The document provides information on the chemical industry and major chemical companies in India. It lists the top 10 petrochemical companies in India and describes some of the largest and most prominent chemical companies in the country, including Reliance Industries, Indian Oil Corporation, National Organic Chemical Industries, Tata Chemicals, Bayer, India Glycols, United Phosphorus, and others. It discusses the size and growth of the Indian chemical market, India's dependence on imports from China for certain APIs, and government initiatives like PLI schemes to boost domestic production.

1. 1

2. 2
Top Petrochemical Companies in India
• Reliance Industries Ltd.
• Haldia Petrochemicals Ltd.
• Indian Oil Corporation
• Gas Authority of India Limited
• National Organic Chemical Industry Ltd.
• Bongaigaon Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd.
• Manali Petrochemical Ltd.
• I G Petrochemicals Ltd.
• The Andhra Petrochemicals Ltd.
• Tamilnadu Petroproducts Ltd.

3. 3
The Chemical Industry in today's time plays a very crucial role in the research and
development of new products.
Most of the things that we use have some chemicals in them. Whether you use
a chemical product or any preservative food item, there is always a chemical
used at least during its manufacturing process.
In India, more than 80,000 chemicals (out of 350,000) (5 crores have been
produced by scientists) are produced for various known and unknown purposes.
India is one of the biggest markets for chemical-based products, and it is ranked
in 6th position in the global chemical industry.
The market size of the chemical industry in India is over 180 billion dollars and is
continuously increasing with the increasing demand in domestic and international
markets.

4. 4
Chemical Companies in India

5. 5
Leading manufacturers of
specialized chemicals and pharmaceuticals.
The headquarter of the company is
in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
Anushakti Chemicals and Drugs ltd., and set up Aarti U.S.A. Inc for
developing Marketing and distribution chain in the U.S.A.
The total valuation of the company is
around 5000 crore
Top Products
• Chlorination
• Nitration
• Hydrogenation
• Ammonolysis
• Halex
• Dinitro chlorination.

6. 6
Is primarily involved in the business
of inorganic chemicals and home
textiles. It is among the leading producer
of Soda Ash in India and is also engaged
in the production of edible salt.
Hindustan Unilever Limited, Ghari Group
P&G, Patanjali Ayurved Limited
Phillips, and others take Soda Ash from
GHCL.
German-based company BASF. Along with
India, they also operate in 80 plus countries. It is
the biggest chemical company in the world.
BASF India is involved in producing
various agriculture-based chemicals, leather
chemicals, Styropor, tanning agents, and many
other chemicals.
Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik 'Baden Aniline and Soda Factory'

7. 7
Currently, Atul Limited is engaged in producing
over 900 different products and 400 chemical
formulations. The company also invested in retail
business and owned over 140 retail brands. Atul
Ltd supplies its products to 4,000 different
customers involved in 30 different types of
business categories.
The company has also expanded its business in the international market by starting
its subsidiary companies in various countries like the United States, United
Kingdom, China, Brazil, and U.A.E.

8. 8
TATA Chemicals Ltd. is a Multinational
Company engaged in manufacturing
specialized chemical products and crop
protection. The headquarter of the company is
in Mumbai, Maharashtra.
It is among the largest manufacturer of
chemical products in India and many
other European countries, North
America and Africa. The parent company of
Tata Chemicals is Tata Group.
Currently, Tata chemicals have around 7
production plants in Gujarat, United
Kingdom, Andhra Pradesh, Kenya, United
States, and Tamil Nadu.
It is the second-largest manufacturer of Soda
Ash in India after Aarti Industries Ltd

9. 9
Bayer came to India in 1986 and
established its production unit in Mumbai.
They have many branches like Crop
Science, pharmaceutical, and animal
healthcare, but the most profitable is
Bayer Crop Science Ltd.
Bayer is also producing agro and non-
agro products in India.
Among the leading manufacturers of
Glycols based chemicals like Glycols
Ethoxylates & PEGs Performance
Chemicals Glycol Ether & Acetates
Guar Gum and Potable Alcohol.
It is the first company to use the renewable
agro technique for producing Ethylene
Oxide (EO)/ Mono Ethylene Glycol
(MEG). India Glycols supplies its
products to over 1000 different customers.

