Unsigned Numbers. Single Flag Jumps . . JGJNLE JG . .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST116 1Signed Jumps JG / JNLE ) ( ZF=0 & SF=OF JGE / JNL )( SF=OF JL / JNGE ) ( SF<>OF JLE / JNG )( ZF=1 OR SF<>OF 2Unsigned Jumps JA / JNBE ) ( CF=0 & ZF=0 JAE / JNB )( CF=0 JB / JNAE ) ( CF=1
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST117 JBE / JNA )( CF=1 OR ZF=1 3Single Flag Jumps JE / JZZF=1 JNE / JNZ ) ( ZF=0 JCCarryCF=1 JNC Carry CF=0 JOOF=1 JNOOF=0 JSSF=1 JNSSF=0 JP / JPEPF=1 JNP / JPO PF=0
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST118 CMP Compare(CMP) : CMP Destination , Source sourcedestination CMP destination . CMPSUB . : CMP Ax , Bx JG Below AX=777FhBX=0001hAx,Bx CMP: 7FFFh - 0001h = 7FFEh
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST119 zf = sf = of =0 JG Zf = 0Sf = Of Below. : CMP AX,BX JG Below AX BX Below. CMP : DECCX JNZ loop loop CX.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST120 : JGJA . zf , sf , of zf , cf . Ax 7fffhBx8000h : CMP AX,BX JA Below 7EFF > 8000h Below 7FFFh < 8000h JA. :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST121 0 MSB Extended ASCII Code 80h - FFh. : AXBX CX. MOV CX , AX CMP BX , CX JLE NEXT MOV CX,BX NEXT: Unconditional Jump JMP : Jmp Destination
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST122 . . TOP: ; Loop Body Dec CX ; JNZTOP ; TOP)126(JNZ JMP TOP: ; Loop Body DEC CX JNZBOTTOM JMP EXIT BOTTOM: JMP TOP EXIT:
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST123 High Level Programming Languages. .……Then..……IF If..Then… IF condition is True then Execute True branch statements End_IF AX. )( . IF AX < 0 then Replace AX with –AX
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST124 End_IF CMP AX , 0 JNL END_IF ; Then NEG AX END_IF: 2–IF…THEN…..ELSE…..ENDIF IF Condition is True then Execute True_Branch statements ELSE Execute False_Branch statements End_IF : BL,AL(ASCII CODE) )(
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST125 IF AL < = BL THEN DISPLAY AL ELSE DISPLAY BL END_IF )(: MOVAH,2 CMP AL,BL JNBE ELSE_ MOV DL,AL JMP DISPLAY ELSE_: MOV DL,BL DISPLAY: INT 21H 3CASE CASE : CASE EXPRESSION VALUE_1 : STATEMENT_1 VALUE_2 : STATEMENT_2 : VALUE_N : STATEMENT_N
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST126 END_CASE : AX–1 BXAX0 BXAX 1BX. : CASE AX < 0 : PUT –1 IN BX = 0 : PUT 0 IN BX > 0 : PUT 1 IN BX END_CASE : CMP AX, 0 ; AX JL NEGATIVE ; AX < 0 JE ZERO ; AX = 0 JG POSITIVE ; AX > 0 ; Otherwise (Else) part will be here NEGATIVE : MOV BX,-1 JMP END_CASE
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST127 ZERO : MOV BX,0 JMP END_CASE POSITIVE : MOV BX,1 END_CASE: CMP . :AL1 3"0" AL24‘E’. : CASE AL of 1,3:DISPLAY “0” 2,4:DISPLAY “E” END_CASE CMP AL , 1 JE ODD CMP AL , 3 JE ODD CMP AL , 2 JE EVEN CMP AL , 4
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST128 JE EVEN JMP END_CASE ODD: MOV DL , ‘O’ JMP DISPLAY EVEN: MOV DL , ‘E’ DISPLAY: MOV AH ,2 INT 21H END_CASE: Compound Conditions IF condition1 AND condition2 IF condition1 OR condition2 ""AND ""OR ""AND Condition "" : Capital Letter : Read a Character into AL
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST129 If ( ‘A’ <= character AND character <= ‘Z’) then Display character End_IF MOV AH , 1 ; INT 21h CMP AL , ‘A’ JNGE End_IF CMP AL , ‘Z’ JNLE End_IF MOV DL , AL MOV AH , 2 INT 21h End_IF: ""OR Condition "" :‘y’‘Y’ ‘y’‘Y’ Read character from keyboard into AL IF ( character = ‘y’ OR character = ‘Y’ ) then Display character
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST130 Else Terminate the program End_IF MOV AH , 1 ; INT 21h CMP AL , ‘y’ JE then CMP AL , ‘Y’ JE Then JMP else_ Then: MOV DL,AL MOV AH , 2 INT 21h JMP End_if else: MOV AH ,4ch INT 21h End_if: . .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST131 for loop For loop_count times do statements End_for loop loop destination_label CX )(loop CX CX= destination_label) 126( CX .loop ; ( CX ) top: ; loop top : 80"*"
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST132 for 80 times do display “*” End_for MOV CX , 80 ; MOV AH , 2 MOV DL , ‘*’ Top: INT 21h LOOP top LOOP CX 165535 65535(00FFFh) . CX JCXZ
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST133 ( Jump if CX is Zero ) JCXZ skip Top: ; looptop skip: WHILE While Condition DO Statements End_while . .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST134 ) ( : INITIALIZE COUNT TO 0 ; READ A CHARACTER ; WHILE CHARACTER<>CARRIAGE- RETURN DO COUNT =COUNT+1 READ A CHARACTER END-WHILE : MOV DX,0 ; MOV AH , 1 ; 1) ( INT 21h WHILE: CMP AL,0DH ; JE END_WHILE;
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST135 INC DX ; INT 21H ; JMP WHILE. END-WHILE : REPEAT . REPEAT STATEMENT(s) ; UNTIL CONDITION . . : blank MOV AH,1 ; REPEAT: INT 2!H CMP AL ,‘ ‘; JNE REPAET ;
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST136 WHILEREPEAT WHILE REPEAT . : ) ASCII.( (No capital letters ).: TYPE A LINE OF TEXT : SUDAN UNIVERSITEY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST137 FIRST CAPITAL = A LAST CAPITAL = Y TOP - DOWN PROGRAM DESIGN: 1. 2. 3. . 1 MOV AH,9 ; 9 LEA DX ,PROMPT ; INT 21H ; PROMPT PROMPT DB ‘ TYPE A LINE OF TEXT : ‘,0DH,0AH, ‘$’
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST138 CURSOR 2: Read Character; While Character Is Not a Carriage Return Do IF Character Is A Capital Letter Then IF Character Precedes First Capital THEN First Capital =CHARACTER END_IF IF Character Follows Last Capital THEN Last Capital = Character END_IF END_IF Read Character END_WHILE Character >= ‘A’ AND Character <=’Z’ MOV AH , 1 INT 21H WHILE: CMP AL,0DH
