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‫ﺃﻧﺴﺠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻚ‬ 4 ‫ﺍﻟﺪﻛﺘﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻬﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ) ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ( - ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺱ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺄﺧﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺝ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺬﻭﺭ‬ - ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺫﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺣﺸﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ ) ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻲ‬ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺑﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻄﺢ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ - ‫ﺗﺴﺘﻄﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻠﺪﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺘﻤﺮﺍﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ) ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ ( . ‫ﻣﺘﺮﺟﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺠﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‬ - www.onlinedoctranslator.com
- ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻻﺩﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺭﺅﻳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻴﺎﺓ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﻲ‬ - ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ Dentin ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺟﻤﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﺤﺎء‬ ‫ﻋﻤﺮ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻨﻪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺨﻔﺎﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺠﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺠﻮﻳﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺐ‬ .
‫ﺃﺭﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ - ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺤﻠﻴﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ IEE) ( . - ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺒﻮﻉ‬ 18-17 ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺒﻘﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻢ‬ ‫ُﺘﻞ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺠﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ، ‫ﻛﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﺮﺍﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﺪﻣﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﺒﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺜﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺇﺟﺮﺍءﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻃﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ( .
:‫ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻴﺎ‬ - ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺴﻄﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺃﺟﺴﺎﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺍﺟﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﻠﺐ‬ - ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺐ‬ ، ‫ﺟﻮﻟﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺤﺼﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬ .‫ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ - ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺰﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮﺍﺟﻊ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺭﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻄﻮﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﻢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﻡ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ Tomes .
- ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎء‬ ، ‫ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺫﺍﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺍﺗﻬﺎ‬ ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﺑﻌﻴﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣﺪﻳﺜ‬ ) ‫ﻧﺤﻮ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺐ‬ ( ، ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻟﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺗﺠﺎﻩ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ - ‫ﻳﻌﻜﺲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺝ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺃﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺸﺎﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ - ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ 40 ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ 7 ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺟﻬﺎﺯ‬ ‫ﺟﻮﻟﺠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ‬ .‫ﺍﻹﻓﺮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬ - ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻬﺪﻭء‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻄﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺍﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪﺍﻡ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻴﺘﻮﺑﻼﺯﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﺜﻒ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺸﺒﻜﺔ‬ .‫ﺍﻹﻧﺪﻭﺑﻼﺯﻣﻴﺔ‬
- ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺠﻮﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﺿﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺜﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ desmosomes ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺎﺩﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻳﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺠﺰﻳﺌﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻭﺃﻳﻀ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺰﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺼﺎﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ :‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ‬ -1 ‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ) ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ ( : - ‫ﺃﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ‬ - ‫ﺗﻮﺟﺪ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺩﺍﺋﻤ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺭﻭﻣﺎﺕ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ‬ - ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺝ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒ‬ 4 ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﻣﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﺛﻨﺎء‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ - ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻏﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ :‫ﻫﻲ‬ .1 ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻈﺎﻡ‬ ) 7 2،4، BMP ( .2 ‫ﺩﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ‬ / ‫ﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﺭﻳﻦ‬ DPP) ( Osteopontin ‫ﻭ‬ Osteonectin ‫ﻭ‬ Osteocalcin 3. .4 ‫ﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻮﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ DSP) ( - ‫ﺃﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﻣﺆﺷﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ vonKorff ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﺰﻡ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﺯﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻐﺸﺎء‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻘﺎﻋﺪﻱ‬ - ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺒﺎءﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ ( . - ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻒ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻐﺮ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻝ‬ ( ‫ﺷﺒﻜﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺷﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ( .
-2 ‫ﺗﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﺮﺩﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ • ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻮﺍﺯﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ .‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ • ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﻤﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻂ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻘﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻜﺘﻤﻞ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻖ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬ • ‫ﺗﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻂ‬ ، ‫ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺍﻛﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺼﻐﻴﺮﺓ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ( ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ) ‫ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻐﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺭﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺒﺎﺗﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻭﺇﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﻮﺳﻔﺎﺗﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻮﻱ‬ ( . • ‫ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻤﻮ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻤﺰﻕ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﺍﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺪﻣﺞ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺸﻜﻞ‬ .‫ﻛﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬
• ‫ﻳﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻧﻀﻮﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ :‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﺑﺘﺪﺍﺋﻲ‬ .‫ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ - ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ :‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻮﻡ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺒﺎﺗﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺴﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ‬ ، ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻻﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ‬ - ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻮﻳﺔ‬ : ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻳﻨﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻲ‬ .ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺟﺰﺋﻴ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺘﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻬﺎ‬ .‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻤﺪﺩ‬
- ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﻣﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮﺭﻱ‬ ، ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﻛﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺋﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻓﺘﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻄﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺝ‬ .‫ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬ - ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻴﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ، ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻌﺮﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﺘﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻗﺴﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻄﺦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﻌﺘﺒﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ - ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺣﺪﺛﺖ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻭﻛﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺪﻣﺞ‬ .ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻤﺎﻣ‬ - ، ‫ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺃﻗﻞ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻤﻌﺪﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺝ‬ .‫ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬ - ‫ﻳﺘﺠﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺹ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮﺏ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ DEJ .