10. 10
Diethylene glycol (DEG)

11. 11
United Phosphorus Limited (UPL Ltd.,) is one
of the largest manufacturers
of agrochemicals, industrial chemicals,
chemical intermediates, and speciality
chemicals and offers crop protection
solutions. It is an India-based Multinational
company that manufacturers and sells its
products in over 150 countries.
The headquarter of UPL Ltd. is in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The company is
involved in both agro and non-agro activities, but it is mainly involved in agro
products like agrochemical products, seeds, and other agricultural-related products.
The non-agro division involves the production and sales of various Industrial
chemicals.

12. 12

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14. 14

15. 15

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17. 17

18. 18

19. 19
India Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) Markets,
Competition, Forecast & Opportunities
The Indian Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients Market stood at USD11806.93
million (1 million = Rs. 8,28, 32,500) = 9,78,0,033,27,500/- in FY2021 and
is expected to grow at a CAGR of 12.24% during the forecast period.
Furthermore, growing prevalence of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular
diseases, diabetes, cancer, respiratory disorders, among others is going to
boost the market.
Based on the method of synthesis, the market is further segmented into
synthetic and biological.
The synthetic method dominates the market with a share of 56.29% in FY2021
on account of the easy availability of raw materials and easier process for the
development of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
While the biological method of synthesis segment is expected to grow at a rate of
13.21% during the forecast period owing to the growing demand for vaccines,
monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, biosimilars, among others.

20. 20
Based on drug type, the market is further segmented into generics and innovators.
Generics dominated the market with a share of 69.56% in FY2021.
India ranks 3rd in terms of pharmaceutical
production by volume and 14th by value.
Major companies operating in the Indian Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
(API) Market are
•Teva API India Limited
•Pfizer Ltd.
•Ipca Laboratories Limited
•Dr. Reddy's Laboratories Ltd.
•Sun Pharma
•Cipla Limited
•Lupin Limited
•Aurobindo Pharma Limited
•Aarti Drugs Ltd.
•IOL Chemicals and Pharma
•Marksans Pharma Ltd.
•Divis Laboratories Ltd.
•Granules India Limited
•Laurus Labs Ltd.
•Solara Active Pharma Sciences Ltd.

21. 21
API by method of synthesis:
•Synthetic
•Biological
API by source:
•Contract Manufacturing Organizations
•In-house
API by therapeutic application:
•Cardiovascular Diseases
•Anti-diabetic Drugs
•Oncology Drugs
•Neurological Disorders
•Musculoskeletal Disorders
•Others
API by drug type:
•Generics
•Innovator
API by region:
•West
•South
•North
•East

22. 22
According to a government report, India imports about 68% of its APIs from
China as it's a cheaper option than manufacturing them domestically. WHY??
1. Ease of Doing Business for MSMEs: Despite having the third-largest
pharmaceutical industry by volume in the world and being the largest manufacturer
of generic medicines globally, India is heavily dependent on China for imports of
active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises
India imports API requirements from China, particularly vitamins and antibiotics.
The APIs are made through a fermentation process in which China is dominant.
According to data: FY21 was worth Rs 28,529 crore, of which 68 per cent or Rs 19,402
crore worth imports from China.

23. 23
Earlier India was very strong in fermentation technology. But after the Drug
Price Control Order (DPCO), which was initiated in 1995 by the
government, Indian companies had to depend to China for imports, as APIs
were cheaper there. This continued for 15-20 years and now businesses are
habituated. Today, we cannot match API prices of China,”
(DPCO): is an order issued by the government under the essential
commodities act which enables it to fix the prices of some essential bulk drugs
and their formulations.
The objective of DPCO is to ensure the availability of essential and life-
saving and prophylactic medicine of good quality at reasonable prices.
Q. Why Chia is able to survive and not India???
prophylactic medicine dental cleanings, vaccines, birth
control, and sometimes surgery

24. 24
The intent to introduce the (DPCO) order by the government was to make
medicines available at a reasonable and controlled price for people.
However, according to experts, it had pushed manufacturers to procure APIs
from China to control their raw material costs. While big company directly
source APIs from China due to their large volume requirements,
MSMEs with lower volume capacity have to route it via domestic traders even
as prices have risen tremendously.
For example, paracetamol has jumped from Rs. 180 per kg to Rs. 850 per kg,
citric acid has gone up from Rs. 60-70 per kg to Rs. 240, and glycerol has
increased around three times.
Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium
Enterprises