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST139 JE END_WHILE CMP AL , ‘A’ JNGE END_IF CMP AL , ‘Z’ JNLE END_IF CMP AL,FIRST JNL CHECK-LAST MOV FIRST,AL CHECK-LAST: CMP AL,LAST JNG END-IF MOV LAST,AL END_IF: INT 21H JMP WHILE END_WHILE : FIRSTLAST : FIRST DB ‘]’ LAST DB ‘@’ ]Z@ A 3/: : IF NO CAPITAL LETTER TYPED THEN
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST140 DISPLAY ’NO CAPITAL’ ELSE DISPLAY FIRST & LAST CHARACTER END_IF .: NOCAP-MSG DB ‘NO CAPITALS $’ CAP-MSG DB ‘FIRST CAPITAL=‘ FIRST DB ‘]’ DB ‘LAST CAPITAL=‘ LAST DB ‘@ $’ MOV AH , 9 CMP FIRST,’]’ JNE CAPS LEA DX ,NOCAP_MSG JMP DISPLAY CAPS : LEA DX, CAP_MSG DISPLAY: INT 21H TITLE THIRD: CASE CONVERSION PROGRAM .MODEL SMALL
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST141 .STACK 100H .DATA CR EQU 0DH LF EQU 0AH PROMPT DB ‘TYPE A LINE OF TEXT',CR,LF,'$' NOCAP_MSG DB CR,LF,'NO CAPITALS $' CAP_MSG DB CR,LF,'FIRST CAPITAL =' FIRST DB ']' DB ' LAST CAPITAL = ' LAST DB '@ $' .CODE MAIN PROC ; initialize DS MOV AX,@DATA MOV DS,AX ;display opening message LEADX,prompt MOV AH,09H INT 21H ;read and process a line of text MOV AH,01H INT 21H WHILE_: CMP AL,CR
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST142 JE END_WHILE ;if char is capital CMP AL,'A' JNGE END_IF CMP AL,'Z' JNLE END_IF ; if character precede first capital CMP AL,FIRST JNL CHECK_LAST MOV FIRST,AL CHECK_LAST: ; if character follow last capital CMP AL,LAST JNG END_IF MOV LAST,AL END_IF: INT 21H JMP WHILE_ END_WHILE: MOV AH,9 ;if no capital were typed CMP FIRST,']' JNECAPS LEA DX,NOCAP_MSG JMP DISPLAY CAPS: LEADX,CAP_MSG
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST143 DISPLAY: INT 21H ;exit to DOS MOV AH,4CH INT 21H MAIN ENDP END MAIN
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST144 1 1 - IF AX < 0 THEN PUT -1 IN BX END_IF 2 - IF AL < 0 THEN PUT FFh IN AH ELSE PUT 0 IN AH END_IF 3 - IF ( DL >= “A” AND DL = < “Z” ) Then DISPLAY DL END_IF 4 - IF AX < BX THEN IF BX < CX THEN PUT 0 IN AX ELSE PUT 0 IN BX END_IF END_IF 5 - IF ( AX < BX ) OR ( BX < CX ) THEN PUT 0 IN DX ELSE PUT 1 IN DX
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST145 END_IF 6 - IF AX < BX THEN PUT 0 IN AX ELSE IF BX < CX THEN PUT 0 IN BX ELSE PUT 0 IN CX END_IF END_IF 2CASE . ‘A’)(Carriage Return ‘B’)(Line Feed . 3:
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST146 1+4+7+ ........ + 148AX. 100+95+90 + ...... +5BX. 4LOOP: 50159 13AX 80. 5 INITIALIZE QUOTIENT TO 0 WHILE DIVIDENT > = DIVISOR DO INCREMENT QUOTIENT SUBTRACT DIVISOR FROM DIVIDEND END_WHILE AX BXCX 6N M INITIALIZE PRODUCT TO 0
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST147 REPEAT ADD M TO PRODUCT DECREMENT N UNTIL N = 0 AX BXCX) ( 7LOOPLOOPZ CX CX <> 0( AND )ZF = 1 ).( LOOPNELOOPNZ CX CX <> 0( AND )ZF = 0 ).( Carriage Return 80)LOOPNE.(
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST148 8‘?’ . . 9 80hFFh ASCII10 . 10 ) "0""9""A""F( " . 'Y’‘y’ .) ( 1110 3
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST149 . AND,OR,XOR : AND DESTINATION , SOURCE OR DESTINATION , SOURCE XOR DESTINATION , SOURCE DESTINATION SOURCE . . : PF,ZF,ZF:. AF:.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST150 CF,OF:. MASK : b AND 1 = b , b AND 0 = 0 b OR 1 = 1 , b OR 0 = b b XOR 1 =~ b , b XOR 0 = b : 1‘0’)(Clear AND‘0’ MASK'0’ '1’. 2‘1’)(SET OR‘1’ MASK'1’ '0’. 3)( COMPLEMENTXOR
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST151 '1’MASK '0’ . : '0’AL . 0111 1111b = 7Fh MASKAND AND AL, 7Fh Set ‘1’ MSBLSBAL Mask = 1000 0001b = 81h OR OR AL , 81h DX
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST152 Mask1000 0000 0000 0000b = 8000hXOR XOR DX , 8000h ( ‘a’ to ‘z’) ASCII61h7Ah ( ‘A’ to ‘Z’)ASCII 41h5Ah 20hDL SUB DL , 20h .. ’a‘0 0001101=h61 ’A‘0 0001001=h61 ‘0’
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST153 Mask1101 1111b= 0DFhAND AND DL , 0DFh . )(Clear Register MOV AX,0 SUB AX , AX XOR 0 XOR 0 = 01 XOR 1 = 0 XOR XOR AX , AX '0’ OR ‘0’ = ‘0’'1’ OR ‘1’ = ‘1’ OR AX , AX AX ZFSF AX( ZF =
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST154 1 ) CMP AX , 0 NOT NOT1’s Complement) ‘0’‘1’'1’'0’ (: NOT Destination NOT AX TEST TESTAND Destination TEST Destination , Source : PFZFSF AF OFCF0 TEST '1’'0’ Mask‘1’
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST155 '0’ 0 AND b = 01 AND b = b TEST Destination , Mask '1’ ‘1’ . : AL Even_No 0 LSB MASK00000001b : TEST AL , 01h JZ Even_No :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST156 . shift . : Opcode Destination,1 Opcode Destination,CL CL . )SHL(Shift Left: SHL : SHL Destination , 1 CL
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST157 SHLDestination , CL CL PF , SF , ZF. CF of1 . : DH = 8AHCL = 3 CLDHSHL DH , CL . : DH 100010103h = 0101000050CL )3( ‘0’) .DH3 3 ( :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST158 (2d)(5d) 101 (10d) 1010 (4d). )2( )SAL(Shift Arithmetic Left: SALSHL SAL Machine Code. : 80hCL=2 Of , Cf .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST159 :AX (8). :(3). MOV CL , 3 SAL AX, CL )SHR(Shift Right: SHR SHR Destination,1 MSB LSB Cf. CL. SHR Destination, CL SHL. : DHCF MOV DH, 8Ah MOV CL , 2 SHR DH,CL :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST160 DH = 10001010 DH = 00100010 = 22h Cf‘1’ )SAR(Shift Arithmetic Right: SARSHR MSB . . SAR Destination , 1 CL SAR Destination, CL : 2. Cf1
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST161 (00000101)=5 (00000010)2. : . SHR. SAR ) .( : 65143 4AX. : MOVAX, 65143 MOV CL,2 SHR AX, CL : AL-15 AL. SAR AL,1 :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST162 AL 2 -7.5 -8 -15 11110001 11111000-8. 2 2 IMUL, MUL IDIV, DIV . : Rotate Left (ROL)