‫ﻧﻤﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ • ،ً ‫ﻧﺴﻴﺠﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻄﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻭﺧﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺘﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻝ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ • ‫ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻜﻠﺲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻱ‬ ) ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻮﺳﻔﻴﺮ‬ ( ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺮﺳﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ .‫ﺑﺮﻳﺪﻧﺘﻴﻦ‬ • ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺷﺎﺡ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬ ) ‫ﺣﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺼﻔﻮﻓﺔ‬ (
‫ﺍﺳﺘﻘﻄﺎﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻟﺪﺓ‬ ، ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺸﻴﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺒﺮﻭﺗﻴﻨﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮﺯ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ :‫ﺍﻷﺳﻄﻮﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺻﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻀﺮﺍء‬ = ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻳﻖ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻐﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻹﺷﺎﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺩﺍﺧﻞ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ = ‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮءﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ) ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﻗﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺗﺤﺔ‬ ( ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻘﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﺨﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺒﻨﻲ‬ = ‫ﻳﺆﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻓﺮﺍﺯ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻮﻳﺼﻼﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻠﻮءﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻹﻧﺰﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺭﻭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ) ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺯﺭﻗﺎء‬ ‫ﺩﺍﻛﻨﺔ‬ ( . ‫ﺍﻟﻮﺭﺩﻱ‬ = .‫ﺍﻟﻠﺐ‬
• ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﺬﻫﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻲ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻵﺧﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻂ‬ ‫ﻛﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻤﺎﻛﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺒﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺋﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﻤﻰ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺝ‬ .‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻲ‬ • ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻠﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺴﻴﺒﺎﺗﻴﺖ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻮﺭﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃ‬ - ‫ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ -‫ﺏ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺮﻭﻱ‬ ‫ﺝ‬ - ‫ﺍﻷﻧﺎﺑﻴﺐ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺟﻴﺔ‬
‫ﻧﻤﻂ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺝ‬ ) ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺟﻲ‬ ( - ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺮﺱ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻴﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭ‬ ‫ﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻨﺎ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺧﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﺭ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻨﺘﻮء‬ - ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺪﺭ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻄﻠﻴﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺤﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻨﻘﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺜﺨﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ .‫ﺍﻹﻛﻠﻴﻠﻲ‬ - ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺅﻭﺱ‬ ‫ﻳﺒﺪﺃ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺍﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻃﺮﻑ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻢ‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺘﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‬ ‫ﺃﺳﻔﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻤﻨﺤﺪﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ﻋﺎﺝ‬ :‫ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭ‬ - • ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﺎﺫﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻻﺣﻘﺔ‬ ً ‫ﻗﻠﻴﻼ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬ ) ‫ﻏﻤﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺬﺭ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺮﺗﻮﻳﺞ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﻬﺎﺭﻱ‬ ( ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻨﻖ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﺣﻢ‬ ‫ﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﻨﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﺪء‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﻳﺰ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭﻳﺔ‬ .‫ﻟﻠﻌﺎﺝ‬ • ‫ﻋﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺎﺝ‬ :‫ﺑﺴﺒﺐ‬ - ‫ﺍﺗﺠﺎﻫﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻟﻴﺎﻑ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻮﻻﺟﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﻼ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ .‫ﺃﻗﻞ‬
• ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺒﻖ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﺍﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺰﻭﻍ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﻭﺑﺤﻠﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﻭﺻﻮﻝ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ‬ ، ‫ﺍﻟﻮﻇﻴﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻠﺜﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬ .‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎء‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﺬﺭ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﻭﺭﺍﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺴﺎﻗﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ ‫ﺣﻮﺍﻟﻲ‬ 18 ً‫ﺍ‬‫ﺷﻬﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺍﻧﺪﻻﻋﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺍﺧﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺪﺍﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﻰ‬ 2 ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ 3 ‫ﺳﻨﻮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬ ‫ﺫﻟﻚ‬ .‫ﻳﻨﻔﺠﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﻼﻝ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺘﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﻘﺎﻝ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺴﻦ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻳﻪ‬ ‫ﻗﻤﺔ‬ .‫ﻣﻔﺘﻮﺣﺔ‬
‫ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﺎﻗﺺ‬ DGI) ( : - ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﺭﺍﺛﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﺬﻭﺫ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻌﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬ .‫ﺍﻷﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ - ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ DGI ‫ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﻢ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬ ) ‫ﻣﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﻫﺸﺎﺷﺔ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻈﺎﻡ‬ ( ، ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺣﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻻ‬ ‫ﻳﺮﺗﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻮﻉ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ DGI ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺘﺸﺎﺑﻪ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳﺮﻳﺮﻳ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﺘﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻨﺘﺞ‬ ‫ﻋﻦ‬ ‫ﻃﻔﺮﺍﺕ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺠﻴﻦ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻤﺸﻔﺮ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺎﻟﻮﻓﻮﺳﻔﻮﺑﺮﻭﺗﻴﻦ‬ DSPP) ( . - ‫ﺍﻟﻨﻤﻂ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻈﺎﻫﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳﻨﺎﻥ‬ DGI ‫ﻣﺘﻐﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻤﻴﺰ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺯﺭﻕ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺮﻣﺎﺩﻱ‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺍﻷﺻﻔﺮ‬ .‫ﻭﺍﻟﺒﻨﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺒﺎءﺓ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺝ‬
lec.4 (1).en.ar.pdf
lec.4 (1).en.ar.pdf

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lec.4 (1).en.ar.pdf