25. 25

26. 26
According to Mandaviya, India is currently “heavily” dependent on as much as
58 APIs on China while the dependency rate on these APIs varies from 50
percent to 100 percent.
Out of these 58 APIs, 29 APIs are manufactured through fermentation and 29
APIs are manufactured through chemical synthesis.
APIs originate from China and include painkillers like paracetamol, anti-
infectives like Amoxicillin, antidiabetics like Metformin and anti-ulceratives like
Ranitidine.
The upsurge in imports from China points towards China’s large capacities
(which are built up by the government and managed by private industry)
Amoxicillin Ranitidine

27. 27
Most APIs were earlier manufactured in India in the 1980s and 90s but in 90s itself,
China started supporting their industry in a big way to manufacture
chemicals and APIs, and as a result, their industry expanded.
The challenge for India hasn’t been technology, it’s been pricing! (WHY?)
To reverse the current situation back to the 1970s-80s in fermentation and
APIs, the government introduced multiple Production-Linked Incentive (PLI)
schemes for the sector. This included a Rs 15,000 crore incentive on incremental
sales to selected participants for a period of six years.
A total of 278 applications were received as of August 31, 2021, against
which 55 applicants were selected under the scheme.
Another scheme launched was Rs 6,940 crore worth PLI for the promotion of
domestic manufacturing of 41 critical drug intermediates and APIs as well.

28. 28
Production Linked Incentive, or PLI, scheme of the Government of India is a form
of performance-linked incentive to give companies incentives on incremental sales from
products manufactured in domestic units.
It is aimed at boosting the manufacturing sector and to reduce imports.
The objective of these schemes: Make in India,
The incentive for foreign manufacturers to start production in India and incentivize
domestic manufacturers to expand their production and exports.

29. 29
For example one of these sectors is the Automotive industry in India, for the
production of electric vehicles and hydrogen fuel vehicles (PEVHV), the Rs
18,000 crore (US$2.5 b) "Advanced Chemistry Cell" (ACC) scheme for new
generation advance storage technologies for the electric vehicles, and Rs 10,000
crore (US$1.4 b) "Faster Adaption of Manufacturing of Electric
Vehicles" (FAME) scheme to go green by expediting production of more
electronic vehicles and replacement of other types of existing vehicles with the
greener vehicles.
These schemes will reduce pollution, climate change, carbon footprint, reduce oil
and fuel import bills through domestic alternative substitution, boost job creation
and the economy.

30. 30
The government had also launched a scheme for the promotion of bulk drug
parks to offer grant-in-aid to three bulk drug parks. The total financial
outlay of the scheme was Rs 3,000 crore. The selection process of parks is
currently underway. Bulk drug parks are essentially common infrastructure
facilities for manufacturing APIs or drug intermediates, etc.
However, it would be anything but an overnight change for the API sector in
India that would eventually benefit MSMEs in formulation with reduced costs
and better price control. “Government wants to give subsidies for domestic
manufacturing through these PLI schemes and to compete with China.

31. 31
However, there’s a catch. For fermentation-based materials like vitamins and
antibiotics, which are imported from China, there has to be absolutely “zero power
cuts”.
In APIs, power is a very important factor and it is a 24×7 industry. There has to be a
continuous and uninterrupted power supply for the fermentation process which takes
days to complete. Moreover, in China, the power cost is significantly less than in
India,”

32. Department of Chemistry
Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati
781039
32

33. Chemistry has the privilege of being singularly
responsible for the tremendous advancements
that humankind has made in different areas.
Almost all fields have used chemistry in some
form or the other for its betterment
However, industrial chemistry is not always
benign, and it is also criticized for being
responsible for a number of environmental
problems. Thus there is need for sustainable
development and practice of Green
chemistry.
33

34. WE LIVE IN THIS TIME AS CHEMISTS. PUBLIC HAS A
REASONABLY GOOD IMPRESSION OF THE WORD "CHEMISTRY"
BUT IT HAS A VERY BAD IMAGE OF ''CHEMICALS'' AND OFTEN
''TOXIC‘’ i.e ''TOXIC CHEMICALS‘’. SINCE CHEMICALS ARE WHAT
WE WORK WITH, OUR PROFESSION HAS A SERIOUS PROBLEM.
WE LIVE IN AN ERA OF PROGRESSIVELY POORER SCIENTIFIC
LITERACY. CHEMISTRY HAVE BROUGHT SOCIETY LIFE SAVING
DRUGS, MORE FOOD, BETTER NUTRITION, MOBILITY AND
CONTRIBUTED TO PROSPEROUS ECONOMY.
34