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST163 CF. ROL Destination , 1 ROL Destination , CL :Rotate Right (ROR) ROL .: ROR Destination ,1 ROR Destination ,CL ROR , ROL CF : ROL (1)BX BX.Ax. :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST164 MOV DX ,16D ; XOR AX,AX ; AX MOV CX,1 ; Top : ROL BX,CX ; CF JNCNEXT INC AX NEXT: DEC DX JNZTop Rotate)RCL( through Carry Left .. RCL Destination , 1 RCL Destination , CL Rotate through carry Right RCR
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST165 RCL RCR Destination , 1 RCR Destination ,CL : DH8Ah CF=1 CL3DH RCR DH, CL : DHCF 100010101 110001010 011000101 101100010
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST166 DHB1h . : ALDL AL 1101110000111011 BL. : SHL RCR BL 8. MOV CX, 8 Reverse: SHLAL,1 RCR BL,1 Loop Reverse MOV AL , BL :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST167 . 1: Carriage Return. '0’'1’ (1, 0). BX: Clear BX ( BX will hold Binary values ) Input a character ( ‘0’ OR ‘1’) While character < > CR DO Convert character to binary value Left shift BX Insert value into LSB of BX Input a character End_While
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST168 110: Clear BX : BX = 0000 0000 0000 0000 Input character ‘1’ , convert to 1 Left shift BX: BX = 0000 0000 0000 0000 Insert value into LSB of BX: BX = 0000 0000 0000 0001 Input character ‘1’, convert to 1 Left shift BX: BX = 0000 0000 0000 0010 Insert value into LSB of BX: BX = 0000 0000 0000 0011 Input character ‘0’ , convert to 0 left shift BX : BX = 0000 0000 0000 0110 Insert value into LSB of BX BX = 0000 0000 0000 0110 BX110b '0’‘1’16 1718 .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST169 BX BX OR 0) 0( b OR 0 = b OR : XOR BX,BX MOV AH,1 INT 21h ; While_: CMP AL, 0Dh JE END_While AND AL , 0fh ; SHL BX, 1 OR BL, AL ; BL INT 21h ; JMP While_
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST170 END_While: 2Binary Output: . 1‘1’ '0’. FOR 16 times Do Rotate left BX If CF = 1 then Output ‘1’ else Output ‘0’ end - if END_FOR . 3Hex input: '0’ '9’'A’'F’ . 4).(
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST171 ) ( . : Clear BX Input Hex character While character <> CR Do Convert character to Binary value Left shift BX 4 Times Insert value into lower 4 bits of BX input a character End_While : XOR BX , BX MOV CL,4 MOV AH,1 INT 21h ; While_: CMPAL , 0dh JE END_While ;
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST172 CMP AL , 39h ; “9" JG Letter ; ; AND AL , 0fh ; JMP shift ; Letter: Sub AL , 37h ; Shift: SHL BX, CL ; BX OR BL, AL ; INT 21h ; JMP While_ END_While: 4HEX Output: BX164 .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST173 4 : For 4 times Do MOV BH to DL Shift DL 4 times to Right If DL < 10 then Convert to character in 0 ......9 else Convert to character in A..........F end_if Output character Rotate BX left 4 times END_For 1: a. 10101111 AND 10001011 b. 10110001 OR 01001001 c. 01111100 XOR 11011010 d. Not 01011110 2:
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST174 ‘1’ BL . II BX. III Word1. 3Test: 1.'1’ AX. 2.'0’ DX. 3.'1’ DX. 4.‘1’ DX. 5.‘1’ BL '1’
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST175 4AL 11001011b CF=1AL ).( a. SHL AL,1 b. SHR AL , 1 c. ROL AL , CL ; if CL contains 2 d. ROR AL, CL ; if CL contains 3 e. SAR AL,CL ; if CL contains 2 f. RCL AL, CL if CL contains 3 g. RCR AL ,CL; if CL contains 3 5 . B5h AL8 321424 AX -214516 BX 6:
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST176 1.AL10 . 2.DLASCII .. 7: 1.BL10D . 2.AL. )8( AH):ROR.( : 8. ASCII ‘1’. TYPE A CHARACTER : A THE ASCII CODE OF A IN BINARY IS 01000001 THE NUMBER OF 1 BITS IS 2
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST177 9. ASCII. . TYPE A CHARACTER : 7 THE ASCII CODE OF 7 IN HEX IS : 37 TYPE A CHARCTER : 10 4. . )( . TYPE A HEX NUMBER (0000 - FFFF) : xa ILLEGAL HEX DIGIT, TRY AGAIN ; 1ABC IN BIRARY IT IS 0001101010111100 11 16 . .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST178 ) "0" "1( " . TYPE A BINARY NUMBER UB TO 16 DIGITS : 112 ILLEGAL BINARY DIGIT , TRY AGAIN : 11100001 IN HEX IT IS EI 12 8 . . TYPE A BINARY NUMBER , UP TO 8 DIGITS : 11001010 TYPE A BINARY NUMBER , UP TO 8 DIGITS : 10011100 THE BINARY SUM IS 101100110 13
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST179 . . TYPE A HEX NUMBER (0 – FFFF ) : 21AB TYPE A HEX NUMBER (0 – FFFF ) : FE03 THE SUM IS 11FAE 14 . . )9 , 0( ENTER A DECIMAL DIGIT STRING : 1299843 THE SUM OF THE DIGITS IN HEX IS : 0024
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST180 The Stack and Introduction to Procedures Procedures pop, push . LIFO (Last In first out) . STACK 100h
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST181 SS SP100h . PUSH , PUSHF: PUSH PUSH SOURCE 16. PUSH AX : 1SP2 2 SS:SP . PUSHF . SP100h PUSHF2 SP00FEh
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST182 00FE. POP , POPF: POP POP Destination 16) IP(POP BX POP: 1 SS:SP 2SP 2 POPF . 16 8.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST183 Push AL ; ILLEGAL User Program INT 21h . : LIFO . : ? this is a test tset a si siht : Display ‘?’ Initialize count to 0 Read a character
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST184 While Character is not a Carriage return Do push character onto the stack increment counter Read a character End_While Go to New line For count times Do Pop a character from the stack Display it End_For CX while CX CX. .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100H .CODE MAIN PROC ; display user prompt MOV AH,2 MOV DL,'?'