35. CHEMOPHOBIAAND SCARE TACTICS HAVE
CHARACTERIZED CHEMICALS AS HAZARDOUS AND
UNNATURAL.
NOW CHEMISTS CAN MOBILIZE GREEN CHEMISTRY
RESEARCH AND EDUCATION SO THAT IT CONTRIBUTES
DIRECTLY TO SUSTAINABILITY.
35
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=rqoBNKVpFU0

36. Historical development of the concept of Sustainable
Chemistry
Three phases in the development of public awareness and outrage
impacted industrial pollution on the environment.
Before the early 1960’s
Virtually no environmental regulations concerning the manufacture,
use or disposal of chemicals. Public were mostly unaware of the
environmental effects of pollution.
36

37. As early chemist working on isocyanides, the R-NΞC functional
group, moved his research outdoors because of the disgusting odor
of the compound, then stopped working with them entirely when the
complaints of neighbors became too loud.”
W. Lietke, Justus Liebigs Annalen der Chemie 1859, 112, 316
The discoverer of mustard gas, a potent blistering agent used as a
warfare agent in World War I, reported the terrible effects of his
newly prepared compound on the nasal membranes when sniffed.
In keeping with sound organic chemical practice of the times, he
then tasted his compound!
F. Guthrie, J. Chem. Soc., 1860, 12, 109
37

38. A series of well-publicized events
focused the public’s attention on
the risks associated with the use or
disposal of some hazardous
chemicals.
38

39. R. Carson, “Silent Spring” 1962.
DDT and other pesticides identified as very
harmful in the food chain. Lead to the eventual
ban of DDT and other toxic pesticides..
Rachel Louise Carson (1907-1964)
A Scientist Alerts the Public to The Hazards
of Pesticides
39

40. The Love Canal Tragedy
Love Canal, in Niagara Falls, New
York was used as the site for
chemical waste.
Hundreds of suspected carcinogens
were dumped.
The site was eventually closed, but
a school and several apartment
homes were built.
Heavy rains led to leaching and
puddles of chemical wastes formed
in the neighborhood.
Higher than normal rates of
miscarriage and birth defects were
reported.
http://www.epa.gov/history/topics/lovecanal/01.htm
40

41. The Bhopal Tragedy
The accidental release
of methyl isocyanate
in Bhopal, India, in
1984 killed 3,800
people and disabled
another 2700.
41

42. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) and the ozone hole,
1980’s.
During the 1980’s the destructive nature of
CFC’s (which were initially thought to be
harmless) on the stratospheric ozone layer was
recognized.
This lead to the Montreal Protocol to phase out
CFC’s
42

43. Command and Control Approach.
Same pattern to all these and many other events:
• Unforeseen chemical consequences resulted in a tragedy
• The tragedy resulted in public outrage
• The public outrage resulted in controlling legislation
This approach resulted in an increased emphasis on the
treatment of hazardous wastes prior to their release: so
bringing about behavior and use of enforcement machinery
to get people to obey the law
-the bandage approach: it is a temporary solution.
43

44. The world will not evolve past its
current state of crisis by using
the same thinking that created
the situation.
-Albert Einstein
44

45. Present: Green Chemistry Approach.
During the early 1990’s a new approach to pollution prevention
called Green Chemistry evolved. The basis of this approach
involves the invention of new industrial processes that do not use
or produce environmentally harmful substances.
•Require the application of chemical
creativity and innovation.
•Approaches often have to be inter-
disciplinary and involve fundamental
molecular science.
•Result in chemistry that is appropriate for a
sustainable future.
•Driven by cost effectiveness and public
acceptability
45

46. Environmental Science and Green Chemistry
# Both areas of study seek to make the world a better place
# These two are complementary to each other.
# Environmental Science identifies sources, elucidates mechanisms
and quantifies problems in the earth’s environment
# Green Chemistry seeks to solve these problems by creating
alternative, safe technologies
# Green Chemistry is NOT Environmental Chemistry
# Green Chemistry targets pollution; prevents at the source during
the design stage of a chemical process and thus prevents pollution
before it begins 46

47. “Why is there no `green geology’or no`green
astronomy’or no ‘green physics’?
47
Because chemistry is the creative science that creates
new substances and brings them into the world.”
- Ronald Breslow

48. Magnitude of
Environment
Challenges
Scale
Urgency
Our key challenge
48

49. Opportunity for all of us
No better time to be born as a
chemist or a chemical engineer.
We are privileged to have the
opportunity to make a difference.
“Let’s together make a difference
through our work”.
49

50. Change in Thinking
Biomimetic Chemistry
Traditional chemistry relies on reactivity.
Reactivity and Hazard are closely related.
Nature relies on geometry and
conformational manipulation.
Biomimetic chemistry is in a position to
take advantage of both.
50

51. By definition,
“ Green chemistry is the design,
development and implementation of
chemical products processes to reduce
or eliminate the use and generation of
substances that are hazardous to human
health and the environment”
51

52. PRINCIPLES OF GREEN
CHEMISTRY
PRINCIPLES OF GREEN ENGINEERING
P Prevent wastes I Inherently non-hazardous and safe
R Renewable materials M Minimize material diversity
O Omit derivatization steps P Prevention instead of treatment
D Degradable chemical products R Renewable materials and energy inputs
U Use safe synthetic methods O Output-led design
C Catalytic reagents V Very simple
T Temperature, Pressure ambient E Efficient use of mass,energy, space & time
I In-Process Monitoring M Meet the need
V Very few auxiliary substances E Easy to separate by design
E E-factor, maximize feed in product N Networks for exchange of local mass & energy
L Low toxicity of chemical products T Test the life cycle of the design
Y Yes it’s safe S Sustainability throughout product life cycle
Poliakoff et al., Green Chem., 2008, 10, 268
The 24 Principles of Green Chemistry and Green Engineering
PRODUCTIVE IMPROVEMENTS
52

53. Sustainable development is the
development that meets the needs of
the present, without compromising
the ability of future generations to
meet their needs.
We have not inherited
this Earth from our Ancestors
we have borrowed it from our
Children
53

54. Green Chemistry Technologies and Solutions
• What is Green Chemistry?
• How do we know what is Green?
• Clean/Green technology with some examples.
54

55. What is Green Chemistry?
Benign
Disposal
Recycle/Re-use
Reduce -
Replace -
Hazardous materials, processes
Inefficient processes
Non-sustainable components
Chemical usage
Energy usage
55

56. Prevention & Reduction
Recycling & Reuse
Treatment
Disposal
Pollution Prevention Hierarchy
56

57. Chemists Must Place a Major Focus on the
Environmental Consequences of Chemical
Products and the Processes by which these
Products are Made.
We must consider our chemical
ecological footprint.
57

58. Population
Energy
Global Change
Human Health
Resource Depletion
Food Supply
Toxics in the Environment
ENERGY
and
ENVIRONMENT
The Major Challenges to Sustainability in the 21st Century
58

59. Society's thirst for novel materials with specific functional
requirements and appropriate cost is ever increasing.
Molecular level innovation is attempting to keep pace with this
demand in research and development labs around the world.
A growing sustainability awareness has placed an
increasingly greater amount of attention on the impacts of
our materials on human health and the environment.
59

60. Population
The challenge: How to increase quality of life while
minimizing detrimental effects to human health, the
environment and the biosphere.
The solution: Chemistry provides a mechanism to
addressing this challenge in very real terms.
60

61. Energy
Developing the alternatives
for energy generation
(photovoltaics, hydrogen, fuel cells,
biobased fuels, etc.)
continue the path toward energy efficiency with catalysis
and product design at the forefront.
61

62. “When you can measure what you are speaking about,
and express it in numbers, you know something about
it; but when you cannot measure it, when you cannot
express it in numbers, your knowledge is of a meagre
and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of
knowledge, but you have scarcely, in your thoughts,
advanced to the stage of science”
William Thompson, Lord Kelvin, (1891)
How do we know what is Green?
Metrics in Green Chemistry
If you don’t keep score then you are only practising”
“If you can measure it you can manage it”
62

63. Atom Economy
B.M. Trost Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl. 1995, 34, 259-281.
63

64. • The actual amount of waste formed in a process,
including solvent losses, acids and bases used in
work-up, process aids, and, in principle, waste from
energy production.
• Can be derived from the amount of raw materials
purchased /amount of product, i.e., from the mass
balance:
E = [raw materials-product]/product
• A good way to quickly show the enormity of the
waste problem.
The E Factor
(A concept developed by R A Sheldon)
64