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST185 INT 21H ;initialize character count XOR CX , CX ;read character MOV AH , 1 INT 21H ;while character is not a carriage return do WHILE_: CMP AL , 0DH JE END_WHILE PUSH AX INC CX INT 21H JMP WHILE_ END_WHILE: MOV AH , 2 MOV DL , 0DH INT 21H MOV DL , 0AH INT 21H JCXZ EXIT TOP: POP DX INT 21H LOOP TOP EXIT: MOV AH , 4CH INT 21H
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST186 MAIN ENDP END MAIN PROCEDURES: . . . High Level
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST187 Programming Languages CALLRET . Procedure Declaration: : Name PROC type ; Body of the procedure RET Name ENDP Nametype OperandNEARFAR NEAR FAR . NEAR. RET)Return( . RET )
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST188 ( . .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST189 : 1 2: 3: 4) ( . RET , CALL: CALL DIRECT CALL name name. Indirect CALL address_expression
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST190 CALL address - expression . 1Return address CALL 2 IP RET RET Pop_value Pop_value. Pop_value = N N -Bytes. :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST191 a,b : Product = 0 Repeat If LSB of B is 1 then Product = Product + A End_if Shift left A Shift right B until B = 0 111b=A1101b= B product = 0 since LSB of B is 1 , product = 0 + 111b = 111b shift left A: A = 1110b shift right B : B = 110b since LSB of B is 0 ; shift left A : A=11100b shift right B : B = 11b since LSB of B is 1 ; product = 111b + 11100b = 100011b shift left A : A = 111000b shift right B : B =1b
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST192 since LSB of B is 1 , product = 100011b + 111000b = 1011011b shift left A : A = 1110000 shift right B : B = 0 since LSB of B is 0 , return Product = 1011011b = 91d : .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100H .CODE MAIN PROC CALL MULTIPLY MOV AH,4CH INT 21H MAIN ENDP MULTIPLY PROC PUSH AX PUSH BX XOR DX , DX REPEAT: TEST BX , 1 JZ END_IF ADD DX , AX END_IF: SHL AX , 1 SHR BX , 1 JNZ REPEAT
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST193 POP BX POP AX RET MULTIPLY ENDP END MAIN AX BXDX. AXBX FFh. PUSH pop : NAME PROC Push AX Push BX : Pop BX Pop AX
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST194 RET NAME ENDP : 1 .STACK100H SP AX = 1234h , BX = 5678h , CX = 9ABCh , and SP=100h SP , CX , BX , AX PUSH AX PUSH BX XCHG AX , CX POP CX PUSH AX POP BX 3 ( SP=0 ). . SP
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST195 . 4: CALL PROC1 MOV AX , BX : MOV AX,BX 08FD:0203 PROC1Near 08FD:300h SP = 010Ah SP , IP CALL PROC1 . 5: AX . CX .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST196 6 ‘( ) { } [ ] ‘ . . ( A + { B - ( D - E ) + [ A + B ] } ) ( A + { B - C ] ) . .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST197 . . . 7 132767 . . 1415 XOR. 15. : READ BX
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST198 RANDOM BX –WRITE BX. ‘?’ READ RANDOMWRITE 1004 4 . Multiplication and Division Instructions .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST199 . 816 . . MUL & IMUL 10000000 11111111. 128 25532644.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST200 -128-1 128 (32640). : MUL (Multiply). IMUL (Integer Multiply). 8 16 16 32.: MUL Source IMUL Source& 8 16 8Byte Form
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST201 AL Source ) .()16 (AX. 16Word form AX ) .()32( AX , DXAX DX DX:AX.}: { IMUL, MUL. SF, ZF, AF, PF Of/Cf: /MUL
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST202 )0((CF/OF = 0) (1) . /IMUL 0(CF/OF = 0) Sign Extension) MSB( (1)(CF/OF = 1). CF/OF (1) )AL 8AX 16.( .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST203 : . 1/BX = ffffh , AX = 1 ) ( AXDXCF/O F MUL BX 655350000ffffffff000 0 0 IMUL BX -1FfffffffFff f ffff0 2/BX = ffffh, AX=ffffh )()( AXDXCF/ OF MUL BX 4294836 225 FFFE000100 01 FF FE 1 IMUL BX 100000001000 1 000 0 0 3/AX = 0fffh
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST204 )()( AXDXCF/ OF MUL AX 1676902 5 00ff E00lEo o1 00ff1 IMUL AX 1676902 5 00ff E00lE0 01 00ff1 4/CX = ffffh , AX = 0100h )()( AXDXCF/ OF MUL CX 1677696 0 00FFFF00FF 00 00F F 1 IMUL CX -256FFFFFF00FF 00 FF FF 0 : 1/ A = 5 x A - 12 x B MOV AX,5 ; AX = 5 IMUL A ; AX = 5 *A MOV A , AX ; A = 5 *A MOV AX,12 ; AX = 12
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST205 IMUL B ; AX = 12 x B SUB A ,AX ; A = 5 x A - 12 x B 2/ PROCEDURE FACTORIALN! )N( NCXN AX) .( : if N =1 ThenN ! = 1 if N > 1 ThenN ! = N × (N - 1) × (N - 2) × ..... × 2 × 1 PRODUCT = 1 Term = N For N Times Do product = product * term Term = Term -1 END_For
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST206 : FACTORIAL PROC ; Computes N1 MOV AX, 1 Top: Mul CX Loop Top RET FACTORIAL ENDP 65535 . DIV , IDIV DIV (Divide) IDIV (Integer Divide) : DIV Source IDIVSource
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST207 . 8 16: 8Byte form AX )8(AL )8(AH. 16Word form DX , AX)DX :AX DXAX ( AX DX.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST208 . IDiv , Div. . Divide Overflow . . " Divide Overflow”. :BX = 0002 , A x =0005 , DX = 0000 )()( AXDX Div BX210002000 1 IDIV210002000
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST209 BX1 :BX = FFFEh , AX = 0005 , DX = 0000 )()( AXDX Div B x050000000 5 Idiv B x-21FffE000 1 :BX = 0002h , AX = fffbh , DX = ffffh )()( AXDX Div B xfffffffbh2) 7ffffffeh(AX Idiv B x-21FffEFfff :BL = Ffh , AX = 00fBh )()( ALAH