65. E factor is everything else but the desired product.
Typical E factors in the chemical industry
Product tonnage E Factor
Bulk Chemicals 104-106 <1 - 5
Fine Chemical
Industry 102-104 5 - >50
Pharmaceutical
Industry 10-103 25 - >100
The E Factor of Production
Lower values of E are to be strived for.
65

66. THE IDEAL
SYNTHESIS
100 % Yield
Atom
efficient
One step
Available
materials
Simple
No wasted
Material
Safe
Environmentally
acceptable
An Ideal Synthetic Method would combine high yield,
good selectivity, decreased side reactions, minimize or
eliminate the dispersal of harmful chemicals in the
environment, use of inexpensive reagents of low toxicity
and maximize the use of renewable resources.
Green Chemistry 1999 , 1 , 1
66

67. Balance in Design
Past
67

68. Balance in Design
Economical vs. Environmental 68

69. DO YOU KNOW ???
Each of these activities add 1 Kg CO2 to your carbon
footprint.
• Travelling by public transportation a distance 12 Km
• Operating computer for 32 hours (60 watt consumption
assumed)
• Production of 5 plastic bags.
• Flying with a plane a distance of 2.2 Km.
• Production of 1/3 of an American cheeseburger.
• Using lifts, electricity, paper products etc.
“CARBON – CREDITS”
69

70. CARBON FOOTPRINT
• Carbon Footprint is the sum of all emissions of, CO2 which
was induced by a person’s activity in the time period of
year.
• It is usually expressed in equivalent tones of carbon
dioxide.
• It is a very powerful tool to understand the impact of
personal behavior on global warming.
• Constant monitoring of ones carbon footprint is essential.
70

71. 71

72. GENERATION OF CARBON CREDITS
• Efficiency and
Conservation
• Carbon-free and reduced
carbon energy sources
• Carbon capture and
sequestration
• Cap and Trade and
market-based controls
• Voluntary carbon dioxide
cap and trade approaches
72

73. Advantages
• Conservation of fossil resources
• CO2 neutrality
• Non-toxicity of raw materials
• Biodegradable substances
UTILISATION OF RENEWABLE RAW
MATERIALS
73

74. 74

75. • biomass to products via degraded molecules
• biomass to products via platform molecules
• biomass to products via one-pot (direct)
reactions
Chemicals from renewable biomass
75

76. VIA DEGRADED MOLECULES
Biomass is firstly converted by gasification to synthesis
gas, which may then be converted to hydrocarbons or
methanol that are subsequently converted to intermediate
products and then to end products using the classical
synthesis routes developed for petroleum feedstock.
76

77. VIA “PLATFORM MOLECULES”
77
■ Lactic acid ■ Succinic acid
■ 3-Hydroxypropionic acid ■ Itaconic acid
■ Glutamic acid

78. 78
THE BIOREFINERY CONCEPT
A biorefinery is a facility that integrates biomass
conversion processes to produce fuels and chemicals.
According to the biorefinery scheme
• part of the biomass is converted to fuels via pyrolysis
and gasification and
• other part is converted by bio- or chemo-catalytic
routes to well-identified platform molecules that can
be employed as building blocks in chemical synthesis.

79. Biofuels and Biomaterials from Biomass
Science 311 (2006) 484
79

80. Waxes and oils removed first and the
lignocellulosic ‘biofeedstock’ can be
converted to CO+H2 or to liquid biofuels via
hydrothermal upgrading (HTU) to obtain both
fuels and bulk chemicals.
80

81. Biorefineries have produced biofuel (biodiesel).
81

82. FUEL FROM STRAW
82
Punjab produces
roughly 185 lakh
tonnes of paddy
straw every year

83. MATERIALS & ENERGY VIA GREEN CHEMISTRY
83

84. Application of Plant Biotechnology in
Green Chemistry
84

85. Possible green chemical
routes to exploit and add
value to tree metabolites.
Trees as chemical factories
85

86. WHY BIOREFINERY?
• Biorefinery converts Biomass into Fuels, Chemicals
& Materials, Energy, Feed, etc.
• Depleting Oil & Gas Resources & Increasing Costs to
discover & Use these.
• National Energy Security.
• Need for Environmental Sustainability.
• Growing Aspiration of Developing Countries.
If not now, renewable raw materials will soon
be meeting a substantial portion of need for
energy and chemicals.
86

87. WHY BIO-REFINERY?
• Bio-Refinery concept is still at an early stage of
development & hence an integrated plant can bring
great competitive advantage.
• Starting with renewable resource, it gives many
value added products, for a host of industries.
• It can produce Bio-Ethanol for energy or for
chemicals/polymers.
• It gives raw material control and cost advantage for
new products.
• Bio-refinery near self-sufficient in energy.
• It makes production independent of fossil fuel, & can
be nearly or completely Carbon Neutral and
Sustainable, it can earn substantial Carbon Credit.
87

88. PETRO Vs. BIOREFINERIES
• PETRO
Crude Oil &
Gas
Higher Temp.
High Pressures
Chemical
Processes
• BIO
Bio-Mass
Oil, Sugar
Lower Temp.
Low Pressures
Chemical &
Bio- Processes
88

89. CHALLENGES FACING BIOREFINERIES
• Supply of Constant Biomass
• Pretreatment & Storage
• Sound Technology for Conversion
• Product Optimization
• Distribution of various End Products
• High Capital Employed
• Complex Biomass Value Chain.
89

90. Dirty chemistry is becoming more costly to practice 90

91. Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into
Chemicals
Catalytic reactions can help to transform carbohydrates, vegetable
oils, animal fats, and terpenes into valuable or potentially valuable
chemicals and fine chemicals.
Corma et al. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 2411-2502.
Platform molecules obtainable from biomass:
■ Lactic acid ■ Succinic acid
■ 3-Hydroxypropionic acid ■ Itaconic acid
■ Glutamic acid
91

92. Chemicals from Succinic acid
• Both C-6 and C-5 sugars may be used for the
production of succinic acid.
• Unlike the microorganisms that produce ethanol and
CO2, the succinic acid producing organisms actually
use CO2 and sugar as feedstock.
• Lime kilns at the paper mills form an inexpensive
source of concentrated CO2 for such use.
• Recycled paper, cellulose, sugar etc. may be used as
sources for biobased succinic acid. 92

93. Organic Chemistry with Succinic Acid 93

94. • Competitive cost, worldwide availability, and built-in
functionality make fats and oil attractive for numerous
commercial applications.
• Chemically, fats and oils have paraffinic or olefinic chains.
• Conversion of fats into fuels is possible.
• Vegetable and animal fats can also be used for the production of
value-added chemicals.
• Fats and oils are mainly formed by mixed triglycerides having
fatty acid moieties.
• ~100 mt, 80% of vegetable and 20% of animal origin.
• Biodiesel, lubricants, surfactants, surface coatings, polymers,
pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics, etc., can be produced from fats
and oils.
Fats & Oils
94

95. GLYCEROL FORMATION
95

96. BIODIESEL
Renewable fuel, normally produced by a catalytic
transesterification reaction of vegetable oils with a
short-chain alcohol.
Advantage: Reduced emission of CO2, SOx, NOx, and unburned
hydrocarbons during the combustion process
Transesterification
96

97. Formation of valuable products from fats and oils
97

98. Green chemical transformations of glycerol to valuable products
Glycerol is traditionally manufactured in a multi-step process from
propene.
But, it is also a co-product in the production of biodiesel.
(alcohol + triglyceride to ester + glycerol)
98

99. Catalytic conversion of terpenes to produce flavour
and medicinally active compounds
O
OH O
+ +
Compressed Air
Catalyst I, 
-pinene -pinene oxide Verbenol Verbenone
J. Mol. Catal., A: Chemical 2004, 223, 39-44.
Green. Chem. 2007, 9, 845-848.
[Co4
III(3- O)4(-O2CC6H5)4(4-CNpy)4] (I)
99

100. Important products (including lactic acid) obtained by
fermentation of glucose
100

101. Summary of the most important chemicals derived
directly from lactic acid
101

102. Routes for converting 3-hydroxypropionic acid into
industrially valuable products
102

103. Products or intermediates derived from itaconic acid
103

104. Conversion of glutamic acid into value-added products
104

105. Products obtained by dehydration of monosaccharides
105

106. 5-HMF
Intermediates with high industrial potential produced
from 5-HMF
106

107. Useful compounds derived from levulinic acid
107

108. Summary of chemicals obtained from glucose oxidation
108

109. Green Chem., 2009, 11, 13-26
109