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST210 Div B L02510FB Idiv B L Divide overflow)- 25(AL Sign Extension of Dividend 1/16 DX , AX AXDX : 1.Div 0DX 2.IDIV DX AX) AX0 DXAX ffffh DX(CWD (convert word to Double word. ALAH CBW (Convert Byte to Word)
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST211 :- 12507 MOVAX , -1250 CWD ; prepare DX MOV BX , 7 IDIVBX : . . . Decimal Output outdec AXAX
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST212 )( AX -AX)AX( AX . 1- If AX < 0 2 - print a minus sign 3- Replace AX By its two’s complement 4- End-if 5- Get the digits in AX’s decimal representation 6- Convert these digits to characters and print them 5 AX3567 3567103567 35610356 351035
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST213 10 stackcount . count = 0 Repeat Divide quotient by 10 Push remainder on the stack count = count + 1 Until quotient = 0 )quotient( AX6 )count( . For count times do Pop a digit from the stack Convert it to a character Output the character End_For
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST214 : OUTDEC PROC ; Prints AX as a signed decimal integer ; input : AX ; Output : None PUSH AX PUSH BX PUSH CX PUSH DX ;if AX < 0 OR AX , AX JGE @END_IF1 ;Then PUSH AX MOV DL , '-' MOV AH,2 INT 21H POP AX NEG AX @END_IF1: XOR CX , CX ;Get Decimal Digit MOV BX , 10D @REPEAT1: XOR DX , DX DIV BX
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST215 PUSH DX INC CX OR AX , AX JNE @REPEAT1 ;Convert Digits to characters and print them MOV AH , 2 @PRINT_LOOP: POP DX OR DL , 30H INT 21H LOOP @PRINT_LOOP POP DX POP CX POP BX POP AX RET OUTDEC ENDP outdec . outdecAssembler Include. Include FilespecFilespec .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST216 Assembler . OUTDEC PRocfile.ASM : .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100h .CODE MAIN PROC MOV AX , 1234 CALL OUTDEC MOV AH, 4Ch INT 21h MAIN ENDP INCLUDE PROCFILE.ASM END Main Decimal Input ASCII . . Total = 0 Read an ASCII Digit
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST217 Repeat Convert character to a Binary value Total = total* l0 + value Read a character Until character is a carriage return 157 : Total = 0 Read “1” Convert “1” to 1 Total = 10 x 0 + 1 = 1 Read “5” Convent “5” to “5” Total = 1 x 10 + 5 = 15 Read “7” Convent “7” to 7 Total = 15 x 10 + 7 = 157 INDEC . -+. )09( . .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST218 Print “?” Total = 0 Negative = False Read a character Case character of “- “ : Negative = True Read a character “+“ : Read a character End_Case Repeat if character is not between “0” and “9” then GO TO Beginning Else convert character to a Binary value total = 10 * total + value End if Read a character Until character is a carriage return IF negative = True then Total = -total End_if : INDEC PROC ; Reads a number in range -32768 to 32767 ; input : None
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST219 ; Output : AX = Binary equivalent Of Number PUSH BX PUSH CX PUSH DX @BEGIN: MOV AH , 2 MOV DL , '?' INT 21H XOR BX , BX ; total =0 XOR CX , CX ;Read A Character MOV AH , 1 INT 21H ;Case Char of CMP AL ,'-' JE @MINUS CMP AL , '+' JE @PLUS JMP @REPEAT2 @MINUS: MOV CX , 1 @PLUS: INT 21H @REPEAT2:;If Character Between 0 AND 9 CMP AL , '0' JNGE @NOT_DIGIT CMP AL , '9' JNLE @NOT_DIGIT ; Convert Character To Digit AND AX ,000FH
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST220 PUSH AX ; TOTAL = TOTAL * 10 + DIGIT MOV AX , 10 ;Get 10 MUL BX ;AX = TOTAL * 10 POP BX ;RETRIEVE DIGIT ADD BX , AX ; TOTAL = TOTAL*10+DIGIT ;Read A Character MOV AH , 1 INT 21H CMP AL,0DH JNE @REPEAT2 MOV AX , BX OR CX , CX JE @EXIT NEG AX @EXIT: POP DX POP CX POP BX RET @NOT_DIGIT: MOV AH , 2 MOV DL , 0DH INT 21H MOV DL , 0AH INT 21H JMP @BEGIN
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST221 INDEC ENDP procfile. ASMOutDec INDEC AX OUTdec AX . TITLE DECIMAL: READ AND WRITE A DECIMAL NUMBER .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100H .CODE MAIN PROC ;INPUT A NUMBER CALL INDEC PUSH AX ;MOVE CURSOR TO NEXT LINE MOV AH , 2 MOV DL , 0DH
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST222 INT 21H MOV DL , 0AH INT 21H ;OUTPUT A NUMBER POP AX CALL OUTDEC ;EXIT MOV AH,4CH INT 21H MAIN ENDP INCLUDE PROCFILE.ASM END MAIN Overflow Indec )( AX)- 3276832767.( Input Overflow. : total10
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST223 total. 99999 999910 32769 9 32760 . Print “?” Total = 0 Negative = false Read a character case character of “-“ : Negative = True Read a character “+“ : Read a character End_Case Repeat If character is not between “ 0 “ & “ 9 “ then GO TO Beginning
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST224 Else Convert character to a value Total = 10 x total If overflow then go to Beginning Else Total = total + value If overflow then Go To Beginning End_If End_If endif Read a character Until character is a carriage return If Negative = True then Total = - total End_if : 1/DX , AX CF/OF: /MUL BXBX = 0003h , AX = 0008h /MUL BXBX = 1000h , AX = 00ffh
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST225 /IMUL CXCX = FFFFh , AX = 0005h /MOL wordword = FFFFh , AX = 8000h /MUL 10hAX = FFE0h 2/AXCf/of : /MUL BLBL = 10h , AL = ABh /TMUL BLBL = 10h , AL = ABh /MUL AhAX = 01ABh /IMUL Byte1Byte1 = Fbh , AL = 02h 3/DX , AX : /Div BXB x = 0002h, AX = 0007 , DX = 0000h /Div BXB x = 0010h , AX = FFFEh , DX = 0000h /IDIV BXBX = 0003h , AX = fffch , DX = ffffh
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST226 /Div BXBX = 0003h , AX = fffch , DX = ffffh 4/AH , ALfu] : /DIV BLDL = 03h , AX = 000Dh /Idiv BLBL = Ffh , AX = FFFBh /Div BLBL = 10h , AX = 00ffh /Div BLBL = 02h , AX = FFE0h 5/DXCWD AX: /7E02/8ABCh/1ABCh 6/AXCBW AL: /F0h/5Fh/80h 7/ C , B , AWord
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST227 a- A = 5 x A - 7 b- B = (A - B ) * (B - 10) c- A = 6 - 9 * A d- if A2 + B2 = C2 then set cf else clear cf end_if Outdec , Indec . 8/INDEC 9/ )65535( . 10/ (M/N)M < N
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST228 : 1. Print “.” 2. Divide 10 x M By N , getting Quotient Q & Remainder R 3. Print Q 4. Replace M By R & go to step 2 INDECN , M 11/ (GCD) Greatest common Divisor M , N. Divide M by N , getting Quotient (1) and remainder R If R = 0 , stop N is the GCD of M and N If R <> 0 , Replace M by N by R and Repeat step 1
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST229 Arrays and addressing Modes . . . Dimensional-One Arrays
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST230 BytesWords .A A[1]A[2]A[3] ....A[N]N Msg MSG DB “ABCDE” MSG[1] = AMSG[2] = (B) . ) (A : A DW 10,20,30,40,50,60 5 WordA[1] = 10A[2] = 20A[3] = 30A[4] = 40A[5] = 50
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST231 Base Address of the array A 0200h: A0200h10 A + 2h0202h20 A + 4h0204h30 A + 6h0206h40 A + 8h0208h50 )Duplicate(DUP Dup . Repeat_Count Dup (value) Dupvalue Repeat_count: GAMMA DW 100 Dup (0)
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST232 GAMMA 100Word 0. DELTA DB 60 Dup (?) Delta 60Byte line : Line DB 5 , 4 , 3 DUP ( 2 , 3 DUP ( 0 ) , 1 ) Line DB 5 , 4 , 2,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,1,2,0,0,0,1 Byte +1Word +2
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST233 S )S =1 ByteS = 2 Word(N +( N - 1) * S AN A + (N - 1) S :1025 WW DW 100 Dup (?) W + (10 - 1 ) * 2 = W + 9 x 2 = W + 18 25W + (25 - 1) * 2 = W + 24 x 2 = W + 48 MOV AX , W + 18 XCHC A x , W + 48 MOV W + 18 , A x .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST234 AN : Sum = 0 M = 0 Repeat Sum = sum + A [M] M = M + 1 Until M = N . ADDRESSING MODES : 1/Register Mode MOV A x , B
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST235 2/Immediate Mode MOV A x , 5 Ax Register5 Immediate 3/Direct Mode MOVAx , Words Words : 4/ Register Indirect Mode. SIBXDIBP Pointer : [Register]
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST236 DI , SI , BX DSBP SS. : SI = 0100h 0100h1234h MOV AX , [SI] 100hSI DS: 0100 )1234h( AX)AX = 1234h( MOV AX , SI 0100h AX : DI = 3000h , SI = 2000h , BX = 1000h 1000h 1BACH2000h
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST237 20FEh3000h 031Dh Data Segment. . : MOV BX, [BX]MOV CX, [SI] MOV BX, [AX]ADD [SI] [DI]INC [DI] : MOV BX, [BX]1BACh BX MOV CX, [SI]20FEh CX –MOV BX, [AX] AX. ADD [DI], [SI] /INC [DI] 3000h 031Eh
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST238 : WAX W DW 10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100 : SI 2) Word( SI: XOR AX , AX LEA SI , W MOV CX , 10 ADDNOS : ADD AX , [SI] ADD SI ,2 LOOP ADDNOS :REVERSE N Words) .(
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST239 :N N/2 S1D1 SI DI . DI , SI2 SI2DI ) Words.( REVERSE PROC ; ; Inputs : SI ; BX ; Outputs : SI Push AX Push BX Push CX Push SI Push DI
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST240 ; D1 Mov DI , SI Mov Cx , Bx ; Cx = n Dec BX ; Bx = n - S SHL BX , 1 ADD DI , Bx ; DI = SI + 2 (n - 1) ShR Cx , 1 ; Cx = n/2 XCHG_Loop: Mov AX , [SI] XCHC AX , [DI] Mov [SI], AX ADD SI ,2 Sub DI , 2 Loop XCHg_Loop Pop DI Pop SI Pop CX Pop BX Pop AX RET REVERSE ENDP 5/Indexed and Based Addressing modes
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST241 Displacement A . A 2 A + 2 : [ Register +Displacement ] [ Displacement + Register ] [ Register ] +Displacement Displacement + [ Register ] Displacement [ Register ] BXBP SIDIBX SIDIDS BP SS. BXBP Based
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST242 IndexedSI DI. W Word ArrayBX 4 W + 4 AX MOV AX , W [ BX] : MOV AX , [ W + BX ] MOV AX , [ BX + W ] MOV AX , W +[ BX ] MOV AX , [ BX ] + w SI WWord Array. W + 2 AX: MOV AX , [ SI + 2 ] MOV AX , [ 2 + SI ]
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST243 MOV AX , 2 + [ SI ] MOV AX , [ SI ] + 2 MOV AX , 2 [ SI ] )( W AX:W DW 10,20,30,40,50,60,70,80,90,100 : XOR AX , AX XOR BX , BX MOV CX , 10 ADDNOS: ADD AX , w [ BX ] ADD BX , 2 LOOP ADDNOS 2SI Words Alpha :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST244 ALPHA DW 0123h, 0456h, 0789h, 0abcdh :BX = 2SI =4, DI = 11084h 00022BACh 0004. : a. MOV AX , [ALPHA + BX ] b. MOV BX , [ BX+ 2 ] c. MOV CX , ALPHA [ SI ] d. MOV AX , -2 [ SI ] e. MOV BX , [ALPHA + 3 + DI ] f. MOV AX , [ BX ] 2 g. ADD BX , [ALPHA + AX ] : A APLPHA +20456h B2 + 2 = 42BACh CALPHA + 40789h D-2 + 4 = 21084h
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST245 EALPHA + 3 + 10789h F G AX PTRLABEL: ByteWORD. WORD. MOV AX , 1 Byte MOV AL , 1 MOV [ BX ] , 1
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST246 word Byte. Byte MOV BYTE PTR [ BX ] , 1 WORD MOV WORD PTR [ BX ] , 1 :MSG “T” : : Register indirect mode LEA SI, Msg MOV BYTE PTR [SI], ‘T’ :Index Mod XOR SI, SI
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST247 MOV mSG[ SI ] , ‘T’ PTR Msg PTR: PTR : Type PTR Address_Expression TypeByteWORDDword Address_ExpressionDBDWDD : DOLLARS DB 1Ah CENTS DB 52h Dollars ALCentsAH MOV AX , DOLLARS ; ILLEGAL Byte Word
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST248 MOV AX ,word PTR DOLLARS ; AL=DOLLARS , AH =Cents 521AhAX LABEL: LABEL : WORDLABELMONEY 1AhDBDOLLAR S 52h DB CENTS MONEY WordDOLLARSCENTS Byte. MOV Ax , Money MOV AL , DOLLARS MOV AH , CENTS :: .DATA A DW 1234H
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST249 B LABEL BYTE DW 5678H C LABEL WORD C1 DB 9AH C2 DB 0BCH : 1MOV AX , B 2MOV AH , B78h 3MOV CX , C0BC9Ah 4MOV BX , WORD PTR B 5678h 5MOV DL , BYTE PTR C 9Ah 6MOV AX , WORD PTR C1 0BC9AH Segment Override RegistersBXSIDI DS.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST250 : Segment_Register : [ Pointer_Register] MOV Ax , ES : [SI] ES SIAX . Accessing the Stack: BP SS . : CX , B X , AX . :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST251 MOV BP , SP MOV AX , [ BP] MOV BX , [ BP + 2] MOV CX , [ BP + 4] :: . Select Sort N : A [1 ]A [N]A [N]IN - 1 : A [ 1 ]A [N - 1] A [N-1] IN - 2
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST252 1-N: A [I ]A [2]A [1] : 12345 21516407 21516740 75162140 75162140 57162140 : i = N For N - 1 Times Do Find the position K of the Largest element among A [1] .. A [ I ]
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST253 SWAP A [K] and A [ 1 ] I : = I - 1 End_For : SELECT PROC ;SORTS A BYTE ARRAY BY THE SELECTSORT METHOD ;INPUTS:SI= ARRAY OFFSET ADDRESS ; BX=NUMBER OF ELEMENTS ;OUTPUTS:SI=OFFSET OF SORTED ARRAY ;USES:SWAP PUSH BX PUSH CX PUSH DX PUSH SI DEC BX JE END_SORT MOV DX , SI SORT_LOOP: MOV SI , DX MOV CX , BX MOV DI , SI MOV AL , [DI]
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST254 FIND_BIG: INC SI CMP [SI], AL JNG NEXT MOV DI , SI MOV AL , [DI] NEXT: LOOP FIND_BIG CALL SWAP DEC BX JNE SORT_LOOP END_SORT: PUSH SI PUSH DX PUSH CX PUSH BX SELECT ENDP SWAP PROC ;INPUT: SI=ONE ELEMENT ; DI=OTHER ELEMENT ;OUTPUT:EXCHANGED ELEMENTS PUSH AX MOV AL , [SI] XCHG AL , [DI] MOV [SI] , AL POP AX
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST255 RET SWAP ENDP SELECT SI NBX. A TITLE SORT: SELECT SORT PROGRAM .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100H .DATA A DB 5 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 4 .CODE MAIN PROC MOV AX , @DATA MOV DS , AX LEA SI , A CALL SELECT ;dos exit MOV AH,4CH INT 21H MAIN ENDP INCLUDE PROCFILE.ASM
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST256 END MAIN Debug : -GC AX=100D BX=0005 CX=0049 DX=0000 SP=0100 Bp=0000 SI=0004 DI=0000 DS=100D ES=0FF9 SS=100E CS=1009 IP=000C NV UP EI PL NZ NA PO NC 1009:000C E80400 CALL 0013 -D 4 8 100D:0000 05 02 01 03- 04 -GF AX=1002 BX=0005 CX=0049 DX=0000 SP=0100 Bp=0000 SI=0004 DI=0005 DS=100D ES=0FF9 SS=100E CS=1009 IP=000F
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST257 NV UP EI PL ZR NA PE NC 1009:000F B44C MOV AH , 4C -D 4 8 100D:0000 01 02 03 04- 05 : B [ I, 1] 18 : 1._Row Major Order 2._Column Major Order
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST258 B3 410203040 ,50,60,7080 90,100110,120 . _ B DW 10, 20,30,40 DW 50 , 60 , 70 , 80 DW 90 , 100, 110 , 120 : B DW 10 , 50 , 90 DW 20 , 60 , 100 DW 30 , 60 , 110 DW 40 , 80 , 120 _.
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST259 _ _ . _ _ : AMN _S )S=1 ByteS=2 Word. (A [ I , j ] : 1.I
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST260 2.j A N A + s * N A + 2 * N * S IA + (I - 1 ) N * S : j( j - 1) * s))j - 1( (A [ I , j ] _ A + ( i - 1) × N × s + ( j - 1 ) × s _ A [ I , ]]
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST261 A + ( j - 1) × M × S + ( I - 1 ) × s : AMN _ 1.I 2.j 3. 1. I A + (I - 1) + N × S 2. j A + ( j - 1) × S 3. N x S
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST262 -based indexed: 1.)BXBP( 2.)SIDI( 3. 4.)( BX DS BP SS 1. Variable [ Base_Register ] [ index_Reg] 2. [ Base_Reg + index_Reg + VAR + const] 3. VAR [ Base_Reg + index_Reg + Const] 4. Const [ Base_Reg + Index + Var] W BX2SI
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST263 4. W+6 Ax MOV AX , W [ BX] [ SI] MOV AX , W [ BX+ SI] MOV AX , [ W + BX + SI ] MOV AX , [ BX + SI ] W :A57 words _ Based - Indexed: 1.0 2.0 :1 A + ( 3 - 1) x 7 x 2 = A + 2 x 7 x 2 = A + 28 MOV Bx, 28 XOR S I ,SI
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST264 MOV Cx , 7 CLEAR : MOV A [ Bx] [SI] , 0 ADD SI , 2 LOOP CLEAR 2 A + ( 4 - 1) x 2 = A + 3 x 2 = A + 6 14)7x2( MOV SI , 6 XOR BX ,BX MOV Cx , 5 CLEAR : MOV A [ Bx] [SI] , 0 ADD BX , 14 LOOP CLEAR XLAT: .XLAT) (Byte AL BX :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST265 1.ALBX 2. AL : AL0h FhASCII )6h36h0ch42h ‘B’(..... TABLE DB 30h, 31h,32h, 33h, 34,35h, 36h, 37h, 38h, 39h DB 41h, 42h , 43h, 44h, 45h, 46h ) ch‘c’( Mov AL , och LEA BX, TABLE XLAT :
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST266 )( . )( . TITLE secret message .MODEL SMALL .STACK 100H .DATA CODE_KEY DB 65 DUP(' '),'XQPOGHZBCADEIJUVFMNKLRSTWY' DB 37 DUP (' ') DECODE_KEY DB 65 DUP(' '),'JHIKLQEFMNTURSDCBVWXOPYAZG' DB 37 DUP (' ') CODED DB 80 DUP ('$') PROMPT DB 'ENTER A MESSAGE :' , 0DH , 0AH , '$' CRLF DB 0DH , 0AH , '$' .CODE MAIN PROC ; initialize DS MOV AX,@DATA MOV DS,AX ;print user prompt
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST267 LEA DX,PROMPT MOV AH,09H INT 21H ;READ AND ENCODE MESSAGE MOV AH , 1 LEA BX , CODE_KEY LEA DI , CODED WHILE_: INT 21H CMP AL , 0DH JE END_WHILE XLAT MOV [DI],AL INC DI JMP WHILE_ END_WHILE: ;GOTO NEW LINE MOV AH , 9 LEA DX , CRLF INT 21H ;PRINT ENCODED MESSAGE LEA DX,CODED INT 21H ;GOTO NEW LINE LEA DX,CRLF INT 21H ;DCODE MESSAGE AND PRINT IT
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST268 MOV AH , 2 LEA BX , DECODE_KEY LEA SI , CODED WHILE2: MOV AL , [SI] CMP AL ,'$' JE END_WHILE2 XLAT MOV DL ,AL INT 21H INC SI JMP WHILE2 END_WHILE2: ;return to DOS MOV AH,4CH INT 21H MAIN ENDP END MAIN : 1.: AX0500h BX1000h SI1500h DI2000h
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST269 1000h 0100h 1500 0150h 2000 0200h 3000 0400h 4000 3000h BetaWord 1000h ) ( a- MOV DI , [SI] b- MOV DI , [DI] c- ADD AX , [SI] d- SUB BX, , [DI] e- LEA BX ,Beta [BX] f- ADD, SI], [DI]
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST270 g- ADD BH , [BL] h- ADD, AH, [SI] c- MOV AX, [BX + DI + beta] 2. A DW 1,2,3 B DB 4,5,6 C LABEL word Msg DB ‘ABC’ BX C. a- MOV AH , BYTE PTR A b- MOV AX , word PTR B c- MOV AX , C d- MOV AX , Msg e- MOV AH , BYTE PTR C 3.BP) pushpop( / /5 ST_ARR ST_ARR ST_ARR+2
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST271 4.A10 wordB Byte / )A [ I ] A[1 + 1]( A [ 10] A[1]. /DX θA. /B. SI‘E’. 'E’1 cf 5.Find_ij I , J Ij _I AXiBX NCx
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST272 DX. DX. : 6.BUBBLE Bubble Sort SIBX. BLANK. Bubble . : ? 1 2 6 5 3 7 1 2 3 5 6 7 :Bubble :J2NA [J] A [j - 1]A [ J ] < A[ J – 1]
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST273 N :J2N-1A [J] A [j - 1]A [J ] < A[ J – 1] N-1 : N - 1:A[ 2] < A [1] A [ 2 ]A [ 1 ] 7.: CLASS DB ‘Ali ‘ , 67 , 54 , 9 ,8 , 31 DB ‘HASSAN ‘ , 30 , 50 , 59 ,42 , 53 DB ‘AHMED ‘ , 65 , 73 , 85 ,18 , 90 7
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST274 8.100 )_( . ESC. : ?A A ?D AD ?B ABD ?a ABDa ?<esc> 9.PRINTHEX XLATBX . 4 IN_HEX .
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST275 PRINTHEX . String Instructions . * * * *
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST276 . DF: Control Flags DI , SI. . DISI 0DF. 1 . CLD ; clear Direction flag 1 STD ; set Direction flag
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST277 . Moving String: : String1 DB ‘Hello’ String2 DB 5 Dup ( ? ) . MOVSB. DS:SIES:DI . DI:SI 0. )1( )2(: MOV AX ,@DATA MOV DS, AX MOV ES, AX LEA SI , String1 LEA DI , String2
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST278 CLD MOVSB MOVSB : MOVSB . REP: MOVSB. ) MOVSB(CX REP MOVSB MOVSBN .CX MOVSBCX=0. CLD LEASI , String1 LEA DI , String2 MOV CX, 5 REP MOVSB
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST279 : String1 String 2. SI )(DI .SI )1( DI2 1MOVSB 1. LEA SI, String1 + 4 LEA DI, String2 STD MOV CX, 5 MOVE: MOVSB ADD DI , 2 LOOP MOVE MOVSW: MOVSB WORDByte
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST280 DS: SI ES:DI. DI, SI2 )DF = θ DF = 1( : : ARR DW 10,20,40,50,60, ? 30 40 , 20.DSES . : 60 , 50,40 30 STD LEA SI , ARR + 8h ; SI Points to 60 LEA DI , ARR +0Ah ; DI Points to ? MOV CX,3 REP MOVSW MOV WORD PTR [DI], 30 Storing String:
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST281 STOSBAL ES:DI.DI DF=0 DF=1 STOSW AX ES: DI. DI. ‘ A ‘ String1 LEA DI, String1 MOV AL, ‘A‘ CLD STOSB : 121h . STOSB. READ_STR
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST282 Carriage Return. DI BX. Back_Space : Chars_Read = 0 Read a Character While character is Not a carriage Return Do If character is a Back_Space Then Chars_Read = Chars_Read - 1 Remove Previous character from String Else Store character in String Chars_Read = Chars_Read + 1 End_If Read a character End_While : READ_STR PROC NEAR
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST283 ;READS AND STORES A STRING ;INPUT: DI ODFFSET OF THE STRING ;OUTPUT: DI OFFSET OF THE STRING ; BX=NUMBER OF CHARACTERS READ PUSH DX PUSH DI CLD XOR BX , BX MOV AH , 1 INT 21H WHILE1: CMP AL , 0DH JE END_WHILE1 ;IF CHARACTER IS BACHSPACE CMP AL , 8H JNE ELSE1 DEC DI DEC BX JMP READ ELSE1: STOSB INC BX READ: INT 21H JMP WHILE1
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST284 END_WHILE1: POP DI POP AX RET READ_STR ENDP Load String: LODSBAL DS:SI.SI 1 . LODSWAX DS:SI.SI 2 . : Disp_Str SI BX. For count times Do
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST285 Load a String Character into Al Move it to DL Output Character End_For DISP_STR Proc ; inputs SI : offset of the String ; BX : No of Characters to Display ; Outputs None PUSH AX PUSH BX PUSH CX PUSH DX PUSH SI MOV CX, BX JCXZ P_EXIT CLD MOV AH , 2h TOP: LODSB MOV DL , AL INT 21h LOOP TOP P_EXIT: POP SI POP DX
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST286 POP CX POP BX POP AX RET DISP_STR ENDP Scan String: SCASB AL. ES:DI AL . DI . SCASW AXAL SCSAB. String1 DB ‘ABC’ : MOV AX, @ DATA MOV ES, AX LEA DI , String1 MOV AL, ‘B’ CLD SCASB ;Scan first byte
: _____________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ SUST287 SCASB ; Scan second Byte 041h ‘A’42h‘B’. . CX REPNZ SCASB AX CX CX . : ConsonantsVowels . :
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